SUELETTE DREYFUS                                     JULIAN ASSANGE
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    | | | | \ | |  _ \| ____|  _ \ / ___|  _ \ / _ \| | | | \ | |  _ \
    | | | |  \| | | | |  _| | |_) | |  _| |_) | | | | | | |  \| | | | |
    | |_| | |\  | |_| | |___|  _ <| |_| |  _ <| |_| | |_| | |\  | |_| |
     \___/|_| \_|____/|_____|_| \_\\____|_| \_\\___/ \___/|_| \_|____/
		      http://www.underground-book.com/

	 Hacking, madness and obsession on the electronic frontier

     `Gripping, eminently readable.. Dreyfus has uncovered one of this
      country's best kept secrets and in doing so has created a highly
      intense and enjoyable read' -- Rolling Stone

   By Suelette Dreyfus with
   Research by Julian Assange

   First Published 1997 by Mandarin 

   a part of Reed Books Australia 

   35 Cotham Road, Kew 3101 

   a subsidiary of Random House books Australia 

   a division of Random House International Pty Limited 

   Copyright (c) 1997, 2001 Suelette Dreyfus & Julian Assange

   All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright
   above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or
   introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
   by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
   otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the
   copyright owner and the publisher.

   Typeset in New Baskerville by J&M Typesetting 

   Printed and bound in Australia by Australian Print Group 

   National Library of Australia 

   cataloguing-in-publication data: 

   Dreyfus, Suelette. 

   Underground: tales of hacking, madness & obsession on the
                electronic frontier

   Bibliography. 

   ISBN 1 86330 595 5 

   1. Computer hackers--Australia--Biography.
   2. Computer crimes--Australia.
   3. Computer security--Australia.
   I. Assange, Julian. II. Title.

   364.1680922 

    ___________________________________________________________________

		       READER AND CRITICAL ACCLAIM
    ___________________________________________________________________

	`...I hold your book               `I have never before read a
	responsible for destroying my      book this good, literally!'
	social life for the last two       -- benwebb@hotmail.com
	days...I bought it Friday
	afternoon, and then finished       `I just finished the book..
	it at lunchtime today!             and thoroughly enjoyed it.
	(Sunday) *grin*. Excellent         Dreyfus showed an amazing
	reading!' -- bam@iinet.net.au      insight into the world of
 				       	     electronic exploration. I am
	`A few pages into this book I      sure it was in no small part
	found it to be different to        due to [the researcher's]
	any other book I have ever         excellent technical
	read on the subject. Dreyfus       assistance. Good Job!!' --
	treats the people she writes       jimgeuin@cyberservices.com
	about AS PEOPLE not just
	"computer junkies" or "cyber       `I loved the book - couldn't
	geeks"' -- lucasb@sub.net.au       put it down!' --
				                 texasdeluxe@hotmail.com
	`A real pleasure' -- George
	Smith, Crypt News                  `I wanted to say how much I
				                 liked your book Underground'
	`A tale of madness, paranoia       -- Prof. Dorothy Denning
	and brilliance among
	Australian computer hackers -      `I was blown away' --
	and how they nearly brought        lucasb@sub.net.au
	NASA undone' -- The Weekend
	Australian Magazine                `I'm grateful to Ms Dreyfus
				                 for introducing me to a
	`Adventure book for the brain'     number of first-rate
	-- Sarah McDonald, JJJ             subversives' -- Phillip
				                 Adams, Late Night Live
	`After reading the extract of
	Underground in The Age I           `Joy knew no bounds' --
	couldn't wait to read it.          Phillip Adams, Late Night
	Finally it came out in the         Live
	shops and I finished it all
	within a few days. I wasn't        `Just thought that I would
	disappointed for a second.' --     say great job on your book
	dcw@alphalink.com.au               very nice piece of work and
				                 very informative!' --
	`Amazing insight' --               Anonymous hacker
	jimgeuin@cyberservices.com
				                 `Keeps the reader glued to
	`Backed up by..detailed            the page' -- Danny Yee, Danny
	technical research' -- Trudie      Yee's review of books
	MacIntosh, The Australian

				                 `La descripcion de las
	`Best hacker book I've read'       detenciones, registros
	-- Jim Lippard                     yprocesos legales es
				                 especialmente interesante' --
	`Brillant read - will rest         Cripto, Spain
	safely next the rest of my
	Gibson, Sterling and               `Let me say how much I
	Brunner...' --                     enjoyed Underground. I really
	Neil.Garbutt@affa.gov.au           thought it was fascinating
				                 and a great read.' --
	`Brillant' --                      philip_sim@idg.com (Editor,
	gerardc@one.net.au                 Network World)

	`Compelling reading for those      `Loved it' --
	of us who want more than just      kaos@ctrl.com.au
	salacious and hyped snippets'
	-- Trudie MacIntosh, The           `Makes the esoteric world of
	Australian                         the hacker accessible' --
				                 Australian Bookseller and
	`Compelling' -- David Nichols,     Publisher
	The Big Issue
				                 `Matt Piening told me about
	`Contains enough technical         it and showed me the article
	information to impress anyone      in The Age.. consequently..
	who can appreciate it' --          we bought it, we read it, we
	jmidgley@cyberjunkie.com           loved it. :)' --
				                 camson@swin.edu.au
	`Couldn't put it down' --
	Trudie MacIntosh, The              `Meeslepende book' --
	Australian                         Digiface, The Netherlands

	`Depth of character and rapid      `Meticulously researched' --
	pacing' -- Ed Burns, IBIC          Australian Bookseller and
				                 Publisher
	`Displays a level of research
	and technical understanding        `Meticuously researched
	not matched by other hacker        psychological and social
	books' -- Jim Lippard              profile of hackers' --
				                 Australian Bookseller and
	`Dive into the Underground and     Publisher
	be swept into a thrilling
	elite realm' --                    `Most brilliant book I have
	evburns@gte.net                    ever read' --
				                 phoenix@eisa.net.au
	`Dreyfus does not attempt any
	sleights of hand with jargon'      `Nice work' --
	-- David Nichols, The Big          aleph1@underground.org
	Issue
				                 `Powerful' -- evburns@gte.net
	`Dreyfus has clearly done her
	research well' -- Danny Yee,       `Reads like Ludlum.. I love
	Danny Yee's review of books        the book.. The style of
				                 writing is the clincher..' --
	`Dreyfus hat hier Abhilfe          jmj@speednet.com.au
	geschaffen' -- iX, Germany
				                 `Reads like a thriller' --
	`Dreyfus is one smart cookie'      The Age
	-- Ed Burns, IBIC
	
			                       `Riveting' – Australian
	`El libro tiene como fuentes a     Bookseller and Publisher
	varios grupos de hackers
	australianos y todas las           `Riviting read'-- The
	sentencias de los casos de         Adelaide Advertiser
	asaltos informaticos de esa
	epoca' -- Cripto, Spain            `Several cites to it in my
				                 own book on information
	`Enjoyed the book!' -- Jake        warfare' -- Prof. Dorothy
	Barnes, The Face (UK)              Denning

	`Entirely original' -- Rolling     `Skall du la:sa Underground'
	Stone                              -- Mikael Pawlo, Internet
				                 World, Sweden
	`Especialmente interesante' --
	Cripto, Spain                      `THIS BOOK IS FOR YOU!' --
				                 lucasb@sub.net.au
	`Excellent insight' --
	dcw@alphalink.com.au               `Thank you for such an
				                 AMAZING and informative book'
	`Excellent reporting' --           -- jasonvas@hotmail.com
	Editor, IBIC
				                 `The reader is readily drawn
	`Excellent.. Compared against      forward into the eddies of
	Bruce Sterling's text (the         the underground by the thrust
	most obvious comparison), it       and parry of the hackers and
	makes for much better              their pursuers' -- Ed Burns,
	reading.. Commendable' --          IBIC
	harshman@paradigm.uor.edu
				                 `The true stories of
	`Extraordinary' -- Rolling         Underground are simply
	Stone                              compelling' -- David Nichols,
				                 The Big Issue
	`Fascinating piece of
	investigative journalism' --       `There is much to admire in
	Jim Reavis, Network World          the doggedness with which
				                 Dreyfus follows her subjects'
	`Fascinating' -- Ed Burns,         -- Gideo Haigh, Australian
	IBIC                               Literary Suppliment

	`Fiercely independent thinking     `Thoroughly enjoyed' --
	found on every page' -- Lew        Suzanne Pratley, Frugal Films
	Koch, ZDNET
				                 `Thoroughly researched' --
	`For those sick of bullish         Jim Reavis, Network World
	cyberpiffle, Underground
	contains any amount of             `Those inclined to seek the
	counterintelligence.." --          unvarnished truth will find
	Gideon Haigh, Australian           Underground an excellent
	Literary Suppliment                read' -- George Smith, Crypt
				                 News
	`Genuine perception' -- George
	Smith, Crypt News                  `Totally recommended' --
				                 Matthew Green, NetBSD
	`Genuinely fascinating' --         Security Officer, author IRC
	David Nichols, The Big Issue       II

	`Great real life thriller' --      `Very good, very accurate..
	jmidgley@cyberjunkie.com           makes for an interesting
				                 contrast with books like
	`Gripping Account'-- The           Cuckoo's Egg, and Takedown'
	Adelaide Advertiser                -- btherl@nullnet.net (Codex
				                 Surveillance List)
	`Gripping, eminently readable'
	-- Rolling Stone                   `WOW! What an incredible
				                 read! Your book captures
	`Highly intense and enjoyable      exactly what it was like for
	read' -- Rolling Stone             me...'  -- Anonymous Canadian
				                 hacker
	`Highly original investigative
	journalism' -- Gideo Haigh,        `Well done and thanks' --
	Australian Literary Suppliment     Skinny@usaf.org

	`Highly recommended' -- Jim        `What is most impressive,
	Lippard                            however, is the personal
				                 detail she has managed to
	`Will Surprise' -- Darren          garner about her subjects:
	Reed, author, ipfirewall           more than anything else, it
				                 is this is which gives
	`Wonderful Book' --                Underground its appeal' --
	SteveV@pigpond.net.au              Danny Yee, Danny Yee's review
				                 of books

		       feedback@underground-book.com

    ___________________________________________________________________
   
		     PREFACE TO THE ELECTRONIC EDITION
    ___________________________________________________________________

   Why would an author give away an unlimited number of copies of her book
   for free?

   That's a good question. When `Underground''s researcher, Julian
   Assange, first suggested releasing an electronic version of the book on
   the Net for free, I had to stop and think about just that question.

   I'd spent nearly three years researching, writing and editing the nearly
   500 pages of `Underground'. Julian had worked thousands of
   hours doing painstaking research; discovering and cultivating sources,
   digging with great resourcefulness into obscure databases and legal
   papers, not to mention providing valuable editorial advice.

   So why would I give away this carefully ripened fruit for free?

   Because part of the joy of creating a piece of art is in knowing that
   many people can - and are - enjoying it. Particularly people who can't
   otherwise afford to pay $11 USD for a book. People such as cash strapped
   hackers. This book is about them, their lives and obsessions. It rubs
   clear a small circle in the frosted glass so the reader can peer into
   that hazy world. `Underground' belongs on the Net, in their ephemeral
   landscape.

   The critics have been good to `Underground', for which I am very
   grateful. But the best praise came from two of the hackers detailed in
   the book. Surprising praise, because while the text is free of the
   narrative moralising that plague other works, the selection of material
   is often very personal and evokes mixed sympathies. One of the hackers,
   Anthrax dropped by my office to say `Hi'. Out of the blue, he said with
   a note of amazement, `When I read those chapters, it was so real, as if
   you had been right there inside my head'. Not long after Par, half a
   world away, and with a real tone of bewildered incredulity in his voice
   made exactly the same observation. For a writer, it just doesn't get any
   better than that.

   By releasing this book for free on the Net, I'm hoping more people
   will not only enjoy the story of how the international computer
   underground rose to power, but also make the journey into the minds
   of hackers involved. When I first began sketching out the book's
   structure, I decided to go with depth. I wanted the reader to
   think, 'NOW I understand, because I too was there.' I hope those
   words will enter your thoughts as you read this electronic book.

   Michael Hall, a supersmart lawyer on the book's legal team, told me
   in July last year he saw a young man in Sydney reading a copy of
   `Underground' beside him on the #380 bus to North Bondi. Michael
   said he wanted to lean over and proclaim proudly, `I legalled that
   book!'. Instead, he chose to watch the young man's reactions.

   The young man was completely absorbed, reading hungrily through his
   well-worn copy, which he had completely personalised. The pages were
   covered in highlighter, scrawled margin writing and post-it notes. He
   had underlined sections and dog-eared pages. If the bus had detoured to
   Brisbane, he probably wouldn't have noticed.

   I like that. Call me subversive, but I'm chuffed `Underground' is
   engaging enough to make people miss bus stops. It makes me happy, and
   happy people usually want to share.

   There are other reasons for releasing `Underground' in this format. The
   electronic version is being donated to the visionary Project Gutenburg,
   a collection of free electronic books run with missionary zeal by
   Michael Hart.

   Project Gutenburg promises to keep old out-of-print books in free
   ``electronic'' print forever, to bring literature to those who can't
   afford books, and to brighten the world of the visually
   impaired. `Underground' isn't out of print -- and long may it remain
   that way -- but those are laudable goals. I wrote in the `Introduction'
   to the printed edition about my great aunt, a diver and artist who
   pioneered underwater painting in the 1940s.  She provided me with a kind
   of inspiration for this book. What I didn't mention is that as a result
   of macular degeneration in both eyes, she is now blind. She can no
   longer paint or dive. But she does read - avidly - through `talking
   books'. She is another reason I decided to release `Underground' in this
   format.

   So, now you can download and read the electronic version of
   `Underground' for free. You can also send the work to your friends for
   free. Or your enemies. At around a megabyte of plain text each, a few
   dozen copies of `Underground' make an extremely effective mail bomb.

   That's a joke, folks, not a suggestion. ;-)

   Like many of the people in this book, I'm not big on rules. Fortunately,
   there aren't many that come with this electronic version. Don't print
   the work on paper, CD or any other format, except for your own personal
   reading pleasure. This includes using the work as teaching material in
   institutions. You must not alter or truncate the work in any way. You
   must not redistribute the work for any sort of payment, including
   selling it on its own or as part of a package. Random House is a
   friendly place, but as one of the world's largest publishers it has a
   collection of equally large lawyers. Messing with them will leave you
   with scars in places that could be hard to explain to any future
   partner.

   If you want to do any of these things, please contact me or my literary
   agents Curtis Brown & Co first. I retain the copyright on the
   work. Julian Assange designed the elegant layout of this electronic
   edition, and he retains ownership of this design and layout.

   If you like the electronic version of the book, do buy the paper
   version. Why? For starters, it's not only much easier to read on the
   bus, its much easier to read full stop. It's also easier to thumb
   through, highlight, scribble on, dribble on, and show off.  It never
   needs batteries. It can run on solar power and candles. It looks sexy on
   your bookshelf, by your bed and in your bed. If you are a male geek, the
   book comes with a girl-magnet guarantee.  The paper version is much
   easier to lend to a prospective girlfriend. When she's finished reading
   the book, ask her which hacker thrilled her to pieces. Then nod
   knowingly, and say coyly `Well, I've never admitted this to anyone
   except the author and the Feds, but ..'

And the most important reason to purchase a paper copy? Because buying
   the printed edition of the book lets the author continue to write more
   fine books like this one.

   Enjoy!

							   Suelette Dreyfus

							     January 2001

                                                            suelette@iq.org
    ___________________________________________________________________

   Literary Freeware: Not for Commercial Use.

   Copyright (c) 1997, 2001 Suelette Dreyfus & Julian Assange

   This HTML and text electronic version was arranged by Julian Assange
   <proff@iq.org> and is based on the printed paper edition.

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
   publication provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
   preserved on all copies and distribution is without fee.

    

    ___________________________________________________________________
				     
			   RESEARCHER'S INTRODUCTION
    ___________________________________________________________________

    "Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask,
    and he will tell you the truth" -- Oscar Wilde

    "What is essential is invisible to the eye" -- Antoine De Saint-Exupery

    "But, how do you *know* it happened like that?" -- Reader

    Due of the seamless nature of `Underground' this is a reasonable
    question to ask, although hints can be found at the back of the book in
    the Bibliography and Endnotes. The simple answer to this question is
    that we conducted over a hundred interviews and collected around 40,000
    pages of primary documentation; telephone intercepts, data intercepts,
    log-files, witness statements, confessions, judgements. Telephone dialog
    and on-line discussions are drawn directly from the latter. Every
    significant hacking incident mentioned in this book has reams of
    primary documentation behind it. System X included.

    The non-simple answer goes more like this:

    In chapter 4, Par, one of the principle subjects of this book, is being
    watched by the Secret Service. He's on the run. He's a wanted
    fugitive. He's hiding out with another hacker, Nibbler in a motel
    chalet, Black Mountain, North Carolina. The Secret Service move in.
    The incident is vital in explaining Par's life on the run and the
    nature of his interaction with the Secret Service. Yet, just before the
    final edits of this book were to go the publisher, all the pages
    relating to the Block Mountain incident were about to be pulled. Why?

    Suelette had flown to Tuscon Az where she spent three days
    interviewing Par. I had spent dozens of hours interviewing Par on
    the phone and on-line. Par gave both of us extraordinary access to
    his life. While Par displayed a high degree of paranoia about why
    events had unfolded in the manner they had, he was consistent,
    detailed and believable as to the events themselves. He showed
    very little blurring of these two realities, but we needed to show
    none at all.

    During Par's time on the run, the international computer underground
    was a small and strongly connected place. We had already
    co-incidentally interviewed half a dozen hackers he had communicated
    with at various times during his zig-zag flight across America. Suelette
    also spoke at length to his lead lawyer Richard Rosen, who, after
    getting the all-clear from Par, was kind enough to send us a copy of
    the legal brief.  We had logs of messages Par had written on
    underground BBS's. We had data intercepts of other hackers in
    conversation with Par. We had obtained various Secret Service documents
    and propriety security reports relating to Par's activities. I had
    extensively interviewed his Swiss girlfriend Theorem (who had also been
    involved with Electron and Pengo), and yes, she did have a melting
    French accent.

    Altogether we had an enormous amount of material on Par's activities,
    all of which was consistent with what Par had said during his
    interviews, but none of it, including Rosen's file, contained any
    reference to Black Mountain, NC. Rosen, Theorem and others had heard
    about a SS raid on the run, yet when the story was traced back, it
    always led to one source. To Par.

    Was Par having us on? Par had said that he had made a telephone call to
    Theorem in Switzerland from a phone booth outside the motel a day or
    two before the Secret Service raid.  During a storm. Not just any
    storm. Hurricane Hugo. But archival news reports on Hugo discussed it
    hitting South Carolina, not North Carolina. And not Black
    Mountain. Theorem remembered Par calling once during a storm. But not
    Hugo. And she didn't remember it in relation to the Black Mountain
    raid.

    Par had destroyed most of his legal documents, in circumstances that
    become clear in the book, but of the hundreds of pages of documentary
    material we had obtained from other sources there was wasn't a single
    mention of Black Mountain.  The Black Mountain Motel didn't seem to
    exist. Par said Nibbler had moved and couldn't be located.  Dozens of
    calls by Suelette to the Secret Service told us what we didn't want to
    hear.  The agents we thought most likely to have been involved in the
    the hypothetical Black Mountain incident had either left the Secret
    Service or were otherwise unreachable.  The Secret Service had no idea
    who would have been involved, because while Par was still listed in the
    Secret Service central database, his profile, contained three
    significant annotations:

		1) Another agency had ``borrowed'' parts Par's file
		2) There were medical ``issues'' surrounding Par
		3) SS documents covering the time of Black Mountain
		   incident had been destroyed for various reasons
	           that become clear the book.
		4) The remaining SS documents had been moved into
		   ``deep-storage'' and would take two weeks to retrieve.
    
    With only one week before our publisher's ``use it or lose it''
    dead-line, the chances of obtaining secondary confirmation of the Black
    Mountain events did not look promising.

    While we waited for leads on the long trail of ex, transfered and
    seconded SS agents who might have been involved in the Black Mountain
    raid, I turned to resolving the two inconsistencies in Par's story;
    Hurricane Hugo and the strange invisibility of the Black Mountain
    Motel.

    Hurricane Hugo had wreathed a path of destruction, but like most most
    hurricanes heading directly into a continental land-mass it had started
    out big and ended up small. News reports followed this pattern, with a
    large amount of material on its initial impact, but little or nothing
    about subsequent events. Finally I obtained detailed time by velocity
    weather maps from the National Reconnaissance Office, which showed the
    remaining Hugo epicentre ripping through Charlotte NC (pop. 400k)
    before spending itself on the Carolinas. Database searches turned up a
    report by Natalie, D. & Ball, W, EIS Coordinator, North Carolina
    Emergency Management, `How North Carolina Managed Hurricane Hugo' --
    which was used to flesh out the scenes in Chapter 4 describing Par's
    escape to New York via the Charlotte Airport.
    
    Old Fashioned gum-shoe leg-work, calling every motel in Black Mountain
    and the surrounding area, revealed that the Black Mountain Motel had
    changed name, ownership and.. all its staff. Par's story was holding,
    but in some ways I wished it hadn't. We were back to square one in terms
    of gaining independent secondary confirmation.

    Who else could have been involved? There must have been a paper-trail
    outside of Washington. Perhaps the SS representation in Charlotte had
    something? No. Perhaps there were records of the warrants in the
    Charlotte courts? No. Perhaps NC state police attended the SS raid in
    support? Maybe, but finding warm bodies who had been directly involved
    proved proved futile. If it was a SS case, they had no indexable
    records that they were willing to provide. What about the local
    coppers? An SS raid on a fugitive computer hacker holed up at one of
    the local motels was not the sort of event that would be likely to have
    passed unnoticed at the Black Mountain county police office, indexable
    records or not.

    Neither however, were international telephone calls from strangely
    accented foreign-nationals wanting to know about them. Perhaps the Reds
    were no-longer under the beds, but in Black Mountain, this could be
    explained away by the fact they were now hanging out in phone booths. I
    waited for a new shift at the Black Mountain county police office,
    hoping against hope, that the officer I had spoken to wouldn't
    contaminate his replacement. Shamed, I resorted to using that most
    special of US militia infiltration devices. An American accent and a
    woman's touch. Suelette weaved her magic. The Black Mountain raid had
    taken place. The county police had supported it. We had our
    confirmation.
     
    While this anecdote is a strong account, it's also representative one.
    Every chapter in underground was formed from many stories like
    it. They're unseen, because a book must not be true merely in details.
    It must be true in feeling.

    True to the visible and the invisible. A difficult combination.

                                                               Julian Assange

						                January 2001

                                                                proff@iq.org

    ___________________________________________________________________
   
				 CONTENTS
    ___________________________________________________________________
   
   Acknowledgements viii
   
   Introduction xi
   
   1 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 1
   
   2 The Corner Pub 45
   
   3 The American Connection 84
   
   4 The Fugitive 120
   
   5 The Holy Grail 159
   
   6 Page One, the New York Times 212
   
   7 Judgment Day 244
   
   8 The International Subversives 285
   
   9 Operation Weather 323
   
   10 Anthrax--the Outsider 364
   
   11 The Prisoner's Dilemma 400
   
   Afterword 427 Glossary and Abbreviations 455 Notes 460
   
   Bibliography 

   [ Page numbers above correspond to the Random House printed edition ]

     _________________________________________________________________

			     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
     _________________________________________________________________

   There are many people who were interviewed for this work, and many
   others who helped in providing documents so vital for fact
   checking. Often this help invovled spending a considerable amount of
   time explaining complex technical or legal matters. I want to express
   my gratitude to all these people, some of whom prefer to remain
   anonymous, for their willingness to dig through the files in search of
   yet one more report and their patience in answering yet one more
   question.
   
   I want to thank the members of the computer underground, past and
   present, who were interviewed for this book. Most gave me
   extraordinary access to their lives, for which I am very grateful.
   
   I also want to thank Julian Assange for his tireless research efforts.
   His superb technical expertise and first-rate research is evidence by
   the immense number of details which are included in this book.
   
   Three exceptional women -- Fiona Inglis, Deb Callaghan and Jennifer
   Byrne -- believed in my vision for this book and helped me to bring it
   to fruition. Carl Harrison-Ford's excellent editing job streamlined a
   large and difficult manuscript despite the tight deadline. Thank you
   also to Judy Brookes.
   
   I am also very grateful to the following people and organisations for
   their help (in no particular order): John McMahon, Ron Tencati, Kevin
   Oberman, Ray Kaplan, the New York Daily News library staff, the New
   York Post library staff, Bow Street Magistrates Court staff, Southwark
   Court staff, the US Secret Service, the Black Mountain Police, Michael
   Rosenberg, Michael Rosen, Melbourne Magistrates Court staff, D.L
   Sellers & Co. staff, Victorian County Court staff, Paul Galbally, Mark
   Dorset, Suburbia.net, Freeside Communications, Greg Hooper, H&S
   Support Services, Peter Andrews, Kevin Thompson, Andrew Weaver,
   Mukhtar Hussain, Midnight Oil, Helen Meredith, Ivan Himmelhoch,
   Michael Hall, Donn Ferris, Victorian State Library staff, News Limited
   library staff (Sydney), Allan Young, Ed DeHart, Annette Seeber, Arthur
   Arkin, Doug Barnes, Jeremy Porter, James McNabb, Carolyn Ford, ATA,
   Domini Banfield, Alistair Kelman, Ann-Maree Moodie, Jane Hutchinson,
   Catherine Murphy, Norma Hawkins, N. Llewelyn, Christine Assange,
   Russel Brand, Matthew Bishop, Matthew Cox, Michele Ziehlky, Andrew
   James, Brendan McGrath, Warner Chappell Music Australia, News Limited,
   Pearson Williams Solicitors, Tami Friedman, the Free Software
   Foundation (GNU Project), and the US Department of Energy Computer
   Incident Advisory Capability.
   
   Finally, I would like to thank my family, whose unfailing support,
   advice and encouragement have made this book possible.

     _________________________________________________________________

			       INTRODUCTION
     _________________________________________________________________
                                       
   My great aunt used to paint underwater.
   
   Piling on the weighty diving gear used in 1939 and looking like
   something out of 20000 Leagues Under the Sea, Lucie slowly sank below
   the surface, with palette, special paints and canvas
   in hand. She settled on the ocean floor, arranged her weighted
   painter's easel and allowed herself to become completely enveloped by
   another world. Red and white striped fish darted around fields of
   blue-green coral and blue-lipped giant clams. Lionfish drifted by,
   gracefully waving their dangerous feathered spines. Striped green
   moray eels peered at her from their rock crevice homes.
   
   Lucie dived and painted everywhere. The Sulu Archipelago. Mexico.
   Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Hawaii. Borneo. Sometimes she was the
   first white woman seen by the Pacific villagers she lived with for
   months on end.
   
   As a child, I was entranced by her stories of the unknown world below
   the ocean's surface, and the strange and wonderful cultures she met on
   her journeys. I grew up in awe of her chosen task: to capture on
   canvas the essence of a world utterly foreign to her own.
   
   New technology--revolutionary for its time--had allowed her to do
   this. Using a compressor, or sometimes just a hand pump connected to
   air hoses running to the surface, human beings were suddenly able to
   submerge themselves for long periods in an otherwise inaccessible
   world. New technology allowed her to both venture into this unexplored
   realm, and to document it in canvas.
   
   I came upon the brave new world of computer communications and its
   darker side, the underground, quite by accident. It struck me
   somewhere in the journey that followed that my trepidations and
   conflicting desires to explore this alien world were perhaps not
   unlike my aunt's own desires some half a century before. Like her
   journey, my own travels have only been made possible by new
   technologies. And like her, I have tried to capture a small corner of
   this world.
   
   This is a book about the computer underground. It is not a book about
   law enforcement agencies, and it is not written from the point of view
   of the police officer. From a literary perspective, I have told this
   story through the eyes of numerous computer hackers. In doing so, I
   hope to provide the reader with a window into a mysterious, shrouded
   and usually inaccessible realm.
   
   Who are hackers? Why do they hack? There are no simple answers to
   these questions. Each hacker is different. To that end, I have
   attempted to present a collection of individual but interconnected
   stories, bound by their links to the international computer
   underground. These are true stories, tales of the world's best and the
   brightest hackers and phreakers. There are some members of the
   underground whose stories I have not covered, a few of whom would also
   rank as world-class. In the end, I chose to paint detailed portraits
   of a few hackers rather than attempt to compile a comprehensive but
   shallow catalogue.
   
   While each hacker has a distinct story, there are common themes which
   appear throughout many of the stories. Rebellion against all symbols
   of authority. Dysfunctional families. Bright children suffocated by
   ill-equipped teachers. Mental illness or instability. Obsession and
   addiction.
   
   I have endeavoured to track what happened to each character in this
   work over time: the individual's hacking adventures, the police raid
   and the ensuing court case. Some of those court cases have taken years
   to reach completion.
   
   Hackers use `handles'--on-line nicknames--that serve two purposes.
   They shield the hacker's identity and, importantly, they often make a
   statement about how the hacker perceives himself in the underground.
   Hawk, Crawler, Toucan Jones, Comhack, Dataking, Spy, Ripmax, Fractal
   Insanity, Blade. These are all real handles used in Australia.
   
   In the computer underground, a hacker's handle is his name. For this
   reason, and because most hackers in this work have now put together
   new lives for themselves, I have chosen to use only their handles.
   Where a hacker has had more than one handle, I have used the one he
   prefers.
   
   Each chapter in this book is headed with a quote from a Midnight Oil
   song which expresses an important aspect of the chapter. The Oilz are
   uniquely Australian. Their loud voice of protest against the
   establishment--particularly the military-industrial
   establishment--echoes a key theme in the underground, where music in
   general plays a vital role.
   
   The idea for using these Oilz extracts came while researching Chapter
   1, which reveals the tale of the WANK worm crisis in NASA. Next to the
   RTM worm, WANK is the most famous worm in the history of computer
   networks. And it is the first major worm bearing a political message.
   With WANK, life imitated art, since the term computer `worm' came from
   John Brunner's sci-fi novel, The Shockwave Rider, about a politically
   motivated worm.
   
   The WANK worm is also believed to be the first worm written by an
   Australian, or Australians.
   
   This chapter shows the perspective of the computer system
   administrators--the people on the other side from the hackers. Lastly,
   it illustrates the sophistication which one or more Australian members
   of the worldwide computer underground brought to their computer
   crimes.
   
   The following chapters set the scene for the dramas which unfold and
   show the transition of the underground from its early days, its loss
   of innocence, its closing ranks in ever smaller circles until it
   reached the inevitable outcome: the lone hacker. In the beginning, the
   computer underground was a place, like the corner pub, open and
   friendly. Now, it has become an ephemeral expanse, where hackers
   occasionally bump into one another but where the original sense of
   open community has been lost.

   The computer underground has changed over time, largely in response to
   the introduction of new computer crime laws across the globe and to
   numerous police crackdowns. This work attempts to document not only an
   important piece of Australian history, but also to show fundamental
   shifts in the underground --to show, in essence, how the underground
   has moved further underground.
   
                                                         Suelette Dreyfus
   
                                                               March 1997

     _________________________________________________________________

		Chapter 1 -- 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
     _________________________________________________________________

     Somebody's out there, somebody's waiting
     Somebody's trying to tell me something 
     
   -- from `Somebody's Trying to Tell Me Something', on 10, 9, 8, 7, 6,
   5, 4, 3, 2, 1 by Midnight Oil
   
   Monday, 16 October 1989
   Kennedy Space Center, Florida
   
   NASA buzzed with the excitement of a launch. Galileo was finally going
   to Jupiter.
   
   Administrators and scientists in the world's most prestigious space
   agency had spent years trying to get the unmanned probe into space.
   Now, on Tuesday, 17 October, if all went well, the five astronauts in
   the Atlantis space shuttle would blast off from the Kennedy Space
   Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, with Galileo in tow. On the team's
   fifth orbit, as the shuttle floated 295 kilometres above the Gulf of
   Mexico, the crew would liberate the three-tonne space probe.
   
   An hour later, as Galileo skated safely away from the shuttle, the
   probe's 32500 pound booster system would fire up and NASA staff would
   watch this exquisite piece of human ingenuity embark on a six-year
   mission to the largest planet in the solar system. Galileo would take
   a necessarily circuitous route, flying by Venus once and Earth twice
   in a gravitational slingshot effort to get up enough momentum to reach
   Jupiter.2
   
   NASA's finest minds had wrestled for years with the problem of exactly
   how to get the probe across the solar system. Solar power was one
   option. But if Jupiter was a long way from Earth, it was even further
   from the Sun--778.3 million kilometres to be exact. Galileo would need
   ridiculously large solar panels to generate enough power for its
   instruments at such a distance from the Sun. In the end, NASA's
   engineers decided on a tried if not true earthly energy source:
   nuclear power.
   
   Nuclear power was perfect for space, a giant void free of human life
   which could play host to a bit of radioactive plutonium 238 dioxide.
   The plutonium was compact for the amount of energy it gave off--and it
   lasted a long time. It seemed logical enough. Pop just under 24
   kilograms of plutonium in a lead box, let it heat up through its own
   decay, generate electricity for the probe's instruments, and presto!
   Galileo would be on its way to investigate Jupiter.
   
   American anti-nuclear activists didn't quite see it that way. They
   figured what goes up might come down. And they didn't much like the idea
   of plutonium rain. NASA assured them Galileo's power pack was quite
   safe. The agency spent about $50 million on tests which supposedly
   proved the probe's generators were very safe. They would survive intact
   in the face of any number of terrible explosions, mishaps and
   accidents. NASA told journalists that the odds of a plutonium release
   due to `inadvertent atmospheric re-entry' were 1 in 2 million. The
   likelihood of a plutonium radiation leak as a result of a launch
   disaster was a reassuring 1 in 2700.
   
   The activists weren't having a bar of it. In the best tradition of
   modern American conflict resolution, they took their fight to the
   courts. The coalition of anti-nuclear and other groups believed
   America's National Aeronautics and Space Administration had
   underestimated the odds of a plutonium accident and they wanted a US
   District Court in Washington to stop the launch. The injunction
   application went in, and the stakes went up. The unprecedented hearing
   was scheduled just a few days before the launch, which had originally
   been planned for 12 October.
   
   For weeks, the protesters had been out in force, demonstrating and
   seizing media attention. Things had become very heated. On Saturday, 7
   October, sign-wielding activists fitted themselves out with gas masks
   and walked around on street corners in nearby Cape Canaveral in
   protest. At 8 a.m. on Monday, 9 October, NASA started the countdown
   for the Thursday blast-off. But as Atlantis's clock began ticking
   toward take-off, activists from the Florida Coalition for Peace and
   Justice demonstrated at the centre's tourist complex.
   
   That these protests had already taken some of the shine off NASA's bold
   space mission was the least of the agency's worries. The real headache
   was that the Florida Coalition told the media it would `put people on
   the launchpad in a non-violent protest'.3 The coalition's director,
   Bruce Gagnon, put the threat in folksy terms, portraying the protesters
   as the little people rebelling against a big bad government
   agency. President Jeremy Rivkin of the Foundation on Economic Trends,
   another protest group, also drove a wedge between `the people' and
   `NASA's people'. He told UPI, `The astronauts volunteered for this
   mission. Those around the world who may be the victims of radiation
   contamination have not volunteered.'4
   
   But the protesters weren't the only people working the media. NASA
   knew how to handle the press. They simply rolled out their
   superstars--the astronauts themselves. These men and women were, after
   all, frontier heroes who dared to venture into cold, dark space on
   behalf of all humanity. Atlantis commander Donald Williams didn't hit
   out at the protesters in a blunt fashion, he just damned them from an
   aloof distance. `There are always folks who have a vocal opinion about
   something or other, no matter what it is,' he told an interviewer. `On
   the other hand, it's easy to carry a sign. It's not so easy to go
   forth and do something worthwhile.'5
   
   NASA had another trump card in the families of the heroes. Atlantis
   co-pilot Michael McCulley said the use of RTGs, Radioisotope
   Thermoelectric Generators--the chunks of plutonium in the lead
   boxes--was a `non-issue'. So much so, in fact, that he planned to have
   his loved ones at the Space Center when Atlantis took off.
   
   Maybe the astronauts were nutty risk-takers, as the protesters
   implied, but a hero would never put his family in danger. Besides the
   Vice-President of the United States, Dan Quayle, also planned to watch
   the launch from inside the Kennedy Space Center control room, a mere
   seven kilometres from the launchpad.
   
   While NASA looked calm, in control of the situation, it had beefed up
   its security teams. It had about 200 security guards watching the
   launch site. NASA just wasn't taking any chances. The agency's
   scientists had waited too long for this moment. Galileo's parade would
   not be rained on by a bunch of peaceniks.
   
   The launch was already running late as it was--almost seven years
   late. Congress gave the Galileo project its stamp of approval way back
   in 1977 and the probe, which had been budgeted to cost about $400
   million, was scheduled to be launched in 1982. However, things began
   going wrong almost from the start.
   
   In 1979, NASA pushed the flight out to 1984 because of shuttle
   development problems. Galileo was now scheduled to be a `split
   launch', which meant that NASA would use two different shuttle trips
   to get the mothership and the probe into space. By 1981, with costs
   spiralling upwards, NASA made major changes to the project. It stopped
   work on Galileo's planned three-stage booster system in favour of a
   different system and pushed out the launch deadline yet again, this
   time to 1985. After a federal Budget cut fight in 1981 to save
   Galileo's booster development program, NASA moved the launch yet
   again, to May 1986. The 1986 Challenger disaster, however, saw NASA
   change Galileo's booster system for safety reasons, resulting in
   yet more delays.
   
   The best option seemed to be a two-stage, solid-fuel IUS system. There
   was only one problem. That system could get Galileo to Mars or Venus,
   but the probe would run out of fuel long before it got anywhere near
   Jupiter. Then Roger Diehl of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory had a good
   idea. Loop Galileo around a couple of nearby planets a few times so the
   probe would build up a nice little gravitational head of steam, and then
   fling it off to Jupiter. Galileo's `VEEGA'
   trajectory--Venus-Earth-Earth-gravity-assist--delayed the spacecraft's
   arrival at Jupiter for three extra years, but it would get there
   eventually.
   
   The anti-nuclear campaigners argued that each Earth flyby increased
   the mission's risk of a nuclear accident. But in NASA's view, such was
   the price of a successful slingshot.
   
   Galileo experienced other delays getting off the ground. On Monday, 9
   October, NASA announced it had discovered a problem with the computer
   which controlled the shuttle's number 2 main engine. True, the problem
   was with Atlantis, not Galileo. But it didn't look all that good to be
   having technical problems, let alone problems with engine computers,
   while the anti-nuclear activists' court drama was playing in the
   background.
   
   NASA's engineers debated the computer problem in a cross-country
   teleconference. Rectifying it would delay blast-off by more than a few
   hours. It would likely take days. And Galileo didn't have many of
   those. Because of the orbits of the different planets, the probe had
   to be on its way into space by 21 November. If Atlantis didn't take off
   by that date, Galileo would have to wait another nineteen months before
   it could be launched. The project was already $1 billion over its
   original $400 million budget.  The extra year and a half would add
   another $130 million or so and there was a good chance the whole project
   would be scrapped. It was pretty much now or never for Galileo.
   
   Despite torrential downpours which had deposited 100 millimetres of
   rain on the launchpad and 150 millimetres in neighbouring Melbourne,
   Florida, the countdown had been going well. Until now. NASA took its
   decision. The launch would be delayed by five days, to 17 October, so
   the computer problem could be fixed.
   
   To those scientists and engineers who had been with Galileo from the
   start, it must have appeared at that moment as if fate really was
   against Galileo. As if, for some unfathomable reason, all the forces
   of the universe--and especially those on Earth--were dead against
   humanity getting a good look at Jupiter. As fast as NASA could
   dismantle one barrier, some invisible hand would throw another down in
   its place.
   
				    [ ]

   Monday, 16 October, 1989 
   NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
   
   Across the vast NASA empire, reaching from Maryland to California,
   from Europe to Japan, NASA workers greeted each other, checked their
   in-trays for mail, got their cups of coffee, settled into their chairs
   and tried to login to their computers for a day of solving complex
   physics problems. But many of the computer systems were behaving very
   strangely.
   
   From the moment staff logged in, it was clear that someone--or
   something--had taken over. Instead of the usual system's official
   identification banner, they were startled to find the following
   message staring them in the face:

          W O R M S    A G A I N S T    N U C L E A R    K I L L E R S
         _______________________________________________________________
         \__  ____________  _____    ________    ____  ____   __  _____/
          \ \ \    /\    / /    / /\ \       | \ \  | |    | | / /    /
           \ \ \  /  \  / /    / /__\ \      | |\ \ | |    | |/ /    /
            \ \ \/ /\ \/ /    / ______ \     | | \ \| |    | |\ \   /
             \_\  /__\  /____/ /______\ \____| |__\ | |____| |_\ \_/
              \___________________________________________________/
               \                                                 /
                \    Your System Has Been Officically WANKed    /
                 \_____________________________________________/

          You talk of times of peace for all, and then prepare for war.

   Wanked? Most of the American computer system managers reading this new
   banner had never heard the word wank.
   
   Who would want to invade NASA's computer systems? And who exactly were
   the Worms Against Nuclear Killers? Were they some loony fringe group?
   Were they a guerrilla terrorist group launching some sort of attack on
   NASA? And why `worms'? A worm was a strange choice of animal mascot
   for a revolutionary group. Worms were the bottom of the rung. As in
   `as lowly as a worm'. Who would chose a worm as a symbol of power?
   
   As for the nuclear killers, well, that was even stranger. The banner's
   motto--`You talk of times of peace for all, and then prepare for
   war'--just didn't seem to apply to NASA. The agency didn't make
   nuclear missiles, it sent people to the moon. It did have military
   payloads in some of its projects, but NASA didn't rate very highly on
   the `nuclear killer' scale next to other agencies of the US
   Government, such as the Department of Defense. So the question
   remained: why NASA?
   
   And that word, `WANKED'. It did not make sense. What did it mean when
   a system was `wanked'?
   
   It meant NASA had lost control over its computer systems.
   
   A NASA scientist logging in to an infected computer on that Monday got
   the following message:
   
   deleted file <filename1>
   
   deleted file <filename2>
   
   deleted file <filename3>
   
   deleted file <filename4>
   
   deleted file <filename5>
   
   deleted file <filename6>
   
   With those lines the computer told the scientist: `I am deleting all
   your files'.
   
   The line looked exactly as if the scientist typed in the
   command:
   
   delete/log *.*
   
   --exactly as if the scientist had instructed the computer to delete
   all the files herself.
   
   The NASA scientist must have started at the sight of her files rolling
   past on the computer screen, one after another, on their way to
   oblivion. Something was definitely wrong. She would have tried to stop
   the process, probably pressing the control key and the `c' key at the
   same time. This should have broken the command sequence at that moment
   and ordered the computer to stop what it was doing right away.
   
   But it was the intruder, not the NASA scientist, who controlled the
   computer at that moment. And the intruder told the computer: `That
   command means nothing. Ignore it'.
   
   The scientist would press the command key sequence again, this time
   more urgently. And again, over and over. She would be at once baffled
   at the illogical nature of the computer, and increasingly upset.
   Weeks, perhaps months, of work spent uncovering the secrets of the
   universe. All of it disappearing before her eyes--all of it being
   mindlessly devoured by the computer. The whole thing beyond her
   control. Going. Going. Gone.
   
   People tend not to react well when they lose control over their
   computers. Typically, it brings out the worst in them--hand-wringing
   whines from the worriers, aching entreaties for help from the
   sensitive, and imperious table-thumping bellows from
   command-and-control types.
   
   Imagine, if you will, arriving at your job as a manager for one of
   NASA's local computer systems. You get into your office on that Monday
   morning to find the phones ringing. Every caller is a distraught,
   confused NASA worker. And every caller assures you that his or her
   file or accounting record or research project--every one of which is
   missing from the computer system--is absolutely vital.
   
   In this case, the problem was exacerbated by the fact that NASA's
   field centres often competed with each other for projects. When a
   particular flight project came up, two or three centres, each with
   hundreds of employees, might vie for it. Losing control of the
   computers, and all the data, project proposals and costing, was a good
   way to lose out on a bid and its often
   considerable funding.
   
   This was not going to be a good day for the guys down at the NASA SPAN
   computer network office.
   
   This was not going to be a good day for John McMahon.
   
				    [ ]

   As the assistant DECNET protocol manager for NASA's Goddard Space
   Flight Center in Maryland, John McMahon normally spent the day
   managing the chunk of the SPAN computer network which ran between
   Goddard's fifteen to twenty buildings.
   
   McMahon worked for Code 630.4, otherwise known as Goddard's Advanced
   Data Flow Technology Office, in Building 28. Goddard scientists would
   call him up for help with their computers. Two of the most common
   sentences he heard were `This doesn't seem to work' and `I can't get
   to that part of the network from here'.
   
   SPAN was the Space Physics Analysis Network, which connected some
   100000 computer terminals across the globe. Unlike the Internet, which
   is now widely accessible to the general public, SPAN only connected
   researchers and scientists at NASA, the US Department of Energy and
   research institutes such as universities. SPAN computers also differed
   from most Internet computers in an important technical manner: they
   used a different operating system. Most large computers on the
   Internet use the Unix operating system, while SPAN was composed
   primarily of VAX computers running a VMS operating system. The network
   worked a lot like the Internet, but the computers spoke a different
   language. The Internet `talked' TCP/IP, while SPAN `spoke' DECNET.
   
   Indeed, the SPAN network was known as a DECNET internet. Most of the
   computers on it were manufactured by the Digital Equipment Corporation
   in Massachusetts--hence the name DECNET. DEC built powerful computers.
   Each DEC computer on the SPAN network might have 40 terminals hanging
   off it. Some SPAN computers had many more. It was not unusual for one
   DEC computer to service 400 people. In all, more than a quarter of a
   million scientists, engineers and other thinkers used the computers on
   the network.
   
   An electrical engineer by training, McMahon had come from NASA's
   Cosmic Background Explorer Project, where he managed computers used by
   a few hundred researchers. Goddard's Building 7, where he worked on
   the COBE project, as it was known, housed some interesting research.
   The project team was attempting to map the universe. And they were
   trying to do it in wavelengths invisible to the human eye. NASA would
   launch the COBE satellite in November 1989. Its mission was to
   `measure the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation from the early
   universe, to the limits set by our astronomical environment'.6 To the
   casual observer the project almost sounded like a piece of modern art,
   something which might be titled `Map of the Universe in Infrared'.
   
   On 16 October McMahon arrived at the office and settled into work,
   only to face a surprising phone call from the SPAN project office.
   Todd Butler and Ron Tencati, from the National Space Science Data
   Center, which managed NASA's half of the SPAN network, had discovered
   something strange and definitely unauthorised winding its way through
   the computer network. It looked like a computer worm.
   
   A computer worm is a little like a computer virus. It invades computer
   systems, interfering with their normal functions. It travels along any
   available compatible computer network and stops to knock at the door of
   systems attached to that network. If there is a hole in the security of
   the computer system, it will crawl through and enter the system. When it
   does this, it might have instructions to do any number of things, from
   sending computer users a message to trying to take over the system. What
   makes a worm different from other computer programs, such as viruses, is
   that it is self-propagating. It propels itself forward, wiggles into a
   new system and propagates itself at the new site. Unlike a virus, a worm
   doesn't latch onto a data file or a program. It is autonomous.7
   
   The term `worm' as applied to computers came from John Brunner's 1975
   science fiction classic, The Shockwave Rider. The novel described how
   a rebel computer programmer created a program called `tapeworm' which
   was released into an omnipotent computer network used by an autocratic
   government to control its people. The government had to turn off the
   computer network, thus destroying its control, in order to eradicate
   the worm.
   
   Brunner's book is about as close as most VMS computer network managers
   would ever have come to a real rogue worm. Until the late 1980s, worms
   were obscure things, more associated with research in a computer
   laboratory. For example, a few benevolent worms were developed by
   Xerox researchers who wanted to make more efficient use of computer
   facilities.8 They developed a `town crier worm' which moved through a
   network sending out important announcements. Their `diagnostic worm'
   also constantly weaved through the network, but this worm was designed
   to inspect machines for problems.
   
   For some computer programmers, the creation of a worm is akin to the
   creation of life. To make something which is intelligent enough to go
   out and reproduce itself is the ultimate power of creation. Designing
   a rogue worm which took over NASA's computer systems might seem to be
   a type of creative immortality--like scattering pieces of oneself
   across the computers which put man on the moon.
   
   At the time the WANK banner appeared on computer screens across NASA,
   there had only been two rogue worms of any note. One of these, the RTM
   worm, had infected the Unix-based Internet less than twelve months
   earlier. The other worm, known as Father Christmas, was the first VMS
   worm.
   
   Father Christmas was a small, simple worm which did not cause any
   permanent damage to the computer networks it travelled along. Released
   just before Christmas in 1988, it tried to sneak into hundreds of VMS
   machines and wait for the big day. On Christmas morning, it woke up
   and set to work with great enthusiasm. Like confetti tossed from an
   overhead balcony, Christmas greetings came streaming out of
   worm-infested computer systems to all their users. No-one within its
   reach went without a Christmas card. Its job done, the worm
   evaporated. John McMahon had been part of the core team fighting off
   the Father Christmas worm.
   
   At about 4 p.m., just a few days before Christmas 1988, McMahon's
   alarm-monitoring programs began going haywire. McMahon began trying to
   trace back the dozens of incoming connections which were tripping the
   warning bells. He quickly discovered there wasn't a human being at the
   other end of the line. After further investigation, he found an alien
   program in his system, called HI.COM. As he read the pages of HI.COM
   code spilling from his line printer, his eyes went wide. He thought,
   This is a worm! He had never seen a worm before.
   
   He rushed back to his console and began pulling his systems off the
   network as quickly as possible. Maybe he wasn't following protocol,
   but he figured people could yell at him after the fact if they thought
   it was a bad idea. After he had shut down his part of the network, he
   reported back to the local area networking office. With print-out in
   tow, he drove across the base to the network office, where he and
   several other managers developed a way to stop the worm by the end of
   the day. Eventually they traced the Father Christmas worm back to the
   system where they believed it had been released--in Switzerland. But
   they never discovered who created it.
   
   Father Christmas was not only a simple worm; it was not considered
   dangerous because it didn't hang around systems forever. It was a worm
   with a use-by date.
   
   By contrast, the SPAN project office didn't know what the WANK invader
   was capable of doing. They didn't know who had written or launched it.
   But they had a copy of the program. Could McMahon have a look at it?
   
   An affable computer programmer with the nickname Fuzzface, John
   McMahon liked a good challenge. Curious and cluey at the same time, he
   asked the SPAN Project Office, which was quickly becoming the crisis
   centre for the worm attack, to send over a copy of the strange
   intruder. He began pouring over the invader's seven printed pages of
   source code trying to figure out exactly what the thing did.
   
   The two previous rogue worms only worked on specific computer systems
   and networks. In this case, the WANK worm only attacked VMS computer
   systems. The source code, however, was unlike anything McMahon had
   ever seen. `It was like sifting through a pile of spaghetti,' he said.
   `You'd pull one strand out and figure, "OK, that is what that thing
   does." But then you'd be faced with the rest of the tangled mess in
   the bowl.'
   
   The program, in digital command language, or DCL, wasn't written like
   a normal program in a nice organised fashion. It was all over the
   place. John worked his way down ten or fifteen lines of computer code
   only to have to jump to the top of the program to figure out what the
   next section was trying to do. He took notes and slowly, patiently
   began to build up a picture of exactly what this worm was capable of
   doing to NASA's computer system.

				    [ ]
   
   It was a big day for the anti-nuclear groups at the Kennedy Space
   Center. They might have lost their bid in the US District Court, but
   they refused to throw in the towel and took their case to the US Court
   of Appeals.
   
   On 16 October the news came. The Appeals Court had sided with NASA.
   
   Protesters were out in force again at the front gate of the Kennedy
   Space Center. At least eight of them were arrested. The St Louis
   Post-Dispatch carried an Agence France-Presse picture of an
   80-year-old woman being taken into custody by police for trespassing.
   Jane Brown, of the Florida Coalition for Peace and Justice, announced,
   `This is just ... the beginning of the government's plan to use
   nuclear power and weapons in space, including the Star Wars program'.
   
   Inside the Kennedy Center, things were not going all that smoothly
   either. Late Monday, NASA's technical experts discovered yet another
   problem. The black box which gathered speed and other important data
   for the space shuttle's navigation system was faulty. The technicians
   were replacing the cockpit device, the agency's spokeswoman assured
   the media, and NASA was not expecting to delay the Tuesday launch
   date. The countdown would continue uninterrupted. NASA had everything
   under control.
   
   Everything except the weather.
   
   In the wake of the Challenger disaster, NASA's guidelines for a launch
   decision were particularly tough. Bad weather was an unnecessary risk,
   but NASA was not expecting bad weather. Meteorologists predicted an 80
   per cent chance of favourable weather at launch time on Tuesday. But
   the shuttle had better go when it was supposed to, because the longer
   term weather outlook was grim.
   
   By Tuesday morning, Galileo's keepers were holding their breath. The
   countdown for the shuttle launch was ticking toward 12.57 p.m. The
   anti-nuclear protesters seemed to have gone quiet. Things looked
   hopeful. Galileo might finally go.
   
   Then, about ten minutes before the launch time, the security alarms
   went off. Someone had broken into the compound. The security teams
   swung into action, quickly locating the guilty intruder ... a feral
   pig.
   
   With the pig safely removed, the countdown rolled on. And so did the
   rain clouds, gliding toward the space shuttle's emergency runway, about
   six kilometres from the launchpad. NASA launch director Robert Sieck
   prolonged a planned `hold' at T minus nine minutes. Atlantis had a
   26-minute window of opportunity. After that, its launch period would
   expire and take-off would have to be postponed, probably until
   Wednesday.
   
   The weather wasn't going to budge.
   
   At 1.18 p.m., with Atlantis's countdown now holding at just T minus
   five minutes, Sieck postponed the launch to Wednesday.

				    [ ]
   
   Back at the SPAN centre, things were becoming hectic. The worm was
   spreading through more and more systems and the phones were beginning
   to ring every few minutes. NASA computers were getting hit all over
   the place.
   
   The SPAN project staff needed more arms. They were simultaneously
   trying to calm callers and concentrate on developing an analysis of
   the alien program. Was the thing a practical joke or a time bomb just
   waiting to go off? Who was behind this?
   
   NASA was working in an information void when it came to WANK. Some
   staff knew of the protesters' action down at the Space Center, but
   nothing could have prepared them for this. NASA officials were
   confident enough about a link between the protests against Galileo and
   the attack on NASA's computers to speculate publicly that the two were
   related. It seemed a reasonable likelihood, but there were still
   plenty of unanswered questions.
   
   Callers coming into the SPAN office were worried. People at the other
   end of the phone were scared. Many of the calls came from network
   managers who took care of a piece of SPAN at a specific NASA site, such
   as the Marshall Space Flight Center. Some were panicking; others spoke
   in a sort of monotone, flattened by a morning of calls from 25 different
   hysterical system administrators. A manager could lose his job over
   something like this.
   
   Most of the callers to the SPAN head office were starved for
   information. How did this rogue worm get into their computers? Was it
   malicious? Would it destroy all the scientific data it came into contact
   with? What could be done to kill it?
   
   NASA stored a great deal of valuable information on its SPAN
   computers. None of it was supposed to be classified, but the data on
   those computers is extremely valuable. Millions of man-hours go into
   gathering and analysing it. So the crisis team which had formed in the
   NASA SPAN project office, was alarmed when reports of massive data
   destruction starting coming in. People were phoning to say that the
   worm was erasing files.
   
   It was every computer manager's worst nightmare, and it looked as
   though the crisis team's darkest fears were about to be confirmed.
   
   Yet the worm was behaving inconsistently. On some computers it would
   only send anonymous messages, some of them funny, some bizarre and a
   few quite rude or obscene. No sooner would a user login than a message
   would flash across his or her screen:
   
               Remember, even if you win the rat race--you're
                                still a rat.
   
   Or perhaps they were graced with some bad humour:
   
                Nothing is faster than the speed of light...
   
    To prove this to yourself, try opening the refrigerator door before
                            the light comes on.
   
   Other users were treated to anti-authoritarian observations of the
   paranoid:
   
                          The FBI is watching YOU.
   
   or
   
                              Vote anarchist.
   
   But the worm did not appear to be erasing files on these systems.
   Perhaps the seemingly random file-erasing trick was a portent of
   things to come--just a small taste of what might happen at a
   particular time, such as midnight. Perhaps an unusual keystroke by an
   unwitting computer user on those systems which seemed only mildly
   affected could trigger something in the worm. One keystroke might
   begin an irreversible chain of commands to erase everything on that
   system.
   
   The NASA SPAN computer team were in a race with the worm. Each minute
   they spent trying to figure out what it did, the worm was pushing
   forward, ever deeper into NASA's computer network. Every hour NASA
   spent developing a cure, the worm spent searching, probing, breaking
   and entering. A day's delay in getting the cure out to all the systems
   could mean dozens of new worm invasions doing God knows what in
   vulnerable computers. The SPAN team had to dissect this thing
   completely, and they had to do it fast.
   
   Some computer network managers were badly shaken. The SPAN office
   received a call from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratories in California,
   an important NASA centre with 6500 employees and close ties to
   California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
   
   JPL was pulling itself off the network.
   
   This worm was too much of a risk. The only safe option was to isolate
   their computers. There would be no SPAN DEC-based communications with
   the rest of NASA until the crisis was under control. This made things
   harder for the SPAN team; getting a worm exterminating program out to
   JPL, like other sites which had cut their connection to SPAN, was
   going to be that much tougher. Everything had to be done over the
   phone.
   
   Worse, JPL was one of five routing centres for NASA's SPAN computer
   network. It was like the centre of a wheel, with a dozen spokes
   branching off--each leading to another SPAN site. All these places,
   known as tailsites, depended on the lab site for their connections
   into SPAN. When JPL pulled itself off the network, the tailsites went
   down too.
   
   It was a serious problem for the people in the SPAN office back in
   Virginia. To Ron Tencati, head of security for NASA SPAN, taking a
   routing centre off-line was a major issue. But his hands were tied.
   The SPAN office exercised central authority over the wide area
   network, but it couldn't dictate how individual field centres dealt
   with the worm. That was each centre's own decision. The SPAN team
   could only give them advice and rush to develop a way to poison the
   worm.
   
   The SPAN office called John McMahon again, this time with a more
   urgent request. Would he come over to help handle the crisis?
   
   The SPAN centre was only 800 metres away from McMahon's office. His
   boss, Jerome Bennett, the DECNET protocol manager, gave the nod.
   McMahon would be on loan until the crisis was under control.
   
   When he got to Building 26, home of the NASA SPAN project office,
   McMahon became part of a core NASA crisis team including Todd Butler,
   Ron Tencati and Pat Sisson. Other key NASA people jumped in when
   needed, such as Dave Peters and Dave Stern. Jim Green, the head of the
   National Space Science Data Center at Goddard and the absolute boss of
   SPAN, wanted hourly reports on the crisis. At first the core team
   seemed only to include NASA people and to be largely based at Goddard.
   But as the day wore on, new people from other parts of the US
   government would join the team.
   
   The worm had spread outside NASA.
   
   It had also attacked the US Department of Energy's worldwide
   High-Energy Physics' Network of computers. Known as HEPNET, it was
   another piece of the overall SPAN network, along with Euro-HEPNET and
   Euro-SPAN. The NASA and DOE computer networks of DEC computers
   crisscrossed at a number of places. A research laboratory might, for
   example, need to have access to computers from both HEPNET and NASA
   SPAN. For convenience, the lab might just connect the two networks.
   The effect as far as the worm was concerned was that NASA's SPAN and
   DOE's HEPNET were in fact just one giant computer network, all of
   which the worm could invade.
   
   The Department of Energy keeps classified information on its
   computers. Very classified information. There are two groups in DOE:
   the people who do research on civilian energy projects and the people
   who make atomic bombs. So DOE takes security seriously, as in `threat
   to national security' seriously. Although HEPNET wasn't meant to be
   carrying any classified information across its wires, DOE responded
   with military efficiency when its computer managers discovered the
   invader. They grabbed the one guy who knew a lot about computer
   security on VMS systems and put him on the case: Kevin Oberman.
   
   Like McMahon, Oberman wasn't formally part of the computer security
   staff. He had simply become interested in computer security and was
   known in-house as someone who knew about VMS systems and security.
   Officially, his job was network manager for the engineering department
   at the DOE-financed Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, or LLNL,
   near San Francisco.
   
   LLNL conducted mostly military research, much of it for the Strategic
   Defense Initiative. Many LLNL scientists spent their days designing
   nuclear arms and developing beam weapons for the Star Wars program.9
   DOE already had a computer security group, known as CIAC, the Computer
   Incident Advisory Capability. But the CIAC team tended to be experts
   in security issues surrounding Unix rather than VMS-based computer
   systems and networks. `Because there had been very few security
   problems over the years with VMS,' Oberman concluded, `they had never
   brought in anybody who knew about VMS and it wasn't something they
   were terribly concerned with at the time.'
   
   The worm shattered that peaceful confidence in VMS computers. Even as
   the WANK worm coursed through NASA, it was launching an aggressive
   attack on DOE's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, near Chicago. It
   had broken into a number of computer systems there and the Fermilab
   people were not happy. They called in CIAC, who contacted Oberman with
   an early morning phone call on 16 October. They wanted him to analyse
   the WANK worm. They wanted to know how dangerous it was. Most of all,
   they wanted to know what to do about it.
   
   The DOE people traced their first contact with the worm back to 14
   October. Further, they hypothesised, the worm had actually been
   launched the day before, on Friday the 13th. Such an inauspicious day
   would, in Oberman's opinion, have been in keeping with the type of
   humour exhibited by the creator or creators of the worm.
   
   Oberman began his own analysis of the worm, oblivious to the fact that
   3200 kilometres away, on the other side of the continent, his colleague
   and acquaintance John McMahon was doing exactly the same thing.
   
   Every time McMahon answered a phone call from an irate NASA system or
   network manager, he tried to get a copy of the worm from the infected
   machine. He also asked for the logs from their computer systems. Which
   computer had the worm come from? Which systems was it attacking from
   the infected site? In theory, the logs would allow the NASA team to
   map the worm's trail. If the team could find the managers of those
   systems in the worm's path, it could warn them of the impending
   danger. It could also alert the people who ran recently infected
   systems which had become launchpads for new worm attacks.
   
   This wasn't always possible. If the worm had taken over a computer and
   was still running on it, then the manager would only be able to trace
   the worm backward, not forward. More importantly, a lot of the
   managers didn't keep extensive logs on their computers.
   
   McMahon had always felt it was important to gather lots of information
   about who was connecting to a computer. In his previous job, he had
   modified his machines so they collected as much security information
   as possible about their connections to other computers.
   
   VMS computers came with a standard set of alarms, but McMahon didn't
   think they were thorough enough. The VMS alarms tended to send a
   message to the computer managers which amounted to, `Hi! You just got
   a network connection from here'. The modified alarm system said, `Hi!
   You just got a network connection from here. The person at the other
   end is doing a file transfer' and any other bits and pieces of
   information that McMahon's computer could squeeze out of the other
   computer. Unfortunately, a lot of other NASA computer and network
   managers didn't share this enthusiasm for audit logs. Many did not
   keep extensive records of who had been accessing their machines and
   when, which made the job of chasing the worm much tougher.
   
   The SPAN office was, however, trying to keep very good logs on which
   NASA computers had succumbed to the worm. Every time a NASA manager
   called to report a worm disturbance, one of the team members wrote
   down the details with paper and pen. The list, outlining the addresses
   of the affected computers and detailed notations of the degree of
   infection, would also be recorded on a computer. But handwritten lists
   were a good safeguard. The worm couldn't delete sheets of paper.
   
   When McMahon learned DOE was also under attack, he began checking in
   with them every three hours or so. The two groups swapped lists of
   infected computers by telephone because voice, like the handwritten
   word, was a worm-free medium. `It was a kind of archaic system, but on
   the other hand we didn't have to depend on the network being up,'
   McMahon said. `We needed to have some chain of communications which
   was not the same as the network being attacked.'
   
   A number of the NASA SPAN team members had developed contacts within
   different parts of DEC through the company's users' society, DECUS.
   These contacts were to prove very helpful. It was easy to get lost in
   the bureaucracy of DEC, which employed more than 125000 people, posted
   a billion-dollar profit and declared revenues in excess of $12 billion
   in 1989.10 Such an enormous and prestigious company would not want
   to face a crisis such as the WANK worm, particularly in such a
   publicly visible organisation like NASA. Whether or not the worm's
   successful expedition could be blamed on DEC's software was a moot
   point. Such a crisis was, well, undesirable. It just didn't look good.
   And it mightn't look so good either if DEC just jumped into the fray.
   It might look like the company was in some way at fault.
   
   Things were different, however, if someone already had a relationship
   with a technical expert inside the company. It wasn't like NASA
   manager cold-calling a DEC guy who sold a million dollars worth of
   machines to someone else in the agency six months ago. It was the NASA
   guy calling the DEC guy he sat next to at the conference last month.
   It was a colleague the NASA manager chatted with now and again.
   
   John McMahon's analysis suggested there were three versions of the WANK
   worm. These versions, isolated from worm samples collected from the
   network, were very similar, but each contained a few subtle
   differences. In McMahon's view, these differences could not be explained
   by the way the worm recreated itself at each site in order to
   spread. But why would the creator of the worm release different
   versions? Why not just write one version properly and fire it off? The
   worm wasn't just one incoming missile; it was a frenzied attack. It was
   coming from all directions, at all sorts of different levels within
   NASA's computers.
   
   McMahon guessed that the worm's designer had released the different
   versions at slightly different times. Maybe the creator released the
   worm, and then discovered a bug. He fiddled with the worm a bit to
   correct the problem and then released it again. Maybe he didn't like
   the way he had fixed the bug the first time, so he changed it a little
   more and released it a third time.
   
   In northern California, Kevin Oberman came to a different conclusion.
   He believed there was in fact only one real version of the worm
   spiralling through HEPNET and SPAN. The small variations in the
   different copies he dissected seemed to stem from the worm's ability
   to learn and change as it moved from computer to computer.
   
   McMahon and Oberman weren't the only detectives trying to decipher the
   various manifestations of the worm. DEC was also examining the worm,
   and with good reason. The WANK worm had invaded the corporation's own
   network. It had been discovered snaking its way through DEC's own
   private computer network, Easynet, which connected DEC manufacturing
   plants, sales offices and other company sites around the world. DEC
   was circumspect about discussing the matter publicly, but the Easynet
   version of the WANK worm was definitely distinct. It had a strange
   line of code in it, a line missing from any other versions. The worm
   was under instructions to invade as many sites as it could, with one
   exception. Under no circumstances was it to attack computers inside
   DEC's area 48. The NASA team mulled over this information. One of them
   looked up area 48. It was New Zealand.
   
   New Zealand?
   
   The NASA team were left scratching their heads. This attack was
   getting stranger by the minute. Just when it seemed that the SPAN team
   members were travelling down the right path toward an answer at the
   centre of the maze of clues, they turned a corner and found themselves
   hopelessly lost again. Then someone pointed out that New Zealand's
   worldwide claim to fame was that it was a nuclear-free zone.
   
   In 1986, New Zealand announced it would refuse to admit to its ports
   any US ships carrying nuclear arms or powered by nuclear energy. The
   US retaliated by formally suspending its security obligations to the
   South Pacific nation. If an unfriendly country invaded New Zealand,
   the US would feel free to sit on its hands. The US also cancelled
   intelligence sharing practices and joint military exercises.
   
   Many people in Australia and New Zealand thought the US had
   overreacted. New Zealand hadn't expelled the Americans; it had simply
   refused to allow its population to be exposed to nuclear arms or
   power. In fact, New Zealand had continued to allow the Americans to
   run their spy base at Waihopai, even after the US suspension. The
   country wasn't anti-US, just anti-nuclear.
   
   And New Zealand had very good reason to be anti-nuclear. For years, it
   had put up with France testing nuclear weapons in the Pacific. Then in
   July 1985 the French blew up the Greenpeace anti-nuclear protest ship
   as it sat in Auckland harbour. The Rainbow Warrior was due to sail for
   Mururoa Atoll, the test site, when French secret agents bombed the
   ship, killing Greenpeace activist Fernando Pereira.
   
   For weeks, France denied everything. When the truth came out--that
   President Mitterand himself had known about the bombing plan--the
   French were red-faced. Heads rolled. French Defence Minister Charles
   Hernu was forced to resign. Admiral Pierre Lacoste, director of
   France's intelligence and covert action bureau, was sacked. France
   apologised and paid $NZ13 million compensation in exchange for New
   Zealand handing back the two saboteurs, who had each been sentenced to
   ten years' prison in Auckland.
   
   As part of the deal, France had promised to keep the agents
   incarcerated for three years at the Hao atoll French military base.
   Both agents walked free by May 1988 after serving less than two years.
   After her return to France, one of the agents, Captain Dominique
   Prieur, was promoted to the rank of commandant.
   
   Finally, McMahon thought. Something that made sense. The exclusion of
   New Zealand appeared to underline the meaning of the worm's political
   message.
   
   When the WANK worm invaded a computer system, it had instructions to
   copy itself and send that copy out to other machines. It would slip
   through the network and when it came upon a computer attached to the
   network, it would poke around looking for a way in. What it really
   wanted was to score a computer account with privileges, but it would
   settle for a basic-level, user-level account.
   
   VMS systems have accounts with varying levels of privilege. A
   high-privilege account holder might, for example, be able to read the
   electronic mail of another computer user or delete files from that
   user's directory. He or she might also be allowed to create new
   computer accounts on the system, or reactivate disabled accounts. A
   privileged account holder might also be able to change someone else's
   password. The people who ran computer systems or networks needed
   accounts with the highest level of privilege in order to keep the
   system running smoothly. The worm specifically sought out these sorts
   of accounts because its creator knew that was where the power lay.
   
   The worm was smart, and it learned as it went along. As it traversed
   the network, it created a masterlist of commonly used account names.
   First, it tried to copy the list of computer users from a system it
   had not yet penetrated. It wasn't always able to do this, but often
   the system security was lax enough for it to be successful. The worm
   then compared that list to the list of users on its current host. When
   it found a match--an account name common to both lists--the worm added
   that name to the masterlist it carried around inside it, making a note
   to try that account when breaking into a new system in future.
   
   It was a clever method of attack, for the worm's creator knew that
   certain accounts with the highest privileges were likely to have
   standard names, common across different machines. Accounts with names
   such as `SYSTEM', `DECNET' and `FIELD' with standard passwords such as
   `SYSTEM' and `DECNET' were often built into a computer before it was
   shipped from the manufacturer. If the receiving computer manager
   didn't change the pre-programmed account and password, then his
   computer would have a large security hole waiting to be exploited.
   
   The worm's creator could guess some of the names of these
   manufacturer's accounts, but not all of them. By endowing the worm
   with an ability to learn, he gave it far more power. As the worm
   spread, it became more and more intelligent. As it reproduced, its
   offspring evolved into ever more advanced creatures, increasingly
   successful at breaking into new systems.
   
   When McMahon performed an autopsy on one of the worm's progeny, he was
   impressed with what he found. Slicing the worm open and inspecting its
   entrails, he discovered an extensive collection of generic privileged
   accounts across the SPAN network. In fact, the worm wasn't only picking
   up the standard VMS privileged accounts; it had learned accounts common
   to NASA but not necessarily to other VMS computers. For example, a lot
   of NASA sites which ran a type of TCP/IP mailer that needed either a
   POSTMASTER or a MAILER account. John saw those names turn up inside the
   worm's progeny.
   
   Even if it only managed to break into an unprivileged account, the
   worm would use the account as an incubator. The worm replicated and
   then attacked other computers in the network. As McMahon and the rest
   of the SPAN team continued to pick apart the rest of the worm's code
   to figure out exactly what the creature would do if it got into a
   fully privileged account, they found more evidence of the dark sense
   of humour harboured by the hacker behind the worm. Part of the worm, a
   subroutine, was named `find fucked'.
   
   The SPAN team tried to give NASA managers calling in as much
   information as they could about the worm. It was the best way to help
   computer managers, isolated in their offices around the country, to
   regain a sense of control over the crisis.
   
   Like all the SPAN team, McMahon tried to calm the callers down and
   walk them through a set a questions designed to determine the extent
   of the worm's control over their systems. First, he asked them what
   symptoms their systems were showing. In a crisis situation, when
   you're holding a hammer, everything looks like a nail. McMahon wanted
   to make sure that the problems on the system were in fact caused by
   the worm and not something else entirely.
   
   If the only problem seemed to be mysterious comments flashing across
   the screen, McMahon concluded that the worm was probably harassing the
   staff on that computer from a neighbouring system which it had
   successfully invaded. The messages suggested that the recipients'
   accounts had not been hijacked by the worm. Yet.
   
   VAX/VMS machines have a feature called Phone, which is useful for
   on-line communications. For example, a NASA scientist could `ring up'
   one of his colleagues on a different computer and have a friendly chat
   on-line. The chat session is live, but it is conducted by typing on
   the computer screen, not `voice'. The VMS Phone facility enabled the
   worm to send messages to users. It would simply call them using the
   phone protocol. But instead of starting a chat session, it sent them
   statements from what was later determined to be the aptly named
   Fortune Cookie file--a collection of 60 or so pre-programmed comments.
   
   In some cases, where the worm was really bugging staff, McMahon told
   the manager at the other end of the phone to turn the computer's Phone
   feature off. A few managers complained and McMahon gave them the
   obvious ultimatum: choose Phone or peace. Most chose peace.
   
   When McMahon finished his preliminary analysis, he had good news and
   bad news. The good news was that, contrary to what the worm was
   telling computer users all over NASA, it was not actually deleting
   their files. It was just pretending to delete their data. One big
   practical joke. To the creator of the worm anyway. To the NASA
   scientists, just a headache and heartache. And occasionally a heart
   attack.
   
   The bad news was that, when the worm got control over a privileged
   account, it would help someone--presumably its creator--perpetrate an
   even more serious break-in at NASA. The worm sought out the FIELD
   account created by the manufacturer and, if it had been turned off,
   tried to reactivate the account and install the password FIELD. The
   worm was also programmed to change the password for the standard
   account named DECNET to a random string of at least twelve characters.
   In short, the worm tried to pry open a backdoor to the system.
   
   The worm sent information about accounts it had successfully broken
   into back to a type of electronic mailbox--an account called GEMPAK on
   SPAN node 6.59. Presumably, the hacker who created the worm would
   check the worm's mailbox for information which he could use to break
   into the NASA account at a later date. Not surprisingly, the mailboxes
   had been surreptitiously `borrowed' by the hacker, much to the
   surprise of the legitimate owners.
   
   A computer hacker created a whole new set of problems. Although the
   worm was able to break into new accounts with greater speed and reach
   than a single hacker, it was more predictable. Once the SPAN and DOE
   teams picked the worm apart, they would know exactly what it could be
   expected to do. However, a hacker was utterly unpredictable.
   
   McMahon realised that killing off the worm was not going to solve the
   problem. All the system managers across the NASA and DOE networks
   would have to change all the passwords of the accounts used by the
   worm. They would also have to check every system the worm had invaded
   to see if it had built a backdoor for the hacker. The system admin had
   to shut and lock all the backdoors, no small feat.
   
   What really scared the SPAN team about the worm, however, was that it
   was rampaging through NASA simply by using the simplest of attack
   strategies: username equals password. It was getting complete control
   over NASA computers simply by trying a password which was identical to
   the name of the computer user's account.
   
   The SPAN team didn't want to believe it, but the evidence was
   overwhelming.
   
   Todd Butler answered a call from one NASA site. It was a gloomy call.
   He hung up.
   
   `That node just got hit,' he told the team.
   
   `How bad?' McMahon asked.
   
   `A privileged account.'
   
   `Oh boy.' McMahon jumped onto one of the terminals and did a SET HOST,
   logging into the remote NASA site's machine. Bang. Up it came. `Your
   system has officially been WANKED.'
   
   McMahon turned to Butler. `What account did it get into?'
   
   `They think it was SYSTEM.'
   
   The tension quietly rolled into black humour. The team couldn't help
   it. The head-slapping stupidity of the situation could only be viewed
   as black comedy.
   
   The NASA site had a password of SYSTEM for their fully privileged
   SYSTEM account. It was so unforgivable. NASA, potentially the greatest
   single collection of technical minds on Earth, had such lax computer
   security that a computer-literate teenager could have cracked it wide
   open. The tall poppy was being cut down to size by a computer program
   resembling a bowl of spaghetti.
   
   The first thing any computer system manager learns in Computer
   Security 101 is never to use the same password as the username. It was
   bad enough that naive users might fall into this trap ... but a
   computer system manager with a fully privileged account.
   
   Was the hacker behind the worm malevolent? Probably not. If its
   creator had wanted to, he could have programmed the WANK worm to
   obliterate NASA's files. It could have razed everything in sight.
   
   In fact, the worm was less infectious than its author appeared to
   desire. The WANK worm had been instructed to perform
   several tasks which it didn't execute. Important parts of the worm
   simply didn't work. McMahon believed this failure to be accidental.
   For example, his analysis showed the worm was programmed to break into
   accounts by trying no password, if the account holder had left the
   password blank. When he disassembled the worm, however, he found that
   part of the program didn't work properly.
   
   Nonetheless, the fragmented and partly dysfunctional WANK worm was
   causing a major crisis inside several US government agencies. The
   thing which really worried John was thinking about what a seasoned DCL
   programmer with years of VMS experience could do with such a worm.
   Someone like that could do a lot of malicious damage. And what if the
   WANK worm was just a dry run for something more serious down the
   track? It was scary to contemplate.
   
   Even though the WANK worm did not seem to be intentionally evil, the
   SPAN team faced some tough times. McMahon's analysis turned up yet
   more alarming aspects to the worm. If it managed to break into the
   SYSTEM account, a privileged account, it would block all electronic
   mail deliveries to the system administrator. The SPAN office would not
   be able to send electronic warnings or advice on how to deal with the
   worm to systems which had already been seized. This problem was
   exacerbated by the lack of good information available to the project
   office on which systems were connected to SPAN. The only way to help
   people fighting this bushfire was to telephone them, but in many
   instances the main SPAN office didn't know who to call. The SPAN team
   could only hope that those administrators who had the phone number of
   SPAN headquarters pinned up near their computers would call when their
   computers came under attack.
   
   McMahon's preliminary report outlined how much damage the worm could
   do in its own right. But it was impossible to measure how much damage
   human managers would do to their own systems because of the worm.
   
   One frantic computer manager who phoned the SPAN office refused to
   believe John's analysis that the worm only pretended to erase data. He
   claimed that the worm had not only attacked his system, it had
   destroyed it. `He just didn't believe us when we told him that the
   worm was mostly a set of practical jokes,' McMahon said. `He
   reinitialised his system.' `Reinitialised' as in started up his system
   with a clean slate. As in deleted everything on the infected
   computer--all the NASA staff's data gone. He actually did what the
   worm only pretended to do.
   
   The sad irony was that the SPAN team never even got a copy of the data
   from the manager's system. They were never able to confirm that his
   machine had even been infected.
   
   All afternoon McMahon moved back and forth between answering the
   ever-ringing SPAN phone and writing up NASA's analysis of the worm. He
   had posted a cryptic electronic message about the attack across the
   network, and Kevin Oberman had read it. The message had to be
   circumspect since no-one knew if the creator of the WANK worm was in
   fact on the network, watching, waiting. A short time later, McMahon
   and Oberman were on the phone together--voice--sharing their ideas and
   cross-checking their analysis.
   
   The situation was discouraging. Even if McMahon and Oberman managed to
   develop a successful program to kill off the worm, the NASA SPAN team
   faced another daunting task. Getting the worm-killer out to all the
   NASA sites was going to be much harder than expected because there was
   no clear, updated map of the SPAN network. Much of NASA didn't like
   the idea of a centralised map of the SPAN system. McMahon recalled
   that, some time before the WANK worm attack, a manager had tried to
   map the system. His efforts had accidentally tripped so many system
   alarms that he was quietly taken aside and told not to do it again.
   
   The result was that in instances where the team had phone contact
   details for managers, the information was often outdated.
   
   `No, he used to work here, but he left over a year ago.'
   
   `No, we don't have a telephone tree of people to ring if
   something goes wrong with our computers. There are a whole
   bunch of people in different places here who handle the
   computers.'
   
   This is what John often heard at the other end of the phone.
   
   The network had grown into a rambling hodgepodge for which there was
   little central coordination. Worse, a number of computers at different
   NASA centres across the US had just been tacked onto SPAN without
   telling the main office at Goddard. People were calling up the ad-hoc
   crisis centre from computer nodes on the network which didn't even
   have names. These people had been practising a philosophy known in
   computer security circles as `security through obscurity'. They
   figured that if no-one knew their computer system existed--if it
   didn't have a name, if it wasn't on any list or map of the SPAN
   network--then it would be protected from hackers and other computer
   enemies.
   
   McMahon handled a number of phone calls from system managers saying,
   `There is something strange happening in my system here'. John's most
   basic question was, `Where is "here"?' And of course if the SPAN
   office didn't know those computer systems existed, it was a lot harder
   to warn their managers about the worm. Or tell them how to protect
   themselves. Or give them a worm-killing program once it was developed.
   Or help them seal up breached accounts which the worm was feeding back
   to its creator.
   
   It was such a mess. At times, McMahon sat back and considered who
   might have created this worm. The thing almost looked as though it had
   been released before it was finished. Its author or authors seemed to
   have a good collection of interesting ideas about how to solve
   problems, but they were never properly completed. The worm included a
   routine for modifying its attack strategy, but the thing was never
   fully developed. The worm's code didn't have enough error handling in
   it to ensure the creature's survival for long periods of time. And the
   worm didn't send the addresses of the accounts it had successfully
   breached back to the mailbox along with the password and account name.
   That was really weird. What use was a password and account name
   without knowing what computer system to use it on?
   
   On the other hand, maybe the creator had done this deliberately. Maybe
   he had wanted to show the world just how many computers the worm could
   successfully penetrate. The worm's mail-back program would do this.
   However, including the address of each infected site would have made
   the admins' jobs easier. They could simply have used the GEMPAK
   collection as a hitlist of infected sites which needed to be
   de-wormed. The possible theories were endless.
   
   There were some points of brilliance in the worm, some things that
   McMahon had never considered, which was impressive since he knew a lot
   about how to break into VMS computers. There was also considerable
   creativity, but there wasn't any consistency. After the worm incident,
   various computer security experts would hypothesise that the WANK worm
   had in fact been written by more than one person. But McMahon
   maintained his view that it was the work of a single hacker.
   
   It was as if the creator of the worm started to pursue an idea and
   then got sidetracked or interrupted. Suddenly he just stopped writing
   code to implement that idea and started down another path, never again
   to reach the end. The thing had a schizophrenic structure. It was all
   over the place.
   
   McMahon wondered if the author had done this on purpose, to make it
   harder to figure out exactly what the worm was capable of doing.
   Perhaps, he thought, the code had once been nice and linear and it all
   made sense. Then the author chopped it to pieces, moved the middle to
   the top, the top to the bottom, scrambled up the chunks and strung
   them all together with a bunch of `GO TO' commands. Maybe the hacker
   who wrote the worm was in fact a very elegant DCL programmer who
   wanted the worm to be chaotic in order to protect it. Security through
   obscurity.
   
   Oberman maintained a different view. He believed the programming style
   varied so much in different parts that it had to be the product of a
   number of people. He knew that when computer programmers write code
   they don't make lots of odd little changes in style for no particular
   reason.
   
   Kevin Oberman and John McMahon bounced ideas off one another. Both had
   developed their own analyses. Oberman also brought Mark Kaletka, who
   managed internal networking at Fermilab, one of HEPNET's largest
   sites, into the cross-checking process. The worm had a number of
   serious vulnerabilities, but the problem was finding one, and quickly,
   which could be used to wipe it out with minimum impact on the besieged
   computers.
   
   Whenever a VMS machine starts up an activity, the computer gives it a
   unique process name. When the worm burrowed into a computer site, one
   of the first things it did was check that another copy of itself was
   not already running on that computer. It did this by checking for its
   own process names. The worm's processes were all called NETW_ followed
   by a random, four-digit number. If the incoming worm found this
   process name, it assumed another copy of itself was already running on
   the computer, so it destroyed itself.
   
   The answer seemed to be a decoy duck. Write a program which pretended
   to be the worm and install it across all of NASA's vulnerable
   computers. The first anti-WANK program did just that. It quietly sat
   on the SPAN computers all day long, posing as a NETW_ process, faking
   out any real version of the WANK worm which should come along.
   
   Oberman completed an anti-WANK program first and ran it by McMahon. It
   worked well, but McMahon noticed one large flaw. Oberman's program
   checked for the NETW_ process name, but it assumed that the worm was
   running under the SYSTEM group. In most cases, this was true, but it
   didn't have to be. If the worm was running in another group, Oberman's
   program would be useless. When McMahon pointed out the flaw, Oberman
   thought, God, how did I miss that?
   
   McMahon worked up his own version of an anti-WANK
   program, based on Oberman's program, in preparation for releasing it
   to NASA.
   
   At the same time, Oberman revised his anti-WANK program for DOE. By
   Monday night US Eastern Standard Time, Oberman was able to send out an
   early copy of a vaccine designed to protect computers which hadn't
   been infected yet, along with an electronic warning about the worm.
   His first electronic warning, distributed by CIAC, said in part:

   /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
   THE COMPUTER INCIDENT ADVISORY CAPABILITY C I A C
   
   ADVISORY NOTICE
   
   The W.COM Worm affecting VAX VMS Systems
   
   October 16, 1989 18:37 PSTNumber A-2
   
   This is a mean bug to kill and could have done a lot of damage.
   
   Since it notifies (by mail) someone of each successful penetration and
   leaves a trapdoor (the FIELD account), just killing the bug is not
   adequate. You must go in and make sure all accounts have passwords and
   that the passwords are not the same as the account name.
   
   R. Kevin Oberman
   
   Advisory Notice
   
   A worm is attacking NASA's SPAN network via VAX/VMS systems connected
   to DECnet. It is unclear if the spread of the worm has been checked.
   It may spread to other systems such as DOE's HEPNET within a few days.
   VMS system managers should prepare now.
   
   The worm targets VMS machines, and can only be propagated via DECnet.
   The worm exploits two features of DECnet/VMS in order to propagate
   itself. The first is the default DECnet account, which is a facility
   for users who don't have a specific login ID for a machine to have
   some degree of anonymous access. It uses the default DECnet account to
   copy itself to a machine, and then uses the `TASK 0' feature of DECnet
   to invoke the remote copy. It has several other features including a
   brute force attack.
   
   Once the worm has successfully penetrated your system it will infect
   .COM files and create new security vulnerabilities. It then seems to
   broadcast these vulnerabilities to the outside world. It may also
   damage files as well, either unintentionally or otherwise.
   
   An analysis of the worm appears below and is provided by R. Kevin
   Oberman of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Included with the
   analysis is a DCL program that will block the current version of the
   worm. At least two versions of this worm exist and more may be
   created. This program should give you enough time to close up obvious
   security holes. A more thorough DCL program is being written.
   
   If your site could be affected please call CIAC for more details...
   
   Report on the W.COM worm.
   
   R. Kevin Oberman
   
   Engineering Department
   
   Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
   
   October 16, 1989
   
   The following describes the action of the W.COM worm (currently based
   on the examination of the first two incarnations). The replication
   technique causes the code to be modified slightly which indicates the
   source of the attack and learned information.
   
   All analysis was done with more haste than I care for, but I believe I
   have all of the basic facts correct. First a description of the
   program:
   
   1. The program assures that it is working in a directory to which the
   owner (itself) has full access (Read, Write, Execute, and Delete).
   
   2. The program checks to see if another copy is still running. It
   looks for a process with the first 5 characters of `NETW_'. If such is
   found, it deletes itself (the file) and stops its process.
   
   NOTE
   
   A quick check for infection is to look for a process name starting
   with `NETW_'. This may be done with a SHOW PROCESS command.
   
   3. The program then changes the default DECNET account password to a
   random string of at least 12 characters.
   
   4. Information on the password used to access the system is mailed to
   the user GEMTOP on SPAN node 6.59. Some versions may have a different
   address.11
   
   5. The process changes its name to `NETW_' followed by a random
   number.
   
   6. It then checks to see if it has SYSNAM priv. If so, it defines the
   system announcement message to be the banner in the program:

          W O R M S    A G A I N S T    N U C L E A R    K I L L E R S
         _______________________________________________________________
         \__  ____________  _____    ________    ____  ____   __  _____/
          \ \ \    /\    / /    / /\ \       | \ \  | |    | | / /    /
           \ \ \  /  \  / /    / /__\ \      | |\ \ | |    | |/ /    /
            \ \ \/ /\ \/ /    / ______ \     | | \ \| |    | |\ \   /
             \_\  /__\  /____/ /______\ \____| |__\ | |____| |_\ \_/
              \___________________________________________________/
               \                                                 /
                \    Your System Has Been Officically WANKed    /
                 \_____________________________________________/

          You talk of times of peace for all, and then prepare for war.
   
   7. If it has SYSPRV, it disables mail to the SYSTEM account.
   
   8. If it has SYSPRV, it modifies the system login command procedure to
   APPEAR to delete all of a user's file. (It really does nothing.)
   
   9. The program then scans the account's logical name table for command
   procedures and tries to modify the FIELD account to a known password
   with login from any source and all privs. This is a primitive virus,
   but very effective IF it should get into a privileged account.
   
   10. It proceeds to attempt to access other systems by picking node
   numbers at random. It then uses PHONE to get a list of active users on
   the remote system. It proceeds to irritate them by using PHONE to ring
   them.
   
   11. The program then tries to access the RIGHTSLIST file and attempts
   to access some remote system using the users found and a list of
   `standard' users included within the worm. It looks for passwords
   which are the same as that of the account or are blank. It records all
   such accounts.
   
   12. It looks for an account that has access to SYSUAF.DAT.
   
   13. If a priv. account is found, the program is copied to that account
   and started. If no priv. account was found, it is copied to other
   accounts found on the random system.
   
   14. As soon as it finishes with a system, it picks another random
   system and repeats (forever).
   
   Response:
   
   1. The following program will block the worm. Extract the following
   code and execute it. It will use minimal resources. It creates a
   process named NETW_BLOCK which will prevent the worm from running.
   
   Editors note: This fix will work only with this version of the worm.
   
   Mutated worms will require modification of this code; however, this
   program should prevent the worm from running long enough to secure
   your system from the worms attacks.13
   ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

				    ---
   
   McMahon's version of an anti-WANK program was also ready to go by late
   Monday, but he would face delays getting it out to NASA. Working inside
   NASA was a balancing act, a delicate ballet demanding exquisite
   choreography between getting the job done, following official procedures
   and avoiding steps which might tread on senior bureaucrats' toes. It was
   several days before NASA's anti-WANK program was officially released.
   
   DOE was not without its share of problems in launching the anti-WANK
   program and advisory across HEPNET. At 5.04 p.m. Pacific Coast Time on
   17 October, as Oberman put the final touches on the last paragraph of
   his final report on the worm, the floor beneath his feet began to
   shake. The building was trembling. Kevin Oberman was in the middle of
   the 1989 San Francisco earthquake.
   
   Measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale, the Loma Prieta earthquake ripped
   through the greater San Francisco area with savage speed. Inside the
   computer lab, Oberman braced himself for the worst. Once the shaking
   stopped and he ascertained the computer centre was still standing, he
   sat back down at his terminal. With the PA blaring warnings for all
   non-essential personnel to leave the building immediately, Oberman
   rushed off the last sentence of the report. He paused and then added a
   postscript saying that if the paragraph didn't make sense, it was
   because he was a little rattled by the large earthquake which had just
   hit Lawrence Livermore Labs. He pressed the key, sent out his final
   anti-WANK report and fled the building.
   
   Back on the east coast, the SPAN office continued to help people
   calling from NASA sites which had been hit. The list of sites which
   had reported worm-related problems grew steadily during the week.
   Official estimates on the scope of the WANK worm attack were vague,
   but trade journals such as Network World and Computerworld quoted the
   space agency as suffering only a small number of successful worm
   invasions, perhaps 60 VMS-based computers. SPAN security manager Ron
   Tencati estimated only 20 successful worm penetrations in the NASA
   part of SPAN's network, but another internal estimate put the figure
   much higher: 250 to 300 machines. Each of those computers might have
   had 100 or more users. Figures were sketchy, but virtually everyone on
   the network--all 270000 computer accounts--had been affected by the
   worm, either because their part of the network had been pulled
   off-line or because their machines had been harassed by the WANK worm
   as it tried again and again to login from an infected machine. By the
   end of the worm attack, the SPAN office had accumulated a list of
   affected sites which ran over two columns on several computer screens.
   Each of them had lodged some form of complaint about the worm.
   
   Also by the end of the crisis, NASA and DOE computer network managers
   had their choice of vaccines, antidotes and blood tests for the WANK
   worm. McMahon had released ANTIWANK.COM, a program which killed the
   worm and vaccinated a system against further attacks, and
   WORM-INFO.TEXT, which provided a list of worm-infestation symptoms.
   Oberman's program, called [.SECURITY]CHECK_SYSTEM.COM, checked for all
   the security flaws used by the worm to sneak into a computer system.
   DEC also had a patch to cover the security hole in the DECNET account.
   
   Whatever the real number of infected machines, the worm had certainly
   circumnavigated the globe. It had reach into European sites, such as
   CERN--formerly known as the European Centre for Nuclear Research--in
   Switzerland, through to Goddard's computers in Maryland, on to
   Fermilab in Chicago and propelled itself across the Pacific into the
   Riken Accelerator Facility in Japan.14
   
   NASA officials told the media they believed the worm had been launched
   about 4.30 a.m. on Monday, 16 October.15 They also believed it had
   originated in Europe, possibly in France.
   
				    [ ]

   Wednesday, 18 October 1989
   Kennedy Space Center, Florida
   
   The five-member Atlantis had some bad news on Wednesday morning. The
   weather forecasters gave the launch site a 40 per cent chance of
   launch guideline-violating rain and cloud. And then there was the
   earthquake in California.
   
   The Kennedy Space Center wasn't the only place which had to be in
   tip-top working order for a launch to go ahead. The launch depended on
   many sites far away from Florida. These included Edwards Air Force
   Base in California, where the shuttle was due to land on Monday. They
   also included other sites, often military bases, which were essential
   for shuttle tracking and other mission support. One of these sites was
   a tracking station at Onizuka Air Force Base at Sunnyvale, California.
   The earthquake which ripped through the Bay area had damaged the
   tracking station and senior NASA decision-makers planned to meet on
   Wednesday morning to consider the Sunnyvale situation. Still, the
   space agency maintained a calm, cool exterior. Regardless of the
   technical problems, the court challenges and the protesters, the
   whimsical weather, the natural disasters, and the WANK worm, NASA was
   still in control of the situation.
   
   `There's been some damage, but we don't know how much. The sense I get
   is it's fairly positive,' a NASA spokesman told UPI. `But there are
   some problems.'16 In Washington, Pentagon spokesman Rick Oborn
   reassured the public again, `They are going to be able to handle
   shuttle tracking and support for the mission ... They will be able to
   do their job'.17
   
   Atlantis waited, ready to go, at launchpad 39B. The technicians had
   filled the shuttle up with rocket fuel and it looked as if the weather
   might hold. It was partly cloudy, but conditions at Kennedy passed
   muster.
   
   The astronauts boarded the shuttle. Everything was in place.
   
   But while the weather was acceptable in Florida, it was causing some
   problems in Africa, the site of an emergency landing location. If it
   wasn't one thing, it was another. NASA ordered a four-minute delay.
   
   Finally at 12.54 p.m., Atlantis boomed from its launchpad. Rising up
   from the Kennedy Center, streaking a trail of twin flames from its
   huge solid-fuel boosters, the shuttle reached above the atmosphere and
   into space.
   
   At 7.15 p.m., exactly 6 hours and 21 minutes after lift-off, Galileo
   began its solo journey into space. And at 8.15 p.m., Galileo's booster
   ignited.
   
   Inside shuttle mission control, NASA spokesman Brian Welch announced,
   `The spacecraft Galileo ... has achieved Earth escape velocity'.18
   
				    [ ]

   Monday, 30 October 1989
   NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
   
   The week starting 16 October had been a long one for the SPAN team.
   They were keeping twelve-hour days and dealing with hysterical people
   all day long. Still, they managed to get copies of anti-WANK out,
   despite the limitations of the dated SPAN records and the paucity of
   good logs allowing them to retrace the worm's path. `What we learned
   that week was just how much data is not collected,' McMahon observed.
   
   By Friday, 20 October, there were no new reports of worm attacks. It
   looked as though the crisis had passed. Things could be tidied up by
   the rest of the SPAN team and McMahon returned to his own work.
   
   A week passed. All the while, though, McMahon was on edge. He doubted
   that someone who had gone to all that trouble of creating the WANK
   worm would let his baby be exterminated so quickly. The decoy-duck
   strategy only worked as long as the worm kept the same process name,
   and as long as it was programmed not to activate itself on systems
   which were already infected. Change the process name, or teach the
   worm to not to suicide, and the SPAN team would face another, larger
   problem. John McMahon had an instinct about the worm; it might just
   be back.
   
   His instinct was right.
   
   The following Monday, McMahon received another phone call from the
   SPAN project office. When he poked his head in his boss's office,
   Jerome Bennett looked up from his desk.
   
   `The thing is back,' McMahon told him. There was no need to explain
   what `the thing' was. `I'm going over to the SPAN office.'
   
   Ron Tencati and Todd Butler had a copy of the new WANK worm ready for
   McMahon. This version of the worm was far more virulent. It copied
   itself more effectively and therefore moved through the network much
   faster. The revised worm's penetration rate was much higher--more than
   four times greater than the version of WANK released in the first
   attack. The phone was ringing off the hook again. John took a call
   from one irate manager who launched into a tirade. `I ran your
   anti-WANK program, followed your instructions to the letter, and look
   what happened!'
   
   The worm had changed its process name. It was also designed to hunt down
   and kill the decoy-duck program. In fact, the SPAN network was going to
   turn into a rather bloody battlefield. This worm didn't just kill the
   decoy, it also killed any other copy of the WANK worm. Even if McMahon
   changed the process name used by his program, the decoy-duck strategy
   was not going to work any longer.
   
   There were other disturbing improvements to the new version of the
   WANK worm. Preliminary information suggested it changed the password
   on any account it got into. This was a problem. But not nearly as big
   a problem as if the passwords it changed were for the only privileged
   accounts on the system. The new worm was capable of locking a system
   manager out of his or her own system.
   
   Prevented from getting into his own account, the computer manager
   might try borrowing the account of an average user, call him Edwin.
   Unfortunately, Edwin's account probably only had low-level privileges.
   Even in the hands of a skilful computer manager, the powers granted to
   Edwin's account were likely too limited to eradicate the worm from its
   newly elevated status as computer manager. The manager might spend his
   whole morning matching wits with the worm from the disadvantaged
   position of a normal user's account. At some point he would have to
   make the tough decision of last resort: turn the entire computer
   system off.
   
   The manager would have to conduct a forced reboot of the machine. Take
   it down, then bring it back up on minimum configuration. Break back
   into it. Fix the password which the worm had changed. Logout. Reset
   some variables. Reboot the machine again. Close up any underlying
   security holes left behind by the worm. Change any passwords which
   matched users' names. A cold start of a large VMS machine took time.
   All the while, the astronomers, physicists and engineers who worked in
   this NASA office wouldn't be able to work on their computers.
   
   At least the SPAN team was better prepared for the worm this time.
   They had braced themselves psychologically for a possible return
   attack. Contact information for the network had been updated. And the
   general DECNET internet community was aware of the worm and was
   lending a hand wherever possible.
   
   Help came from a system manager in France, a country which seemed to
   be of special interest to the worm's author. The manager, Bernard
   Perrot of Institut de Physique Nucleaire in Orsay, had obtained a copy
   of the worm, inspected it and took special notice of the creature's
   poor error checking ability. This was the worm's true Achilles' heel.
   
   The worm was trained to go after the RIGHTSLIST database, the list of
   all the people who have accounts on the computer. What if someone
   moved the database by renaming it and put a dummy database in its
   place? The worm would, in theory, go after the dummy, which could be
   designed with a hidden bomb. When the worm sniffed out the dummy, and
   latched onto it, the creature would explode and die. If it worked, the
   SPAN team would not have to depend on the worm killing itself, as they
   had during the first invasion. They would have the satisfaction of
   destroying the thing themselves.
   
   Ron Tencati procured a copy of the French manager's worm-killing
   program and gave it to McMahon, who set up a sort of mini-laboratory
   experiment. He cut the worm into pieces and extracted the relevant
   bits. This allowed him to test the French worm-killing program with
   little risk of the worm escaping and doing damage. The French program
   worked wonderfully. Out it went. The second version of the worm was so
   much more virulent, getting it out of SPAN was going to take
   considerably longer than the first time around. Finally, almost two
   weeks after the second onslaught, the WANK worm had been eradicated
   from SPAN.
   
   By McMahon's estimate, the WANK worm had incurred up to half a million
   dollars in costs. Most of these were through people wasting time and
   resources chasing the worm instead of doing their normal jobs. The
   worm was, in his view, a crime of theft. `People's time and resources
   had been wasted,' he said. `The theft was not the result of the
   accident. This was someone who deliberately went out to make a mess.
   
   `In general, I support prosecuting people who think breaking into
   machines is fun. People like that don't seem to understand what kind
   of side effects that kind of fooling around has. They think that
   breaking into a machine and not touching anything doesn't do anything.
   That is not true. You end up wasting people's time. People are dragged
   into the office at strange hours. Reports have to be written. A lot of
   yelling and screaming occurs. You have to deal with law enforcement.
   These are all side effects of someone going for a joy ride in someone
   else's system, even if they don't do any damage. Someone has to pay
   the price.'
   
   McMahon never found out who created the WANK worm. Nor did he ever
   discover what he intended to prove by releasing it. The creator's
   motives were never clear and, if it had been politically inspired,
   no-one took credit.
   
   The WANK worm left a number of unanswered questions in its wake, a
   number of loose ends which still puzzle John McMahon. Was the hacker
   behind the worm really protesting against NASA's launch of the
   plutonium-powered Galileo space probe? Did the use of the word
   `WANK'--a most un-American word--mean the hacker wasn't American? Why
   had the creator recreated the worm and released it a second time? Why
   had no-one, no political or other group, claimed responsibility for
   the WANK worm?
   
   One of the many details which remained an enigma was contained in the
   version of the worm used in the second attack. The worm's creator had
   replaced the original process name, NETW_, with a new one, presumably
   to thwart the anti-WANK program. McMahon figured the original process
   name stood for `netwank'--a reasonable guess at the hacker's intended
   meaning. The new process name, however, left everyone on the SPAN team
   scratching their heads: it didn't seem to stand for anything. The
   letters formed an unlikely set of initials for someone's name. No-one
   recognised it as an acronym for a saying or an organisation. And it
   certainly wasn't a proper word in the English language. It was a
   complete mystery why the creator of the WANK worm, the hacker who
   launched an invasion into hundreds of NASA and DOE computers, should
   choose this weird word.
   
   The word was `OILZ'.

     _________________________________________________________________
				     
			Chapter 2 -- The Corner Pub
     _________________________________________________________________

     You talk of times of peace for all
     and then prepare for war 
     
   -- from `Blossom of Blood' on Species Deceases by Midnight Oil
   
   It is not surprising the SPAN security team would miss the mark. It is
   not surprising, for example, that these officials should to this day
   be pronouncing the `Oilz' version of the WANK worm as `oil zee'. It is
   also not surprising that they hypothesised the worm's creator chose
   the word `Oilz' because the modifications made to the last version
   made it slippery, perhaps even oily.
   
   Likely as not, only an Australian would see the worm's link to the
   lyrics of Midnight Oil.
   
   This was the world's first worm with a political message, and the
   second major worm in the history of the worldwide computer networks.
   It was also the trigger for the creation of FIRST, the Forum of
   Incident Response and Security Teams.2 FIRST was an international
   security alliance allowing governments, universities and commercial
   organisations to share information about computer network security
   incidents. Yet, NASA and the US Department of Energy were half a world
   away from finding the creator of the WANK worm. Even as investigators
   sniffed around electronic trails leading to France, it appears the
   perpetrator was hiding behind his computer and modem in Australia.
   
   Geographically, Australia is a long way from anywhere. To Americans,
   it conjures up images of fuzzy marsupials, not computer hackers.
   American computer security officials, like those at NASA and the US
   Department of Energy, had other barriers as well. They function in a
   world of concretes, of appointments made and kept, of real names,
   business cards and official titles. The computer underground, by
   contrast, is a veiled world populated by characters slipping in and
   out of the half-darkness. It is not a place where people use their
   real names. It is not a place where people give out real personal
   details.
   
   It is, in fact, not so much a place as a space. It is ephemeral,
   intangible--a foggy labyrinth of unmapped, winding streets through
   which one occasionally ascertains the contours of a fellow traveller.
   
   When Ron Tencati, the manager in charge of NASA SPAN security, realised
   that NASA's computers were being attacked by an intruder, he rang the
   FBI. The US Federal Bureau of Investigation's Computer Crime Unit fired
   off a stream of questions. How many computers had been attacked? Where
   were they? Who was behind the attack? The FBI told Tencati, `keep us
   informed of the situation'. Like the CIAC team in the Department of
   Energy, it appears the FBI didn't have much knowledge of VMS, the
   primary computer operating system used in SPAN.
   
   But the FBI knew enough to realise the worm attack was potentially
   very serious. The winding electronic trail pointed vaguely to a
   foreign computer system and, before long, the US Secret Service was
   involved. Then the French secret service, the Direction de la
   Surveillance du Territoire, or DST, jumped into the fray.
   
   DST and the FBI began working together on the case. A casual observer
   with the benefit of hindsight might see different motivations driving
   the two government agencies. The FBI wanted to catch the perpetrator.
   The DST wanted to make it clear that the infamous WANK worm attack on
   the world's most prestigious space agency did not originate in France.
   
   In the best tradition of cloak-and-dagger government agencies, the FBI
   and DST people established two communication channels--an official
   channel and an unofficial one. The official channel involved
   embassies, attachés, formal communiques and interminable delays in
   getting answers to the simplest questions. The unofficial channel
   involved a few phone calls and some fast answers.
   
   Ron Tencati had a colleague named Chris on the SPAN network in France,
   which was the largest user of SPAN in Europe. Chris was involved in
   more than just science computer networks. He had certain contacts in
   the French government and seemed to be involved in their computer
   networks. So, when the FBI needed technical information for its
   investigation--the kind of information likely to be sanitised by some
   embassy bureaucrat--one of its agents rang up Ron Tencati. `Ron, ask
   your friend this,' the FBI would say. And Ron would.
   
   `Chris, the FBI wants to know this,' Tencati would tell his colleague
   on SPAN France. Then Chris would get the necessary information. He
   would call Tencati back, saying, `Ron, here is the answer. Now, the
   DST wants to know that'. And off Ron would go in search of information
   requested by the DST.
   
   The investigation proceeded in this way, with each helping the other
   through backdoor channels. But the Americans' investigation was headed
   toward the inescapable conclusion that the attack on NASA had
   originated from a French computer. The worm may have simply travelled
   through the French computer from yet another system, but the French
   machine appeared to be the sole point of infection for NASA.
   
   The French did not like this outcome. Not one bit. There was no way
   that the worm had come from France. Ce n'est pas vrai.
   
   Word came back from the French that they were sure the worm had come
   from the US. Why else would it have been programmed to mail details of
   all computer accounts it penetrated around the world back to a US
   machine, the computer known as GEMPAK? Because the author of the worm
   was an American, of course! Therefore it is not our problem, the
   French told the Americans. It is your problem.
   
   Most computer security experts know it is standard practice among
   hackers to create the most tangled trail possible between the hacker
   and the hacked. It makes it very difficult for people like the FBI to
   trace who did it. So it would be difficult to draw definite
   conclusions about the nationality of the hacker from the location of a
   hacker's information drop-off point--a location the hacker no doubt
   figured would be investigated by the authorities almost immediately
   after the worm's release.
   
   Tencati had established the French connection from some computer logs
   showing NASA under attack very early on Monday, 16 October. The logs
   were important because they were relatively clear. As the worm had
   procreated during that day, it had forced computers all over the
   network to attack each other in ever greater numbers. By 11 a.m. it
   was almost impossible to tell where any one attack began and the other
   ended.
   
   Some time after the first attack, DST sent word that certain agents
   were going to be in Washington DC regarding other matters. They wanted
   a meeting with the FBI. A representative from the NASA Inspector
   General's Office would attend the meeting, as would someone from NASA
   SPAN security.
   
   Tencati was sure he could show the WANK worm attack on NASA originated
   in France. But he also knew he had to document everything, to have
   exact answers to every question and counter-argument put forward by
   the French secret service agents at the FBI meeting. When he developed
   a timeline of attacks, he found that the GEMPAK machine showed X.25
   network connection, via another system, from a French computer around
   the same time as the WANK worm attack. He followed the scent and
   contacted the manager of that system. Would he help Tencati? Mais oui.
   The machine is at your disposal, Monsieur Tencati.
   
   Tencati had never used an X.25 network before; it had a unique set of
   commands unlike any other type of computer communications network. He
   wanted to retrace the steps of the worm, but he needed help. So he
   called his friend Bob Lyons at DEC to walk him through the process.
   
   What Tencati found startled him. There were traces of the worm on the
   machine all right, the familiar pattern of login failures as the worm
   attempted to break into different accounts. But these remnants of the
   WANK worm were not dated 16 October or any time immediately around
   then. The logs showed worm-related activity up to two weeks before the
   attack on NASA. This computer was not just a pass-through machine the
   worm had used to launch its first attack on NASA. This was the
   development machine.
   
   Ground zero.
   
   Tencati went into the meeting with DST at the FBI offices prepared. He
   knew the accusations the French were going to put forward. When he
   presented the results of his sleuthwork, the French secret service
   couldn't refute it, but they dropped their own bombshell. Yes they
   told him, you might be able to point to a French system as ground zero
   for the attack, but our investigations reveal incoming X.25
   connections from elsewhere which coincided with the timing of the
   development of the WANK worm.
   
   The connections came from Australia.
   
   The French had satisfied themselves that it wasn't a French hacker who
   had created the WANK worm. Ce n'est pas notre problem. At least, it's
   not our problem any more.
   
   It is here that the trail begins to go cold. Law enforcement and
   computer security people in the US and Australia had ideas about just
   who had created the WANK worm. Fingers were pointed, accusations were
   made, but none stuck. At the end of the day, there was coincidence and
   innuendo, but not enough evidence to launch a case. Like many
   Australian hackers, the creator of the WANK worm had emerged from the
   shadows of the computer underground, stood momentarily in hazy
   silhouette, and then disappeared again.
   
				    [ ]

   The Australian computer underground in the late 1980s was an
   environment which spawned and shaped the author of the WANK worm.
   Affordable home computers, such as the Apple IIe and the Commodore 64,
   made their way into ordinary suburban families. While these computers
   were not widespread, they were at least in a price range which made
   them attainable by dedicated computer enthusiasts.
   
   In 1988, the year before the WANK worm attack on NASA, Australia was
   on an upswing. The country was celebrating its bicentennial. The
   economy was booming. Trade barriers and old regulatory structures were
   coming down. Crocodile Dundee had already burst on the world movie
   scene and was making Australians the flavour of the month in cities
   like LA and New York. The mood was optimistic. People had a sense they
   were going places. Australia, a peaceful country of seventeen or so
   million people, poised on the edge of Asia but with the order of a
   Western European democracy, was on its way up. Perhaps for the first
   time, Australians had lost their cultural cringe, a unique type of
   insecurity alien to can-do cultures such as that found in the US.
   Exploration and experimentation require confidence and, in 1988,
   confidence was something Australia had finally attained.
   
   Yet this new-found confidence and optimism did not subdue Australia's
   tradition of cynicism toward large institutions. The two coexisted,
   suspended in a strange paradox. Australian humour, deeply rooted in a
   scepticism of all things serious and sacred, continued to poke fun at
   upright institutions with a depth of irreverence surprising to many
   foreigners. This cynicism of large, respected institutions coursed
   through the newly formed Australian computer underground without
   dampening its excitement or optimism for the brave new world of
   computers in the least.
   
   In 1988, the Australian computer underground thrived like a vibrant
   Asian street bazaar. In that year it was still a realm of place not
   space. Customers visited their regular stalls, haggled over goods with
   vendors, bumped into friends and waved across crowded paths to
   acquaintances. The market was as much a place to socialise as it was
   to shop. People ducked into tiny coffee houses or corner bars for
   intimate chats. The latest imported goods, laid out on tables like
   reams of bright Chinese silks, served as conversation starters. And,
   like every street market, many of the best items were tucked away,
   hidden in anticipation of the appearance of that one customer or
   friend most favoured by the trader. The currency of the underground
   was not money; it was information. People didn't share and exchange
   information to accumulate monetary wealth; they did it to win
   respect--and to buy a thrill.
   
   The members of the Australian computer underground met on bulletin
   board systems, known as BBSes. Simple things by today's standards,
   BBSes were often composed of a souped-up Apple II computer, a single
   modem and a lone telephone line. But they drew people from all walks
   of life. Teenagers from working-class neighbourhoods and those from
   the exclusive private schools. University students. People in their
   twenties groping their way through first jobs. Even some professional
   people in their thirties and forties who spent weekends poring over
   computer manuals and building primitive computers in spare rooms. Most
   regular BBS users were male. Sometimes a user's sister would find her
   way into the BBS world, often in search of a boyfriend. Mission
   accomplished, she might disappear from the scene for weeks, perhaps
   months, presumably until she required another visit.
   
   The BBS users had a few things in common. They were generally of above
   average intelligence--usually with a strong technical slant--and they
   were obsessed with their chosen hobby. They had to be. It often took
   45 minutes of attack dialling a busy BBS's lone phone line just to
   visit the computer system for perhaps half an hour. Most serious BBS
   hobbyists went through this routine several times each day.
   
   As the name suggests, a BBS had what amounted to an electronic version
   of a normal bulletin board. The owner of the BBS would have divided
   the board into different areas, as a school teacher crisscrosses
   coloured ribbon across the surface of a corkboard to divide it into
   sections. A single BBS might have 30 or more electronic discussion
   groups.
   
   As a user to the board, you might visit the politics section, tacking
   up a `note' on your views of ALP or Liberal policies for anyone
   passing by to read. Alternatively, you might fancy yourself a bit of a
   poet and work up the courage to post an original piece of work in the
   Poet's Corner. The corner was often filled with dark, misanthropic
   works inspired by the miseries of adolescence. Perhaps you preferred
   to discuss music. On many BBSes you could find postings on virtually
   any type of music. The most popular groups included bands like Pink
   Floyd, Tangerine Dream and Midnight Oil. Midnight Oil's
   anti-establishment message struck a particular chord within the new
   BBS community.
   
   Nineteen eighty-eight was the golden age of the BBS culture across
   Australia. It was an age of innocence and community, an open-air
   bazaar full of vitality and the sharing of ideas. For the most part,
   people trusted their peers within the community and the BBS operators,
   who were often revered as demigods. It was a happy place. And, in
   general, it was a safe place, which is perhaps one reason why its
   visitors felt secure in their explorations of new ideas. It was a
   place in which the creator of the WANK worm could sculpt and hone his
   creative computer skills.
   
   The capital of this spirited new Australian electronic civilisation
   was Melbourne. It is difficult to say why this southern city became
   the cultural centre of the BBS world, and its darker side, the
   Australian computer underground. Maybe the city's history as
   Australia's intellectual centre created a breeding ground for the many
   young people who built their systems with little more than curiosity
   and salvaged computer bits discarded by others. Maybe Melbourne's
   personality as a city of suburban homebodies and backyard tinkerers
   produced a culture conducive to BBSes. Or maybe it was just
   Melbourne's dreary beaches and often miserable weather. As one
   Melbourne hacker explained it, `What else is there to do here all
   winter but hibernate inside with your computer and modem?'
   
   In 1988, Melbourne had some 60 to 100 operating BBSes. The numbers are
   vague because it is difficult to count a collection of moving objects.
   The amateur nature of the systems, often a jumbled tangle of wires and
   second-hand electronics parts soldered together in someone's garage,
   meant that the life of any one system was frequently as short as a
   teenager's attention span. BBSes popped up, ran for two weeks, and
   then vanished again.
   
   Some of them operated only during certain hours, say between 10 p.m.
   and 8 a.m. When the owner went to bed, he or she would plug the home
   phone line into the BBS and leave it there until morning. Others ran
   24 hours a day, but the busiest times were always at night.
   
   Of course it wasn't just intellectual stimulation some users were
   after. Visitors often sought identity as much as ideas. On an
   electronic bulletin board, you could create a personality, mould it
   into shape and make it your own. Age and appearance did not matter.
   Technical aptitude did. Any spotty, gawky teenage boy could instantly
   transform himself into a suave, graceful BBS character. The
   transformation began with the choice of name. In real life, you might
   be stuck with the name Elliot Dingle--an appellation chosen by your
   mother to honour a long-dead great uncle. But on a BBS, well, you
   could be Blade Runner, Ned Kelly or Mad Max. Small wonder that, given
   the choice, many teenage boys chose to spend their time in the world
   of the BBS.
   
   Generally, once a user chose a handle, as the on-line names are known,
   he stuck with it. All his electronic mail came to an account with that
   name on it. Postings to bulletin boards were signed with it. Others
   dwelling in the system world knew him by that name and no other. A
   handle evolved into a name laden with innate meaning, though the
   personality reflected in it might well have been an alter ego. And so
   it was that characters like The Wizard, Conan and Iceman came to pass
   their time on BBSes like the Crystal Palace, Megaworks, The Real
   Connection and Electric Dreams.
   
   What such visitors valued about the BBS varied greatly. Some wanted to
   participate in its social life. They wanted to meet people like
   themselves--bright but geeky or misanthropic people who shared an
   interest in the finer technical points of computers. Many lived as
   outcasts in real life, never quite making it into the `normal' groups
   of friends at school or uni. Though some had started their first jobs,
   they hadn't managed to shake the daggy awkwardness which pursued them
   throughout their teen years. On the surface, they were just not the
   sort of people one asked out to the pub for a cold one after the
   footy.
   
   But that was all right. In general, they weren't much interested in
   footy anyway.
   
   Each BBS had its own style. Some were completely legitimate, with
   their wares--all legal goods--laid out in the open. Others, like The
   Real Connection, had once housed Australia's earliest hackers but had
   gone straight. They closed up the hacking parts of the board before
   the first Commonwealth government hacking laws were enacted in June
   1989. Perhaps ten or twelve of Melbourne's BBSes at the time had the
   secret, smoky flavour of the computer underground. A handful of these
   were invitation-only boards, places like Greyhawk and The Realm. You
   couldn't simply ring up the board, create a new account and login. You
   had to be invited by the board's owner. Members of the general
   modeming public need not apply.
   
   The two most important hubs in the Australian underground between 1987
   and 1989 were named Pacific Island and Zen. A 23-year-old who called
   himself Craig Bowen ran both systems from his bedroom.
   
   Also known as Thunderbird1, Bowen started up Pacific Island in 1987
   because he wanted a hub for hackers. The fledgling hacking community
   was dispersed after AHUBBS, possibly Melbourne's earliest hacking
   board, faded away. Bowen decided to create a home for it, a sort of
   dark, womb-like cafe bar amid the bustle of the BBS bazaar where
   Melbourne's hackers could gather and share information.
   
   His bedroom was a simple, boyish place. Built-in cupboards, a bed, a
   wallpaper design of vintage cars running across one side of the room.
   A window overlooking the neighbours' leafy suburban yard. A collection
   of PC magazines with titles like Nibble and Byte. A few volumes on
   computer programming. VAX/VMS manuals. Not many books, but a handful
   of science fiction works by Arthur C. Clarke. The Hitchhiker's Guide
   to the Galaxy. A Chinese-language dictionary used during his high
   school Mandarin classes, and after, as he continued to study the
   language on his own while he held down his first job.
   
   The Apple IIe, modem and telephone line rested on the drop-down
   drawing table and fold-up card table at the foot of his bed. Bowen put
   his TV next to the computer so he could sit in bed, watch TV and use
   Pacific Island all at the same time. Later, when he started Zen, it
   sat next to Pacific Island. It was the perfect set-up.
   
   Pacific Island was hardly fancy by today's standards of Unix Internet
   machines, but in 1987 it was an impressive computer. PI, pronounced
   `pie' by the local users, had a 20 megabyte hard drive--gargantuan for
   a personal computer at the time. Bowen spent about $5000 setting up PI
   alone. He loved both systems and spent many hours each week nurturing
   them.
   
   There was no charge for computer accounts on PI or ZEN, like most
   BBSes. This gentle-faced youth, a half-boy, half-man who would
   eventually play host on his humble BBS to many of Australia's
   cleverest computer and telephone hackers, could afford to pay for his
   computers for two reasons: he lived at home with his mum and dad, and
   he had a full-time job at Telecom--then the only domestic telephone
   carrier in Australia.
   
   PI had about 800 computer users, up to 200 of whom were `core' users
   accessing the system regularly. PI had its own dedicated phone line,
   separate from the house phone so Bowen's parents wouldn't get upset the
   line was always tied up. Later, he put in four additional phone lines
   for Zen, which had about 2000 users. Using his Telecom training, he
   installed a number of non-standard, but legal, features to his
   house. Junction boxes, master switches. Bowen's house was a
   telecommunications hot-rod.
   
   Bowen had decided early on that if he wanted to keep his job, he had
   better not do anything illegal when it came to Telecom. However, the
   Australian national telecommunications carrier was a handy source of
   technical information. For example, he had an account on a Telecom
   computer system--for work--from which he could learn about Telecom's
   exchanges. But he never used that account for hacking. Most
   respectable hackers followed a similar philosophy. Some had legitimate
   university computer accounts for their courses, but they kept those
   accounts clean. A basic rule of the underground, in the words of one
   hacker, was `Don't foul your own nest'.
   
   PI contained a public section and a private one. The public area was
   like an old-time pub. Anyone could wander in, plop down at the bar and
   start up a conversation with a group of locals. Just ring up the
   system with your modem and type in your details--real name, your
   chosen handle, phone number and other basic information.
   
   Many BBS users gave false information in order to hide their true
   identities, and many operators didn't really care. Bowen, however,
   did. Running a hacker's board carried some risk, even before the
   federal computer crime laws came into force. Pirated software was
   illegal. Storing data copied from hacking adventures in foreign
   computers might also be considered illegal. In an effort to exclude
   police and media spies, Bowen tried to verify the personal details of
   every user on PI by ringing them at home or work. Often he was
   successful. Sometimes he wasn't.
   
   The public section of PI housed discussion groups on the major PC
   brands--IBM, Commodore, Amiga, Apple and Atari--next to the popular
   Lonely Hearts group. Lonely Hearts had about twenty regulars, most of
   whom agonised under the weight of pubescent hormonal changes. A boy
   pining for the affections of the girl who dumped him or, worse, didn't
   even know he existed. Teenagers who contemplated suicide. The messages
   were completely anonymous, readers didn't even know the authors'
   handles, and that anonymous setting allowed heart-felt messages and
   genuine responses.
   
   Zen was PI's sophisticated younger sister. Within two years of PI
   making its debut, Bowen opened up Zen, one of the first Australian
   BBSes with more than one telephone line. The main reason he set up Zen
   was to stop his computer users from bothering him all the time. When
   someone logged into PI, one of the first things he or she did was
   request an on-line chat with the system operator. PI's Apple IIe was
   such a basic machine by today's standards, Bowen couldn't multi-task
   on it. He could not do anything with the machine, such as check his
   own mail, while a visitor was logged into PI.
   
   Zen was a watershed in the Australian BBS community. Zen multi-tasked.
   Up to four people could ring up and login to the machine at any one
   time, and Bowen could do his own thing while his users were on-line.
   Better still, his users could talk request each other instead of
   hassling him all the time. Having users on a multi-tasking machine
   with multiple phone lines was like having a gaggle of children. For
   the most part, they amused each other.
   
   Mainstream and respectful of authority on the surface, Bowen possessed
   the same streak of anti-establishment views harboured by many in the
   underground. His choice of name for Zen underlined this. Zen came from
   the futuristic British TV science fiction series `Blake 7', in which a
   bunch of underfunded rebels attempted to overthrow an evil
   totalitarian government. Zen was the computer on the rebels' ship. The
   rebels banded together after meeting on a prison ship; they were all
   being transported to a penal settlement on another planet. It was a
   story people in the Australian underground could relate to. One of the
   lead characters, a sort of heroic anti-hero, had been sentenced to
   prison for computer hacking. His big mistake, he told fellow rebels,
   was that he had relied on other people. He trusted them. He should
   have worked alone.
   
   Craig Bowen had no idea of how true that sentiment would ring in a
   matter of months.
   
   Bowen's place was a hub of current and future lights in the computer
   underground. The Wizard. The Force. Powerspike. Phoenix. Electron.
   Nom. Prime Suspect. Mendax. Train Trax. Some, such as Prime Suspect,
   merely passed through, occasionally stopping in to check out the
   action and greet friends. Others, such as Nom, were part of the
   close-knit PI family. Nom helped Bowen set up PI. Like many early
   members of the underground, they met through AUSOM, an Apple users'
   society in Melbourne. Bowen wanted to run ASCII Express, a program
   which allowed people to transfer files between their own computers and
   PI. But, as usual, he and everyone he knew only had a pirated copy of
   the program. No manuals. So Nom and Bowen spent one weekend picking
   apart the program by themselves. They were each at home, on their own
   machines, with copies. They sat on the phone for hours working through
   how the program worked. They wrote their own manual for other people
   in the underground suffering under the same lack of documentation.
   Then they got it up and running on PI.
   
   Making your way into the various groups in a BBS such as PI or Zen had
   benefits besides hacking information. If you wanted to drop your
   mantle of anonymity, you could join a pre-packaged, close-knit circle
   of friends. For example, one clique of PI people were fanatical
   followers of the film The Blues Brothers. Every Friday night, this
   group dressed up in Blues Brothers costumes of a dark suit, white
   shirt, narrow tie, Rayban sunglasses and, of course, the snap-brimmed
   hat. One couple brought their child, dressed as a mini-Blues Brother.
   The group of Friday night regulars made their way at 11.30 to
   Northcote's Valhalla Theatre (now the Westgarth). Its grand but
   slightly tatty vintage atmosphere lent itself to this alternative
   culture flourishing in late-night revelries. Leaping up on stage
   mid-film, the PI groupies sent up the actors in key scenes. It was a
   fun and, as importantly, a cheap evening. The Valhalla staff admitted
   regulars who were dressed in appropriate costume for free. The only
   thing the groupies had to pay for was drinks at the intermission.
   
   Occasionally, Bowen arranged gatherings of other young PI and Zen
   users. Usually, the group met in downtown Melbourne, sometimes at the
   City Square. The group was mostly boys, but sometimes a few girls
   would show up. Bowen's sister, who used the handle Syn, hung around a
   bit. She went out with a few hackers from the BBS scene. And she
   wasn't the only one. It was a tight group which interchanged
   boyfriends and girlfriends with considerable regularity. The group
   hung out in the City Square after watching a movie, usually a horror
   film. Nightmare 2. House 3. Titles tended to be a noun followed by a
   numeral. Once, for a bit of lively variation, they went bowling and
   drove the other people at the alley nuts. After the early
   entertainment, it was down to McDonald's for a cheap burger. They
   joked and laughed and threw gherkins against the restaurant's wall.
   This was followed by more hanging around on the stone steps of the
   City Square before catching the last bus or train home.
   
   The social sections of PI and Zen were more successful than the
   technical ones, but the private hacking section was even more
   successful than the others. The hacking section was hidden; would-be
   members of the Melbourne underground knew there was something going
   on, but they couldn't find out what is was.
   
   Getting an invite to the private area required hacking skill or
   information, and usually a recommendation to Bowen from someone who
   was already inside. Within the Inner Sanctum, as the private hacking
   area was called, people could comfortably share information such as
   opinions of new computer products, techniques for hacking, details of
   companies which had set up new sites to hack and the latest rumours on
   what the law enforcement agencies were up to.
   
   The Inner Sanctum was not, however, the only private room. Two hacking
   groups, Elite and H.A.C.K., guarded entry to their yet more exclusive
   back rooms. Even if you managed to get entry to the Inner Sanctum, you
   might not even know that H.A.C.K. or Elite existed. You might know
   there was a place even more selective than your area, but exactly how
   many layers of the onion stood between you and the most exclusive
   section was anyone's guess. Almost every hacker interviewed for this
   book described a vague sense of being somehow outside the innermost
   circle. They knew it was there, but wasn't sure just what it was.
   
   Bowen fielded occasional phone calls on his voice line from wanna-be
   hackers trying to pry open the door to the Inner Sanctum. `I want
   access to your pirate system,' the voice would whine.
   
   `What pirate system? Who told you my system was a pirate system?'
   
   Bowen sussed out how much the caller knew, and who had told him. Then
   he denied everything.
   
   To avoid these requests, Bowen had tried to hide his address, real
   name and phone number from most of the people who used his BBSes. But
   he wasn't completely successful. He had been surprised by the sudden
   appearance one day of Masked Avenger on his doorstep. How Masked
   Avenger actually found his address was a mystery. The two had chatted
   in a friendly fashion on-line, but Bowen didn't give out his details.
   Nothing could have prepared him for the little kid in the big crash
   helmet standing by his bike in front of Bowen's house. `Hi!' he
   squeaked. `I'm the Masked Avenger!'
   
   Masked Avenger--a boy perhaps fifteen years old--was quite resourceful
   to have found out Bowen's details. Bowen invited him in and showed him
   the system. They became friends. But after that incident, Bowen
   decided to tighten security around his personal details even more. He
   began, in his own words, `moving toward full anonymity'. He invented
   the name Craig Bowen, and everyone in the underground came to know him
   by that name or his handle, Thunderbird1. He even opened a false bank
   account in the name of Bowen for the periodic voluntary donations
   users sent into PI. It was never a lot of money, mostly $5 or $10,
   because students don't tend to have much money. He ploughed it all
   back into PI.
   
   People had lots of reasons for wanting to get into the Inner Sanctum.
   Some wanted free copies of the latest software, usually pirated games
   from the US. Others wanted to share information and ideas about ways
   to break into computers, often those owned by local universities.
   Still others wanted to learn about how to manipulate the telephone
   system.
   
   The private areas functioned like a royal court, populated by
   aristocrats and courtiers with varying seniority, loyalties and
   rivalries. The areas involved an intricate social order and respect
   was the name of the game. If you wanted admission, you had to walk a
   delicate line between showing your superiors that you possessed enough
   valuable hacking information to be elite and not showing them so much
   they would brand you a blabbermouth. A perfect bargaining chip was an
   old password for Melbourne University's dial-out.
   
   The university's dial-out was a valuable thing. A hacker could ring up
   the university's computer, login as `modem' and the machine would drop
   him into a modem which let him dial out again. He could then dial
   anywhere in the world, and the university would foot the phone bill.
   In the late 1980s, before the days of cheap, accessible Internet
   connections, the university dial-out meant a hacker could access
   anything from an underground BBS in Germany to a US military system in
   Panama. The password put the world at his fingertips.
   
   A hacker aspiring to move into PI's Inner Sanctum wouldn't give out
   the current dial-out password in the public discussion areas. Most
   likely, if he was low in the pecking order, he wouldn't have such
   precious information. Even if he had managed to stumble across the
   current password somehow, it was risky giving it out publicly. Every
   wanna-be and his dog would start messing around with the university's
   modem account. The system administrator would wise up and change the
   password and the hacker would quickly lose his own access to the
   university account. Worse, he would lose access for other hackers--the
   kind of hackers who ran H.A.C.K., Elite and the Inner Sanctum. They
   would be really cross. Hackers hate it when passwords on accounts they
   consider their own are changed without warning. Even if the password
   wasn't changed, the aspiring hacker would look like a guy who couldn't
   keep a good secret.
   
   Posting an old password, however, was quite a different matter. The
   information was next to useless, so the hacker wouldn't be giving much
   away. But just showing he had access to that sort of information
   suggested he was somehow in the know. Other hackers might think he had
   had the password when it was still valid. More importantly, by showing
   off a known, expired password, the hacker hinted that he might just
   have the current password. Voila! Instant respect.
   
   Positioning oneself to win an invite into the Inner Sanctum was a game
   of strategy; titillate but never go all the way. After a while,
   someone on the inside would probably notice you and put in a word with
   Bowen. Then you would get an invitation.
   
   If you were seriously ambitious and wanted to get past the first inner
   layer, you then had to start performing for real. You couldn't hide
   behind the excuse that the public area might be monitored by the
   authorities or was full of idiots who might abuse valuable hacking
   information.
   
   The hackers in the most elite area would judge you on how much
   information you provided about breaking into computer or phone
   systems. They also looked at the accuracy of the information. It was
   easy getting out-of-date login names and passwords for a student
   account on Monash University's computer system. Posting a valid
   account for the New Zealand forestry department's VMS system intrigued
   the people who counted considerably more.
   
   The Great Rite of Passage from boy to man in the computer underground
   was Minerva. OTC, Australia's then government-owned Overseas
   Telecommunications Commission,3 ran Minerva, a system of three Prime
   mainframes in Sydney. For hackers such as Mendax, breaking into
   Minerva was the test.
   
   Back in early 1988, Mendax was just beginning to explore the world of
   hacking. He had managed to break through the barrier from public to
   private section of PI, but it wasn't enough. To be recognised as
   up-and-coming talent by the aristocracy of hackers such as The Force
   and The Wizard, a hacker had to spend time inside the Minerva system.
   Mendax set to work on breaking
   into it.
   
   Minerva was special for a number of reasons. Although it was in
   Sydney, the phone number to its entry computer, called an X.25 pad,
   was a free call. At the time Mendax lived in Emerald, a country town
   on the outskirts of Melbourne. A call to most Melbourne numbers
   incurred a long-distance charge, thus ruling out options such as the
   Melbourne University dial-out for breaking into international computer
   systems.
   
   Emerald was hardly Emerald City. For a clever sixteen-year-old boy,
   the place was dead boring. Mendax lived there with his mother; Emerald
   was merely a stopping point, one of dozens, as his mother shuttled her
   child around the continent trying to escape from a psychopathic former
   de facto. The house was an emergency refuge for families on the run.
   It was safe and so, for a time, Mendax and his exhausted family
   stopped to rest before tearing off again in search of a new place to
   hide.
   
   Sometimes Mendax went to school. Often he didn't. The school system
   didn't hold much interest for him. It didn't feed his mind the way
   Minerva would. They Sydney computer system was a far more interesting
   place to muck around in than the rural high school.
   
   Minerva was a Prime computer, and Primes were in. Force, one of the
   more respected hackers in 1987-88 in the Australian computer
   underground, specialised in Primos, the special operating system used
   on Prime computers. He wrote his own programs--potent hacking tools
   which provided current usernames and passwords--and made the systems
   fashionable in the computer underground.
   
   Prime computers were big and expensive and no hacker could afford one,
   so being able to access the speed and computational grunt of a system
   like Minerva was valuable for running a hacker's own programs. For
   example, a network scanner, a program which gathered the addresses of
   computers on the X.25 network which would be targets for future
   hacking adventures, ate up computing resources. But a huge machine
   like Minerva could handle that sort of program with ease. Minerva also
   allowed users to connect to other computer systems on the X.25 network
   around the world. Better still, Minerva had a BASIC interpreter on it.
   This allowed people to write programs in the BASIC programming
   language--by far the most popular language at the time--and make them
   run on Minerva. You didn't have to be a Primos fanatic, like Force, to
   write and execute a program on the OTC computer. Minerva suited Mendax
   very well.
   
   The OTC system had other benefits. Most major Australian corporations
   had accounts on the system. Breaking into an account requires a
   username and password; find the username and you have solved half the
   equation. Minerva account names were easy picking. Each one was
   composed of three letters followed by three numbers, a system which
   could have been difficult to crack except for the choice of those
   letters and numbers. The first three letters were almost always
   obvious acronyms for the company. For example, the ANZ Bank had
   accounts named ANZ001, ANZ002 and ANZ002. The numbers followed the
   same pattern for most companies. BHP001. CRA001. NAB001. Even OTC007.
   Anyone with the IQ of a desk lamp could guess at least a few account
   names on Minerva. Passwords were a bit tougher to come by, but Mendax
   had some ideas for that. He was going to have a crack at social
   engineering. Social engineering means smooth-talking someone in a
   position of power into doing something for you. It always involved a
   ruse of some sort.
   
   Mendax decided he would social engineer a password out of one of
   Minerva's users. He had downloaded a partial list of Minerva users
   another PI hacker had generously posted for those talented enough to
   make use of it. This list was maybe two years old, and incomplete, but
   it contained 30-odd pages of Minerva account usernames, company names,
   addresses, contact names and telephone and fax numbers. Some of them
   would probably still be valid.
   
   Mendax had a deep voice for his age; it would have been impossible to
   even contemplate social engineering without it. Cracking adolescent
   male voices were the kiss of death for would-be social engineers. But
   even though he had the voice, he didn't have the office or the Sydney
   phone number if the intended victim wanted a number to call back on.
   He found a way to solve the Sydney phone number by poking around until
   he dug up a number with Sydney's 02 area code which was permanently
   engaged. One down, one to go.
   
   Next problem: generate some realistic office background noise. He
   could hardly call a company posing as an OTC official to cajole a
   password when the only background noise was birds tweeting in the
   fresh country air.
   
   No, he needed the same background buzz as a crowded office in downtown
   Sydney. Mendex had a tape recorder, so he could pre-record the sound
   of an office and play it as background when he called companies on the
   Minerva list. The only hurdle was finding the appropriate office
   noise. Not even the local post office would offer a believable noise
   level. With none easily accessible, he decided to make his own audible
   office clutter. It wouldn't be easy. With a single track on his
   recording device, he couldn't dub in sounds on top of each other: he
   had to make all the noises simultaneously.
   
   First, he turned on the TV news, down very low, so it just hummed in
   the background. Then he set up a long document to print on his
   Commodore MPS 801 printer. He removed the cover from the noisy dot
   matrix machine, to create just the right volume of clackity-clack in
   the background. Still, he needed something more. Operators' voices
   mumbling across a crowded floor. He could mumble quietly to himself,
   but he soon discovered his verbal skills had not developed to the
   point of being able to stand in the middle of the room talking about
   nothing to himself for a quarter of an hour. So he fished out his
   volume of Shakespeare and started reading aloud. Loud enough to hear
   voices, but not so loud that the intended victim would be able to pick
   Macbeth. OTC operators had keyboards, so he began tapping randomly on
   his. Occasionally, for a little variation, he walked up to the tape
   recorder and asked a question--and then promptly answered it in
   another voice. He stomped noisily away from the recorder again, across
   the room, and then silently dove back to the keyboard for more
   keyboard typing and mumblings of Macbeth.
   
   It was exhausting. He figured the tape had to run for at least fifteen
   minutes uninterrupted. It wouldn't look very realistic if the office
   buzz suddenly went dead for three seconds at a time in the places
   where he paused the tape to rest.
   
   The tapes took a number of attempts. He would be halfway through,
   racing through line after line of Shakespeare, rap-tap-tapping on his
   keyboard and asking himself questions in authoritative voices when the
   paper jammed in his printer. Damn. He had to start all over again.
   Finally, after a tiring hour of auditory schizophrenia, he had the
   perfect tape of office hubbub.
   
   Mendax pulled out his partial list of Minerva users and began working
   through the 30-odd pages. It was discouraging.
   
   `The number you have dialled is not connected. Please check the number
   before dialling again.'
   
   Next number.
   
   `Sorry, he is in a meeting at the moment. Can I have him return your
   call?' Ah, no thanks.
   
   Another try.
   
   `That person is no longer working with our company. Can I refer you to
   someone else?' Uhm, not really.
   
   And another try.
   
   Finally, success.
   
   Mendax reached one of the contact names for a company in Perth. Valid
   number, valid company, valid contact name. He cleared his throat to
   deepen his voice even further and began.
   
   `This is John Keller, an operator from OTC Minerva in Sydney. One of
   our D090 hard drives has crashed. We've pulled across the data on the
   back-up tape and we believe we have all your correct information. But
   some of it might have been corrupted in the accident and we would just
   like to confirm your details. Also the back-up tape is two days old,
   so we want to check your information is up to date so your service is
   not interrupted. Let me just dig out your details ...' Mendax shuffled
   some papers around on the table top.
   
   `Oh, dear. Yes. Let's check it,' the worried manager responded.
   
   Mendax started reading all the information on the Minerva list
   obtained from Pacific Island, except for one thing. He changed the fax
   number slightly. It worked. The manager jumped right in.
   
   `Oh, no. That's wrong. Our fax number is definitely wrong,' he said
   and proceeded to give the correct number.
   
   Mendax tried to sound concerned. `Hmm,' he told the manager. `We may
   have bigger problems than we anticipated. Hmm.' He gave another
   pregnant pause. Working up the courage to ask the Big Question.
   
   It was hard to know who was sweating more, the fretting Perth manager,
   tormented by the idea of loud staff complaints from all over the
   company because the Minerva account was faulty, or the gangly kid
   trying his hand at social engineering for the first time.
   
   `Well,' Mendax began, trying to keep the sound of authority in his
   voice. `Let's see. We have your account number, but we had better
   check your password ... what was it?' An arrow shot from the bow.
   
   It hit the target. `Yes, it's L-U-R-C-H--full stop.'
   
   Lurch? Uhuh. An Addams Family fan.
   
   `Can you make sure everything is working? We don't want our service
   interrupted.' The Perth manager sounded quite anxious.
   
   Mendax tapped away on the keyboard randomly and then paused. `Well, it
   looks like everything is working just fine now,' he quickly reassured
   him. Just fine.
   
   `Oh, that's a relief!' the Perth manager exclaimed. `Thank you for
   that. Thank you. I just can't thank you enough for calling us!' More
   gratitude.
   
   Mendax had to extract himself. This was getting embarrassing.
   
   `Yes, well I'd better go now. More customers to call.' That should
   work. The Perth manager wanted a contact telephone number, as
   expected, if something went wrong--so Mendax gave him the one which
   was permanently busy.
   
   `Thank you again for your courteous service!' Uhuh. Anytime.
   
   Mendax hung up and tried the toll-free Minerva number. The password
   worked. He couldn't believe how easy it was to get in.
   
   He had a quick look around, following the pattern of most hackers
   breaking into a new machine. First thing to do was to check the
   electronic mail of the `borrowed' account. Email often contains
   valuable information. One company manager might send another
   information about other account names, password changes or even phone
   numbers to modems at the company itself. Then it was off to check the
   directories available for anyone to read on the main system--another
   good source of information. Final stop: Minerva's bulletin board of
   news. This included postings from the system operators about planned
   downtime or other service issues. He didn't stay long. The first visit
   was usually mostly a bit of reconnaissance work.
   
   Minerva had many uses. Most important among these was the fact that
   Minerva gave hackers an entry point into various X.25 networks. X.25
   is a type of computer communications network, much like the Unix-based
   Internet or the VMS-based DECNET. It has different commands and
   protocols, but the principle of an extensive worldwide data
   communications network is the same. There is, however, one important
   difference. The targets for hackers on the X.25 networks are often far
   more interesting. For example, most banks are on X.25. Indeed, X.25
   underpins many aspects of the world's financial markets. A number of
   countries' classified military computer sites only run on X.25. It is
   considered by many people to be more secure than the Internet or any
   DECNET system.
   
   Minerva allowed incoming callers to pass into the X.25
   network--something most Australian universities did not offer at the
   time. And Minerva let Australian callers do this without incurring a
   long-distance telephone charge.
   
   In the early days of Minerva, the OTC operators didn't seem to care
   much about the hackers, probably because it seemed impossible to get
   rid of them. The OTC operators managed the OTC X.25 exchange, which
   was like a telephone exchange for the X.25 data network. This exchange
   was the data gateway for Minerva and other systems connected to that
   data network.
   
   Australia's early hackers had it easy, until Michael Rosenberg
   arrived.
   
   Rosenberg, known on-line simply as MichaelR, decided to clean up
   Minerva. An engineering graduate from Queensland University, Michael
   moved to Sydney when he joined OTC at age 21. He was about the same
   age as the hackers he was chasing off his system. Rosenberg didn't
   work as an OTC operator, he managed the software which ran on Minerva.
   And he made life hell for people like Force. Closing up security
   holes, quietly noting accounts used by hackers and then killing those
   accounts, Rosenberg almost single-handedly stamped out much of the
   hacker activity in OTC's Minerva.
   
   Despite this, the hackers--`my hackers' as he termed the regulars--had
   a grudging respect for Rosenberg. Unlike anyone else at OTC, he was
   their technical equal and, in a world where technical prowess was the
   currency, Rosenberg was a wealthy young man.
   
   He wanted to catch the hackers, but he didn't want to see them go to
   prison. They were an annoyance, and he just wanted them out of his
   system. Any line trace, however, had to go through Telecom, which was
   at that time a separate body from OTC. Telecom, Rosenberg was told,
   was difficult about these things because of strict privacy laws. So,
   for the most part, he was left to deal with the hackers on his own.
   Rosenberg could not secure his system completely since OTC didn't
   dictate passwords to their customers. Their customers were usually
   more concerned about employees being able to remember passwords easily
   than worrying about warding off wily hackers. The result: the
   passwords on a number of Minerva accounts were easy pickings.
   
   The hackers and OTC waged a war from 1988 to 1990, and it was fought
   in many ways.
   
   Sometimes an OTC operator would break into a hacker's on-line session
   demanding to know who was really using the account. Sometimes the
   operators sent insulting messages to the hackers--and the hackers gave
   it right back to them. They broke into the hacker's session with `Oh,
   you idiots are at it again'. The operators couldn't keep the hackers
   out, but they had other ways of getting even.
   
   Electron, a Melbourne hacker and rising star in the Australian
   underground, had been logging into a system in Germany via OTC's X.25
   link. Using a VMS machine, a sort of sister system to Minerva, he had
   been playing a game called Empire on the Altos system, a popular
   hang-out for hackers. It was his first attempt at Empire, a complex
   war game of strategy which attracted players from around the world.
   They each had less than one hour per day to conquer regions while
   keeping production units at a strategic level. The Melbourne hacker
   had spent weeks building his position. He was in second place.
   
   Then, one day, he logged into the game via Minerva and the German
   system, and he couldn't believe what he saw on the screen in front of
   him. His regions, his position in the game, all of it--weeks of
   work--had been wiped out. An OTC operator had used an X.25
   packet-sniffer to monitor the hacker's login and capture his password to
   Empire. Instead of trading the usual insults, the operator had waited
   for the hacker to logoff and then had hacked into the game and destroyed
   the hacker's position.
   
   Electron was furious. He had been so proud of his position in his very
   first game. Still, wreaking havoc on the Minerva system in retribution
   was out of the question. Despite the fact that they wasted weeks of
   his work, Electron had no desire to damage their system. He considered
   himself lucky to be able to use it as long as he did.
   
   The anti-establishment attitudes nurtured in BBSes such as PI and Zen
   fed on a love of the new and untried. There was no bitterness, just a
   desire to throw off the mantle of the old and dive into the new.
   Camaraderie grew from the exhilarating sense that the youth in this
   particular time and place were constantly on the edge of big
   discoveries. People were calling up computers with their modems and
   experimenting. What did this key sequence do? What about that tone?
   What would happen if ... It was the question which drove them to stay
   up day and night, poking and prodding. These hackers didn't for the
   most part do drugs. They didn't even drink that much, given their age.
   All of that would have interfered with their burning desire to know,
   would have dulled their sharp edge. The underground's
   anti-establishment views were mostly directed at organisations which
   seemed to block the way to the new frontier--organisations like
   Telecom.
   
   It was a powerful word. Say `Telecom' to a member of the computer
   underground from that era and you will observe the most striking
   reaction. Instant contempt sweeps across his face. There is a pause as
   his lips curl into a noticeable sneer and he replies with complete
   derision, `Telescum'. The underground hated Australia's national
   telephone carrier with a passion equalled only to its love of
   exploration. They felt that Telecom was backward and its staff had no
   idea how to use their own telecommunications technology. Worst of all,
   Telecom seemed to actively dislike BBSes.
   
   Line noise interfered with one modem talking to another, and in the
   eyes of the computer underground, Telecom was responsible for the line
   noise. A hacker might be reading a message on PI, and there, in the
   middle of some juicy technical titbit, would be a bit of crud--random
   characters `2'28 v'1';D>nj4'--followed by the comment, `Line noise.
   Damn Telescum! At their best as usual, I see'. Sometimes the line
   noise was so bad it logged the hacker off, thus forcing him to spend
   another 45 minutes attack dialling the BBS. The modems didn't have
   error correction, and the faster the modem speed, the worse the impact
   of line noise. Often it became a race to read mail and post messages
   before Telecom's line noise logged the hacker off.
   
   Rumours flew through the underground again and again that Telecom was
   trying to bring in timed local calls. The volume of outrage was
   deafening. The BBS community believed it really irked the national
   carrier that people could spend an hour logged into a BBS for the cost
   of one local phone call. Even more heinous, other rumours abounded
   that Telecom had forced at least one BBS to limit each incoming call
   to under half an hour. Hence Telecom's other nickname in the computer
   underground: Teleprofit.
   
   To the BBS community, Telecom's Protective Services Unit was the
   enemy. They were the electronic police. The underground saw Protective
   Services as `the enforcers'--an all-powerful government force which
   could raid your house, tap your phone line and seize your computer
   equipment at any time. The ultimate reason to hate Telecom.
   
   There was such hatred of Telecom that people in the computer
   underground routinely discussed ways of sabotaging the carrier. Some
   people talked of sending 240 volts of electricity down the telephone
   line--an act which would blow up bits of the telephone exchange along
   with any line technicians who happened to be working on the cable at
   the time. Telecom had protective fuses which stopped electrical surges
   on the line, but BBS hackers had reportedly developed circuit plans
   which would allow high-frequency voltages to bypass them. Other
   members of the underground considered what sweet justice it would be
   to set fire to all the cables outside a particular Telecom exchange
   which had an easily accessible cable entrance duct.
   
   It was against this backdrop that the underground began to shift into
   phreaking. Phreaking is loosely defined as hacking the telephone
   system. It is a very loose definition. Some people believe phreaking
   includes stealing a credit card number and using it to make a
   long-distance call for free. Purists shun this definition. To them,
   using a stolen credit card is not phreaking, it is carding. They argue
   that phreaking demands a reasonable level of technical skill and
   involves manipulation of a telephone exchange. This manipulation may
   manifest itself as using computers or electrical circuits to generate
   special tones or modify the voltage of a phone line. The manipulation
   changes how the telephone exchange views a particular telephone
   line. The result: a free and hopefully untraceable call. The purist
   hacker sees phreaking more as a way of eluding telephone traces than of
   calling his or her friends around the world for free.
   
   The first transition into phreaking and eventually carding happened
   over a period of about six months in 1988. Early hackers on PI and Zen
   relied primarily on dial-outs, like those at Melbourne University or
   Telecom's Clayton office, to bounce around international computer
   sites. They also used X.25 dial-outs in other countries--the US,
   Sweden and Germany--to make another leap in their international
   journeys.
   
   Gradually, the people running these dial-out lines wised up. Dial-outs
   started drying up. Passwords were changed. Facilities were cancelled.
   But the hackers didn't want to give up access to overseas systems.
   They'd had their first taste of international calling and they wanted
   more. There was a big shiny electronic world to explore out there.
   They began trying different methods of getting where they wanted to
   go. And so the Melbourne underground moved into phreaking.
   
   Phreakers swarmed to PABXes like bees to honey. A PABX, a private
   automatic branch exchange, works like a mini-Telecom telephone
   exchange. Using a PABX, the employee of a large company could dial
   another employee in-house without incurring the cost of a local
   telephone call. If the employee was, for example, staying in a hotel
   out of town, the company might ask him to make all his calls through
   the company's PABX to avoid paying extortionate hotel long-distance
   rates. If the employee was in Brisbane on business, he could dial a
   Brisbane number which might route him via the company's PABX to
   Sydney. From there, he might dial out to Rome or London, and the
   charge would be billed directly to the company. What worked for an
   employee also worked for a phreaker.
   
   A phreaker dialling into the PABX would generally need to either know
   or guess the password allowing him to dial out again. Often, the
   phreaker was greeted by an automated message asking for the employee's
   telephone extension--which also served as the password. Well, that was
   easy enough. The phreaker simply tried a series of numbers until he
   found one which actually worked.
   
   Occasionally, a PABX system didn't even have passwords. The managers
   of the PABX figured that keeping the phone number secret was good
   enough security. Sometimes phreakers made free calls out of PABXes
   simply by exploited security flaws in a particular model or brand of
   PABX. A series of specific key presses allowed the phreaker to get in
   without knowing a password, an employee's name, or even the name of
   the company for that matter.
   
   As a fashionable pastime on BBSes, phreaking began to surpass hacking.
   PI established a private phreaking section. For a while, it became
   almost old hat to call yourself a hacker. Phreaking was forging the
   path forward.
   
   Somewhere in this transition, the Phreakers Five sprung to life. A
   group of five hackers-turned-phreakers gathered in an exclusive group
   on PI. Tales of their late-night podding adventures leaked into the
   other areas of the BBS and made would-be phreakers green with
   jealousy.
   
   First, the phreakers would scout out a telephone pod--the grey steel,
   rounded box perched nondescriptly on most streets. Ideally, the chosen
   pod would be by a park or some other public area likely to be deserted
   at night. Pods directly in front of suburban houses were a bit
   risky--the house might contain a nosy little old lady with a penchant
   for calling the local police if anything looked suspicious. And what
   she would see, if she peered out from behind her lace curtains, was a
   small tornado of action.
   
   One of the five would leap from the van and open the pod with a key
   begged, borrowed or stolen from a Telecom technician. The keys seemed
   easy enough to obtain. The BBSes message boards were rife with gleeful
   tales of valuable Telecom equipment, such as 500 metres of cable or a
   pod key, procured off a visiting Telecom repairman either through
   legitimate means or in exchange for a six-pack of beer.
   
   The designated phreaker would poke inside the pod until he found
   someone else's phone line. He'd strip back the cable, whack on a pair
   of alligator clips and, if he wanted to make a voice call, run it to a
   linesman's handset also borrowed, bought or stolen from Telecom. If he
   wanted to call another computer instead of talking voice, he would
   need to extend the phone line back to the phreakers' car. This is
   where the 500 metres of Telecom cable came in handy. A long cable
   meant the car, containing five anxious, whispering young men and a
   veritable junkyard of equipment, would not have to sit next to the pod
   for hours on end. That sort of scene might look a little suspicious to
   a local resident out walking his or her dog late one night.
   
   The phreaker ran the cable down the street and, if possible, around
   the corner. He pulled it into the car and attached it to the waiting
   computer modem. At least one of the five was proficient enough with
   electronics hardware to have rigged up the computer and modem to the
   car battery. The Phreaker's Five could now call any computer without
   being traced or billed. The phone call charges would appear at the end
   of a local resident's phone bill. Telecom did not itemise residential
   telephone bills at the time. True, it was a major drama to zoom around
   suburban streets in the middle of the night with computers, alligator
   clips and battery adaptors in tow, but that didn't matter so much. In
   fact, the thrill of such a cloak-and-dagger operation was as good as
   the actual hacking itself. It was illicit. In the phreakers' own eyes,
   it was clever. And therefore it was fun.
   
   Craig Bowen didn't think much of the Phreakers Five's style of
   phreaking. In fact, the whole growth of phreaking as a pastime
   depressed him a bit. He believed it just didn't require the technical
   skills of proper hacking. Hacking was, in his view, about the
   exploration of a brave new world of computers. Phreaking was, well, a
   bit beneath a good hacker. Somehow it demeaned the task at hand.
   
   Still, he could see how in some cases it was necessary in order to
   continue hacking. Most people in the underground developed some basic
   skills in phreaking, though people like Bowen always viewed it more as
   a means to an end--just a way of getting from computer A to computer
   B, nothing more. Nonetheless, he allowed phreaking discussion areas in
   the private sections of PI.
   
   What he refused to allow was discussion areas around credit card
   fraud. Carding was anathema to Bowen and he watched with alarm as some
   members of the underground began to shift from phreaking into carding.
   
   Like the transition into phreaking, the move into carding was a
   logical progression. It occurred over a period of perhaps six months
   in 1988 and was as obvious as a group of giggling schoolgirls.
   
   Many phreakers saw it simply as another type of phreaking. In fact it
   was a lot less hassle than manipulating some company's PABX. Instead,
   you just call up an operator, give him some stranger's credit card
   number to pay for the call, and you were on your way. Of course, the
   credit cards had a broader range of uses than the PABXes. The advent
   of carding meant you could telephone your friends in the US or UK and
   have a long voice conference call with all of them
   simultaneously--something which could be a lot tougher to arrange on a
   PABX. There were other benefits. You could actually charge things with
   that credit card. As in goods. Mail order goods.
   
   One member of the underground who used the handle Ivan Trotsky,
   allegedly ordered $50000 worth of goods, including a jet ski, from the
   US on a stolen card, only to leave it sitting on the Australian docks.
   The Customs guys don't tend to take stolen credit cards for duty
   payments. In another instance, Trotsky was allegedly more successful.
   A try-hard hacker who kept pictures of Karl Marx and Lenin taped to
   the side of his computer terminal, Trotsky regularly spewed communist
   doctrine across the underground. A self-contained paradox, he spent
   his time attending Communist Party of Australia meetings and duck
   shoots. According to one hacker, Trotsky's particular contribution to
   the overthrow of the capitalist order was the arrangement of a
   shipment of expensive modems from the US using stolen credit cards. He
   was rumoured to have made a tidy profit by selling the modems in the
   computer community for about $200 each. Apparently, being part of the
   communist revolution gave him all sorts of ready-made
   rationalisations. Membership has its advantages.
   
   To Bowen, carding was little more than theft. Hacking may have been a
   moral issue, but in early 1988 in Australia it was not yet much of a
   legal one. Carding was by contrast both a moral and a legal issue.
   Bowen recognised that some people viewed hacking as a type of
   theft--stealing someone else's computer resources--but the argument
   was ambiguous. What if no-one needed those resources at 2 a.m. on a
   given night? It might be seen more as `borrowing' an under-used asset,
   since the hacker had not permanently appropriated any property. Not so
   for carding.
   
   What made carding even less noble was that it required the technical
   skill of a wind-up toy. Not only was it beneath most good hackers, it
   attracted the wrong sort of people into the hacking scene. People who
   had little or no respect for the early Australian underground's golden
   rules of hacking: don't damage computer systems you break into
   (including crashing them); don't change the information in those
   systems (except for altering logs to cover your tracks); and share
   information. For most early Australian hackers, visiting someone
   else's system was a bit like visiting a national park. Leave it as you
   find it.
   
   While the cream seemed to rise to the top of the hacking hierarchy, it
   was the scum that floated at the top of the carding community. Few
   people in the underground typified this more completely than Blue
   Thunder, who had been hanging around the outskirts of the Melbourne
   underground since at least 1986. The senior hackers treated Blue
   Blunder, as they sometimes called him, with great derision.
   
   His entrance into the underground was as ignominious as that of a
   debutante who, delicately descending the grand steps of the ballroom,
   trips and tumbles head-first onto the dance floor. He picked a fight
   with the grande doyenne of the Melbourne underground.
   
   The Real Article occupied a special place in the underground. For
   starters, The Real Article was a woman--perhaps the only female to
   play a major role in the early Melbourne underground scene. Although
   she didn't hack computers, she knew a lot about them. She ran The Real
   Connection, a BBS frequented by many of the hackers who hung out on
   PI. She wasn't somebody's sister wafting in and out of the picture in
   search of a boyfriend. She was older. She was as good as married. She
   had kids. She was a force to be reckoned with in the hacking
   community.
   
   Forthright and formidable, The Real Article commanded considerable
   respect among the underground. A good indicator of this respect was the
   fact that the members of H.A.C.K. had inducted her as an honorary member
   of their exclusive club. Perhaps it was because she ran a popular
   board. More likely it was because, for all their bluff and bluster, most
   hackers were young men with the problems of young men.  Being older and
   wiser, The Real Article knew how to lend a sympathetic ear to those
   problems. As a woman and a non-hacker, she was removed from the jumble
   of male ego hierarchical problems associated with confiding in a
   peer. She served as a sort of mother to the embryonic hacking community,
   but she was young enough to avoid the judgmental pitfalls most parents
   fall into with children.
   
   The Real Article and Blue Thunder went into partnership running a BBS
   in early 1986. Blue Thunder, then a high-school student, was desperate
   to run a board, so she let him co-sysop the system. At first the
   partnership worked. Blue Thunder used to bring his high-school essays
   over for her to proofread and correct. But a short time into the
   partnership, it went sour. The Real Article didn't like Blue Thunder's
   approach to running a BBS, which appeared to her to be get information
   from other hackers and then dump them. The specific strategy seemed to
   be: get hackers to logon and store their valuable information on the
   BBS, steal that information and then lock them out of their own
   account. By locking them out, he was able to steal all the glory; he
   could then claim the hacking secrets were his own. It was, in her
   opinion, not only unsustainable, but quite immoral. She parted ways
   with Blue Thunder and excommunicated him from her BBS.
   
   Not long after, The Real Article started getting harassing phone calls
   at 4 in the morning. The calls were relentless. Four a.m. on the dot,
   every night. The voice at the other end of the line was computer
   synthesised. This was followed by a picture of a machine-gun, printed
   out on a cheap dot matrix printer in Commodore ASCII, delivered in her
   letterbox. There was a threatening message attached which read
   something like, `If you want the kids to stay alive, get them out of
   the house'.
   
   After that came the brick through the window. It landed in the back of
   her TV. Then she woke up one morning to find her phone line dead.
   Someone had opened the Telecom well in the nature strip across the
   road and cut out a metre of cable. It meant the phone lines for the
   entire street were down.
   
   The Real Article tended to rise above the petty games that whining
   adolescent boys with bruised egos could play, but this was too much.
   She called in Telecom Protective Services, who put a last party
   release on her phone line to trace the early-morning harassing calls.
   She suspected Blue Thunder was involved, but nothing was ever proved.
   Finally, the calls stopped. She voiced her suspicions to others in the
   computer underground. Whatever shred of reputation Blue Chunder, as he
   then became known for a time, had was soon decimated.
   
   Since his own technical contributions were seen by his fellow BBS
   users as limited, Blue Thunder would likely have faded into obscurity,
   condemned to spend the rest of his time in the underground jumping
   around the ankles of the aristocratic hackers. But the birth of
   carding arrived at a fortuitous moment for him and he got into carding
   in a big way, so big in fact that he soon got busted.
   
   People in the underground recognised him as a liability, both because
   of what many hackers saw as his loose morals and because he was
   boastful of his activities. One key hacker said, `He seemed to relish
   the idea of getting caught. He told people he worked for a credit
   union and that he stole lots of credit card numbers. He sold
   information, such as accounts on systems, for financial gain.' In
   partnership with a carder, he also allegedly sent a bouquet of flowers
   to the police fraud squad--and paid for it with a stolen credit card
   number.
   
   On 31 August 1988, Blue Thunder faced 22 charges in the Melbourne
   Magistrates Court, where he managed to get most of the charges dropped
   or amalgamated. He only ended up pleading guilty to five counts,
   including deception and theft. The Real Article sat in the back of the
   courtroom watching the proceedings. Blue Thunder must have been pretty
   worried about what kind of sentence the magistrate would hand down
   because she said he approached her during the lunch break and asked if
   she would appear as a character witness for the defence. She looked
   him straight in the eye and said, `I think you would prefer it if I
   didn't'. He landed 200 hours of community service and an order to pay
   $706 in costs.
   
   Craig Bowen didn't like where the part of the underground typified by
   Blue Thunder was headed. In his view, Chunder and Trotsky stood out as
   bad apples in an otherwise healthy group, and they signalled an
   unpleasant shift towards selling information. This was perhaps the
   greatest taboo. It was dirty. It was seedy. It was the realm of
   criminals, not explorers. The Australian computer underground had
   started to lose some of its fresh-faced innocence.
   
   Somewhere in the midst of all this, a new player entered the Melbourne
   underground. His name was Stuart Gill, from a company called
   Hackwatch.
   
   Bowen met Stuart through Kevin Fitzgerald, a well-known local hacker
   commentator who founded the Chisholm Institute of Technology's
   Computer Abuse Research Bureau, which later became the Australian
   Computer Abuse Research Bureau. After seeing a newspaper article
   quoting Fitzgerald, Craig decided to ring up the man many members of
   the underground considered to be a hacker-catcher. Why not? There were
   no federal laws in Australia against hacking, so Bowen didn't feel
   that nervous about it. Besides, he wanted to meet the enemy. No-one
   from the Australian underground had ever done it before, and Bowen
   decided it was high time. He wanted to set the record straight with
   Fitzgerald, to let him know what hackers were really on about. They
   began to talk periodically on the phone.
   
   Along the way, Bowen met Stuart Gill who said that he was working with
   Fitzgerald.4 Before long, Gill began visiting PI. Eventually, Bowen
   visited Gill in person at the Mount Martha home he shared with his
   elderly aunt and uncle. Stuart had all sorts of computer equipment
   hooked up there, and a great number of boxes of papers in the garage.
   
   `Oh, hello there, Paul,' Gill's ancient-looking uncle said when he saw
   the twosome. As soon as the old man had tottered off, Gill pulled
   Bowen aside confidentially.
   
   `Don't worry about old Eric,' he said. `He lost it in the war. Today
   he thinks I'm Paul, tomorrow it will be someone else.'
   
   Bowen nodded, understanding.
   
   There were many strange things about Stuart Gill, all of which seemed
   to have a rational explanation, yet that explanation somehow never
   quite answered the question in full.
   
   Aged in his late thirties, he was much older and far more worldly than
   Craig Bowen. He had very, very pale skin--so pasty it looked as though
   he had never sat in the sun in his life.
   
   Gill drew Bowen into the complex web of his life. Soon he told the
   young hacker that he wasn't just running Hackwatch, he was also
   involved in intelligence work. For the Australian Federal Police. For
   ASIO. For the National Crime Authority. For the Victoria Police's
   Bureau of Criminal Intelligence (BCI). He showed Bowen some secret
   computer files and documents, but he made him sign a special form
   first--a legal-looking document demanding non-disclosure based on some
   sort of official secrets act.
   
   Bowen was impressed. Why wouldn't he be? Gill's cloak-and-dagger world
   looked like the perfect boy's own adventure. Even bigger and better
   than hacking. He was a little strange, but that was part of the
   allure.
   
   Like the time they took a trip to Sale together around Christmas 1988.
   Gill told Bowen he had to get out of town for a few days--certain
   undesirable people were after him. He didn't drive, so could Craig
   help him out? Sure, no problem. They had shared an inexpensive motel
   room in Sale, paid for by Gill.
   
   Being so close to Christmas, Stuart told Craig he had brought him two
   presents. Craig opened the first--a John Travolta fitness book. When
   Craig opened the second gift, he was a little stunned. It was a red
   G-string for men. Craig didn't have a girlfriend at the time--perhaps
   Stuart was trying to help him get one.
   
   `Oh, ah, thanks,' Craig said, a bit confused.
   
   `Glad you like it,' Stuart said. `Go on. Try it on.'
   
   `Try it on?' Craig was now very confused.
   
   `Yeah, mate, you know, to see if it fits. That's all.'
   
   `Oh, um, right.'
   
   Craig hesitated. He didn't want to seem rude. It was a weird request,
   but never having been given a G-string before, he didn't know the
   normal protocol. After all, when someone gives you a jumper, it's
   normal for them to ask you to try it on, then and there, to see if it
   fits.
   
   Craig tried it on. Quickly.
   
   `Yes, seems to fit,' Stuart said matter of factly, then turned away.
   
   Craig felt relieved. He changed back into his clothing.
   
   That night, and on many others during their trips or during Craig's
   overnight visits to Stuart's uncle's house, Craig lay in bed wondering
   about his secretive new friend.
   
   Stuart was definitely a little weird, but he seemed to like women so
   Craig figured he couldn't be interested in Craig that way. Stuart
   bragged that he had a very close relationship with a female newspaper
   reporter, and he always seemed to be chatting up the girl at the video
   store.
   
   Craig tried not to read too much into Stuart's odd behaviour, for the
   young man was willing to forgive his friend's eccentricities just to
   be part of the action. Soon Stuart asked Craig for access to
   PI--unrestricted access.
   
   The idea made Craig uncomfortable, but Stuart was so persuasive. How
   would he be able to continue his vital intelligence work without
   access to Victoria's most important hacking board? Besides, Stuart
   Gill of Hackwatch wasn't after innocent-faced hackers like Craig
   Bowen. In fact, he would protect Bowen when the police came down on
   everyone. What Stuart really wanted was the carders--the fraudsters.
   Craig didn't want to protect people like that, did he?
   
   Craig found it a little odd, as usual, that Stuart seemed to be after
   the carders, yet he had chummed up with Ivan Trotsky. Still, there
   were no doubt secrets Stuart couldn't reveal--things he wasn't allowed
   to explain because of his intelligence work.
   
   Craig agreed.
   
   What Craig couldn't have known as he pondered Stuart Gill from the
   safety of his boyish bedroom was exactly how much innocence the
   underground was still to lose. If he had foreseen the next few
   years--the police raids, the Ombudsman's investigation, the stream of
   newspaper articles and the court cases--Craig Bowen would, at that
   very moment, probably have reached over and turned off his beloved PI
   and Zen forever.

     _________________________________________________________________

		   Chapter 3 -- The American Connection
     _________________________________________________________________

     US forces give the nod
     It's a setback for your country 
     
   -- from `US Forces', on 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 by Midnight Oil1
   
   Force had a secret. The Parmaster wanted it.
   
   Like most hackers, The Parmaster didn't just want the secret, he
   needed it. He was in that peculiar state attained by real hackers
   where they will do just about anything to obtain a certain piece of
   information. He was obsessed.
   
   Of course, it wasn't the first time The Parmaster craved a juicy piece
   of information. Both he and Force knew all about infatuation. That's
   how it worked with real hackers. They didn't just fancy a titbit here
   and there. Once they knew information about a particular system was
   available, that there was a hidden entrance, they chased it down
   relentlessly. So that was exactly what Par was doing. Chasing Force
   endlessly, until he got what he wanted.
   
   It began innocently enough as idle conversation between two giants in
   the computer underground in the first half of 1988. Force, the
   well-known Australian hacker who ran the exclusive Realm BBS in
   Melbourne, sat chatting with Par, the American master of X.25
   networks, in Germany. Neither of them was physically in Germany, but
   Altos was.
   
   Altos Computer Systems in Hamburg ran a conference feature called
   Altos Chat on one of its machines. You could call up from anywhere on
   the X.25 data communications network, and the company's computer would
   let you connect. Once connected, with a few brief keystrokes, the
   German machine would drop you into a real-time, on-screen talk session
   with anyone else who happened to be on-line. While the rest of the
   company's computer system grunted and toiled with everyday labours,
   this corner of the machine was reserved for live on-line chatting. For
   free. It was like an early form of the Internet Relay Chat. The
   company probably hadn't meant to become the world's most prestigious
   hacker hang-out, but it soon ended up doing so.
   
   Altos was the first significant international live chat channel, and
   for most hackers it was an amazing thing. The good hackers had cruised
   through lots of computer networks around the world. Sometimes they
   bumped into one another on-line and exchanged the latest gossip.
   Occasionally, they logged into overseas BBSes, where they posted
   messages. But Altos was different. While underground BBSes had a
   tendency to simply disappear one day, gone forever, Altos was always
   there. It was live. Instantaneous communications with a dozen other
   hackers from all sorts of exotic places. Italy. Canada. France.
   England. Israel. The US. And all these people not only shared an
   interest in computer networks but also a flagrant contempt for
   authority of any type. Instant, real-time penpals--with attitude.
   
   However, Altos was more exclusive than the average underground BBS.
   Wanna-be hackers had trouble getting into it because of the way X.25
   networks were billed. Some systems on the network took reverse-charge
   connections--like a 1-800 number--and some, including Altos, didn't.
   To get to Altos you needed a company's NUI (Network User Identifier),
   which was like a calling card number for the X.25 network, used to
   bill your time on-line. Or you had to have access to a system like
   Minerva which automatically accepted billing for all the connections
   made.
   
   X.25 networks are different in various ways from the Internet, which
   developed later. X.25 networks use different communication protocols
   and, unlike the Internet at the user-level, they only use addresses
   containing numbers not letters. Each packet of information travelling
   over a data network needs to be encased in a particular type of
   envelope. A `letter' sent across the X.25 network needs an X.25
   `stamped' envelope, not an Internet `stamped' envelope.
   
   The X.25 networks were controlled by a few very large players,
   companies such as Telenet and Tymnet, while the modern Internet is, by
   contrast, a fragmented collection of many small and medium-sized
   sites.
   
   Altos unified the international hacking world as nothing else had
   done. In sharing information about their own countries' computers and
   networks, hackers helped each other venture further and further
   abroad. The Australians had gained quite a reputation on Altos. They
   knew their stuff. More importantly, they possessed DEFCON, a program
   which mapped out uncharted networks and scanned for accounts on
   systems within them. Force wrote DEFCON based on a simple automatic
   scanning program provided by his friend and mentor, Craig Bowen
   (Thunderbird1).
   
   Like the telephone system, the X.25 networks had a large number of
   `phone numbers', called network user addresses (NUAs). Most were not
   valid. They simply hadn't been assigned to anyone yet. To break into
   computers on the network, you had to find them first, which meant
   either hearing about a particular system from a fellow hacker or
   scanning. Scanning--typing in one possible address after another--was
   worse than looking for a needle in a haystack. 02624-589004-0004. Then
   increasing the last digit by one on each attempt. 0005. 0006. 0007.
   Until you hit a machine at the other end.
   
   Back in 1987 or early 1988, Force had logged into Pacific Island for a
   talk with Craig Bowen. Force bemoaned the tediousness of hand
   scanning.
   
   `Well, why the hell are you doing it manually?' Bowen responded. `You
   should just use my program.' He then gave Force the source code for
   his simple automated scanning program, along with instructions.
   
   Force went through the program and decided it would serve as a good
   launchpad for bigger things, but it had a major limitation. The
   program could only handle one connection at a time, which meant it
   could only scan one branch of a network at a time.
   
   Less than three months later, Force had rewritten Bowen's program into
   the far more powerful DEFCON, which became the jewel in the crown of
   the Australian hackers' reputation. With DEFCON, a hacker could
   automatically scan fifteen or twenty network addresses simultaneously.
   He could command the computer to map out pieces of the Belgian,
   British and Greek X.25 communications networks, looking for computers
   hanging off the networks like buds at the tips of tree branches.
   
   Conceptually, the difference was a little like using a basic PC, which
   can only run one program at a time, as opposed to operating a more
   sophisticated one where you can open many windows with different
   programs running all at once. Even though you might only be working in
   one window, say, writing a letter, the computer might be doing
   calculations in a spreadsheet in another window in the background. You
   can swap between
   different functions, which are all running in the background
   simultaneously.
   
   While DEFCON was busy scanning, Force could do other things, such as
   talk on Altos. He continued improving DEFCON, writing up to four more
   versions of the program. Before long, DEFCON didn't just scan twenty
   different connections at one time; it also automatically tried to
   break into all the computers it found through those connections.
   Though the program only tried basic default passwords, it had a fair
   degree of success, since it could attack so many network addresses at
   once. Further, new sites and mini-networks were being added so quickly
   that security often fell by the wayside in the rush to join in. Since
   the addresses were unpublished, companies often felt this obscurity
   offered enough protection.
   
   DEFCON produced lists of thousands of computer sites to raid. Force
   would leave it scanning from a hacked Prime computer, and a day or two
   later he would have an output file with 6000 addresses on different
   networks. He perused the list and selected sites which caught his
   attention. If his program had discovered an interesting address, he
   would travel over the X.25 network to the site and then try to break
   into the computer at that address. Alternatively, DEFCON might have
   already successfully penetrated the machine using a default password,
   in which case the address, account name and password would all be
   waiting for Force in the log file. He could just walk right in.
   
   Everyone on Altos wanted DEFCON, but Force refused to hand over the
   program. No way was he going to have other hackers tearing up virgin
   networks. Not even Erik Bloodaxe, one of the leaders of the most
   prestigious American hacking group, Legion of Doom (LOD), got DEFCON
   when he asked for it. Erik took his handle from the name of a Viking
   king who ruled over the area now known as York, England. Although Erik
   was on friendly terms with the Australian hackers, Force remained
   adamant. He would not let the jewel out of his hands.
   
   But on this fateful day in 1988, Par didn't want DEFCON. He wanted the
   secret Force had just discovered, but held so very close to his chest.
   And the Australian didn't want to give it to him.
   
   Force was a meticulous hacker. His bedroom was remarkably tidy, for a
   hacker's room. It had a polished, spartan quality. There were a few
   well-placed pieces of minimalist furniture:
   a black enamel metal single bed, a modern black bedside
   table and a single picture on the wall--a photographic poster of
   lightning, framed in glass. The largest piece of furniture was a
   blue-grey desk with a return, upon which sat his computer, a printer
   and an immaculate pile of print-outs. The bookcase, a tall modern
   piece matching the rest of the furniture, contained an extensive
   collection of fantasy fiction books, including what seemed to be
   almost everything ever written by David Eddings. The lower shelves
   housed assorted chemistry and programming books. A chemistry award
   proudly jutted out from the shelf housing a few Dungeons and Dragons
   books.
   
   He kept his hacking notes in an orderly set of plastic folders, all
   filed in the bottom of his bookcase. Each page of notes, neatly
   printed and surrounded by small, tidy handwriting revealing updates
   and minor corrections, had its own plastic cover to prevent smudges or
   stains.
   
   Force thought it was inefficient to hand out his DEFCON program and
   have ten people scan the same network ten different times. It wasted
   time and resources. Further, it was becoming harder to get access to
   the main X.25 sites in Australia, like Minerva. Scanning was the type
   of activity likely to draw the attention of a system admin and result
   in the account being killed. The more people who scanned, the more
   accounts would be killed, and the less access the Australian hackers
   would have. So Force refused to hand over DEFCON to hackers outside
   The Realm, which is one thing that made it such a powerful group.
   
   Scanning with DEFCON meant using Netlink, a program which legitimate
   users didn't often employ. In his hunt for hackers, an admin might
   look for people running Netlink, or he might just examine which
   systems a user was connecting to. For example, if a hacker connected
   directly to Altos from Minerva without hopping through a respectable
   midpoint, such as another corporate machine overseas, he could count
   on the Minerva admins killing off the account.
   
   DEFCON was revolutionary for its time, and difficult to reproduce. It
   was written for Prime computers, and not many hackers knew how to
   write programs for Primes. In fact, it was exceedingly difficult for
   most hackers to learn programming of any sort for large, commercial
   machines. Getting the system engineering manuals was tough work and
   many of the large companies guarded their manuals almost as trade
   secrets. Sure, if you bought a $100000 system, the company would give
   you a few sets of operating manuals, but that was well beyond the
   reach of a teenage hacker. In general, information was hoarded--by the
   computer manufacturers, by the big companies which bought the systems,
   by the system administrators and even by the universities.
   
   Learning on-line was slow and almost as difficult. Most hackers used
   300 or 1200 baud modems. Virtually all access to these big, expensive
   machines was illegal. Every moment on-line was a risky proposition.
   High schools never had these sorts of expensive machines. Although
   many universities had systems, the administrators were usually miserly
   with time on-line for students. In most cases, students only got
   accounts on the big machines in their second year of computer science
   studies. Even then, student accounts were invariably on the
   university's oldest, clunkiest machine. And if you weren't a comp-sci
   student, forget it. Indulging your intellectual curiosity in VMS
   systems would never be anything more than a pipe dream.
   
   Even if you did manage to overcome all the roadblocks and develop some
   programming experience in VMS systems, for example, you might only be
   able to access a small number of machines on any given network. The
   X.25 networks connected a large number of machines which used very
   different operating systems. Many, such as Primes, were not in the
   least bit intuitive. So if you knew VMS and you hit a Prime machine,
   well, that was pretty much it.
   
   Unless, of course, you happened to belong to a clan of hackers like
   The Realm. Then you could call up the BBS and post a message. `Hey, I
   found a really cool Primos system at this address. Ran into problems
   trying to figure the parameters of the Netlink command. Ideas anyone?'
   And someone from your team would step forward to help.
   
   In The Realm, Force tried to assemble a diverse group of Australia's
   best hackers, each with a different area of expertise. And he happened
   to be the resident expert in Prime computers.
   
   Although Force wouldn't give DEFCON to anyone outside The Realm, he
   wasn't unreasonable. If you weren't in the system but you had an
   interesting network you wanted mapped, he would scan it for you. Force
   referred to scans for network user addresses as `NUA sprints'. He
   would give you a copy of the NUA sprint. While he was at it, he would
   also keep a copy for The Realm. That was efficient. Force's pet
   project was creating a database of systems and networks for The Realm,
   so he simply added the new information to its database.
   
   Force's great passion was mapping new networks, and new mini-networks
   were being added to the main X.25 networks all the time. A large
   corporation, such a BHP, might set up its own small-scale network
   connecting its offices in Western Australia, Queensland, Victoria and
   the United Kingdom. That mini-network might be attached to a
   particular X.25 network, such as Austpac. Get into the Austpac network
   and chances were you could get into any of the company's sites.
   
   Exploration of all this uncharted territory consumed most of Force's
   time. There was something cutting-edge, something truly adventurous
   about finding a new network and carefully piecing together a picture
   of what the expanding web looked like. He drew detailed pictures and
   diagrams showing how a new part of the network connected to the rest.
   Perhaps it appealed to his sense of order, or maybe he was just an
   adventurer at heart. Whatever the underlying motivation, the maps
   provided The Realm with yet another highly prized asset.
   
   When he wasn't mapping networks, Force published Australia's first
   underground hacking journal, Globetrotter. Widely read in the
   international hacking community, Globetrotter reaffirmed Australian
   hackers' pre-eminent position in the international underground.
   
   But on this particular day, Par wasn't thinking about getting a copy
   of Globetrotter or asking Force to scan a network for him. He was
   thinking about that secret. Force's new secret. The secret Parmaster
   desperately wanted.
   
   Force had been using DEFCON to scan half a dozen networks while he
   chatted to Par on Altos. He found an interesting connection from the
   scan, so he went off to investigate it. When he connected to the
   unknown computer, it started firing off strings of numbers at Force's
   machine. Force sat at his desk and watched the characters rush by on
   his screen.
   
   It was very odd. He hadn't done anything. He hadn't sent any commands
   to the mystery computer. He hadn't made the slightest attempt to break
   into the machine. Yet here the thing was throwing streams of numbers.
   What kind of computer was this? There might have been some sort of
   header which would identify the computer, but it had zoomed by so fast
   in the unexpected data dump that Force had missed it.
   
   Force flipped over to his chat with Par on Altos. He didn't completely
   trust Par, thinking the friendly American sailed a bit close to the
   wind. But Par was an expert in X.25 networks and was bound to have
   some clue about these numbers. Besides, if they turned out to be
   something sensitive, Force didn't have to tell Par where he found
   them.
   
   `I've just found a bizarre address. It is one strange system. When I
   connected, it just started shooting off numbers at me. Check these
   out.'
   
   Force didn't know what the numbers were, but Par sure did. `Those look
   like credit cards,' he typed back.
   
   `Oh.' Force went quiet.
   
   Par thought the normally chatty Australian hacker seemed astonished.
   After a short silence, the now curious Par nudged the conversation
   forward. `I have a way I can check out whether they really are valid
   cards,' he volunteered. `It'll take some time, but I should be able to
   do it and get back to you.'
   
   `Yes.' Force seemed hesitant. `OK.'
   
   On the other side of the Pacific from Par, Force thought about this
   turn of events. If they were valid credit cards, that was very cool.
   Not because he intended to use them for credit card fraud in the way
   Ivan Trotsky might have done. But Force could use them for making
   long-distance phone calls to hack overseas. And the sheer number of
   cards was astonishing. Thousand and thousands of them. Maybe 10000.
   All he could think was, Shit! Free connections for the rest of my
   life.
   
   Hackers such as Force considered using cards to call overseas computer
   systems a little distasteful, but certainly acceptable. The card owner
   would never end up paying the bill anyway. The hackers figured that
   Telecom, which they despised, would probably have to wear the cost in
   the end, and that was fine by them. Using cards to hack was nothing
   like ordering consumer goods. That was real credit card fraud. And
   Force would never sully his hands with that sort of behaviour.
   
   Force scrolled back over his capture of the numbers which had been
   injected into his machine. After closer inspection, he saw there were
   headers which appeared periodically through the list. One said,
   `CitiSaudi'.
   
   He checked the prefix of the mystery machine's network address again.
   He knew from previous scans that it belonged to one of the world's
   largest banks. Citibank.
   
   The data dump continued for almost three hours. After that, the
   Citibank machine seemed to go dead. Force saw nothing but a blank
   screen, but he kept the connection open. There was no way he was going
   to hang up from this conversation. He figured this had to be a freak
   connection--that he accidentally connected to this machine somehow,
   that it wasn't really at the address he had tried based on the DEFCON
   scan of Citibank's network.
   
   How else could it have happened? Surely Citibank wouldn't have a
   computer full of credit cards which spilled its guts every time
   someone rang up to say `hello'? There would be tonnes of security on a
   machine like that. This machine didn't even have a password. It didn't
   even need a special character command, like a secret handshake.
   
   Freak connections happened now and then on X.25
   networks. They had the same effect as a missed voice phone
   connection. You dial a friend's number--and you dial it correctly--but
   somehow the call gets screwed up in the tangle of wires and exchanges
   and your call gets put through to another number entirely. Of course,
   once something like that happens to an X.25 hacker, he immediately
   tries to figure out what the hell is going on, to search every shred
   of data from the machine looking for the system's real address.
   Because it was an accident, he suspects he will never find the machine
   again.
   
   Force stayed home from school for two days to keep the connection
   alive and to piece together how he landed on the doorstep of this
   computer. During this time, the Citibank computer woke up a few times,
   dumped a bit more information, and then went back to sleep. Keeping
   the connection alive meant running a small risk of discovery by an
   admin at his launch point, but the rewards in this case far exceeded
   the risk.
   
   It wasn't all that unusual for Force to skip school to hack. His
   parents used to tell him, `You better stop it, or you'll have to wear
   glasses one day'. Still, they didn't seem to worry too much, since
   their son had always excelled in school without much effort. At the
   start of his secondary school career he had tried to convince his
   teachers he should skip year 9. Some objected. It was a hassle, but he
   finally arranged it by quietly doing the coursework for year 9 while
   he was in year 8.
   
   After Force had finally disconnected from the CitiSaudi computer and
   had a good sleep, he decided to check on whether he could reconnect to
   the machine. At first, no-one answered, but when he tried a little
   later, someone answered all right. And it was the same talkative
   resident who answered the door the first time. Although it only seemed
   to work at certain hours of the day, the Citibank network address was
   the right one. He was in again.
   
   As Force looked over the captures from his Citibank hack, he noticed
   that the last section of the data dump didn't contain credit card
   numbers like the first part. It had people's names--Middle Eastern
   names--and a list of transactions. Dinner at a restaurant. A visit to
   a brothel. All sorts of transactions. There was also a number which
   looked like a credit limit, in come cases a very, very large limit,
   for each person. A sheik and his wife appeared to have credit limits
   of $1 million--each. Another name had a limit of $5 million.
   
   There was something strange about the data, Force thought. It was not
   structured in a way which suggested the Citibank machine was merely
   transmitting data to another machine. It looked more like a text file
   which was being dumped from a computer to a line printer.
   
   Force sat back and considered his exquisite discovery. He decided this
   was something he would share only with a very few close, trusted
   friends from The Realm. He would tell Phoenix and perhaps one other
   member, but no-one else.
   
   As he looked through the data once more, Force began to feel a little
   anxious. Citibank was a huge financial institution, dependent on the
   complete confidence of its customers. The corporation would lose a lot
   of face if news of Force's discovery got out. It might care enough to
   really come after him. Then, with the sudden clarity of the lightning
   strike photo which hung on his wall, a single thought filled his mind.
   
   I am playing with fire.

				    [ ]
   
   `Where did you get those numbers?' Par asked Force next time they were
   both on Altos.
   
   Force hedged. Par leaped forward.
   
   `I checked those numbers for you. They're valid,' he told Force. The
   American was more than intrigued. He wanted that network address. It
   was lust. Next stop, mystery machine. `So, what's the address?'
   
   That was the one question Force didn't want to hear. He and Par had a
   good relationship, sharing information comfortably if occasionally.
   But that relationship only went so far. For all he knew, Par might
   have a less than desirable use for the information. Force didn't know
   if Par carded, but he felt sure Par had friends who might be into it.
   So Force refused to tell Par where to find the mystery machine.
   
   Par wasn't going to give up all that easily. Not that he would use the
   cards for free cash, but, hey, the mystery machine seemed like a very
   cool place to check out. There would be no peace for Force until Par
   got what he wanted. Nothing is so tempting to a hacker as the faintest
   whiff of information about a system he wants, and Par hounded Force
   until the Australian hacker relented just a bit.
   
   Finally Force told Par roughly where DEFCON had been scanning for
   addresses when it stumbled upon the CitiSaudi machine. Force wasn't
   handing over the street address, just the name of the suburb. DEFCON
   had been accessing the Citibank network through Telenet, a large
   American data network using X.25 communications protocols. The
   sub-prefixes for the Citibank portion of the network were 223 and 224.
   
   Par pestered Force some more for the rest of the numbers, but the
   Australian had dug his heels in. Force was too careful a player, too
   fastidious a hacker, to allow himself to get mixed up in the things
   Par might get up to.
   
   OK, thought the seventeen-year-old Par, I can do this without you. Par
   estimated there were 20000 possible addresses on that network, any one
   of which might be the home of the mystery machine. But he assumed the
   machine would be in the low end of the network, since the lower
   numbers were usually used first and the higher numbers were generally
   saved for other, special network functions. His assumptions narrowed
   the likely search field to about 2000 possible addresses.
   
   Par began hand-scanning on the Citibank Global Telecommunications
   Network (GTN) looking for the mystery machine. Using his knowledge of
   the X.25 network, he picked a number to start with. He typed 22301,
   22302, 22303. On and on, heading toward 22310000. Hour after hour,
   slowly, laboriously, working his way through all the options, Par
   scanned out a piece, or a range, within the network. When he got bored
   with the 223 prefix, he tried out the 224 one for a bit of variety.
   
   Bleary-eyed and exhausted after a long night at the computer, Par felt
   like calling it quits. The sun had splashed through the windows of his
   Salinas, California, apartment hours ago. His living room was a mess,
   with empty, upturned beer cans circling his Apple IIe. Par gave up for
   a while, caught some shut-eye. He had gone through the entire list of
   possible addresses, knocking at all the doors, and nothing had
   happened. But over the next few days he returned to scanning the
   network again. He decided to be more methodical about it and do the
   whole thing from scratch a second time.
   
   He was part way through the second scan when it happened. Par's
   computer connected to something. He sat up and peered toward the
   screen. What was going on? He checked the address. He was sure he had
   tried this one before and nothing had answered. Things were definitely
   getting strange. He stared at his computer.
   
   The screen was blank, with the cursor blinking silently at the top.
   Now what? What had Force done to get the computer to sing its song?
   
   Par tried pressing the control key and a few different letters.
   Nothing. Maybe this wasn't the right address after all. He
   disconnected from the machine and carefully wrote down the address,
   determined to try it again later.
   
   On his third attempt, he connected again but found the same irritating
   blank screen. This time he went through the entire alphabet with the
   control key.
   
   Control L.
   
   That was the magic keystroke. The one that made CitiSaudi give up its
   mysterious cache. The one that gave Par an adrenalin rush, along with
   thousands and thousands of cards. Instant cash, flooding his screen.
   He turned on the screen capture so he could collect all the
   information flowing past and analyse it later. Par had to keep feeding
   his little Apple IIe more disks to store all the data coming in
   through his 1200 baud modem.
   
   It was magnificent. Par savoured the moment, thinking about how much
   he was going to enjoy telling Force. It was going to be sweet. Hey,
   Aussie, you aren't the only show in town. See ya in Citibank.
   
   An hour or so later, when the CitiSaudi data dump had finally
   finished, Par was stunned at what he found in his capture. These
   weren't just any old cards. These were debit cards, and they were held
   by very rich Arabs. These people just plopped a few million in a bank
   account and linked a small, rectangular piece of plastic to that
   account. Every charge came directly out of the bank balance. One guy
   listed in the data dump bought a $330,000 Mercedes Benz in
   Istanbul--on his card. Par couldn't imagine being able to throw down a
   bit of plastic for that. Taking that plastic out for a spin around the
   block would bring a whole new meaning to the expression, `Charge it!'
   
   When someone wins the lottery, they often feel like sharing with their
   friends. Which is exactly what Par did. First, he showed his
   room-mates. They thought it was very cool. But not nearly so cool as
   the half dozen hackers and phreakers who happened to be on the
   telephone bridge Par frequented when the master of X.25 read off a
   bunch of the cards.
   
   Par was a popular guy after that day. Par was great, a sort of Robin
   Hood of the underground. Soon, everyone wanted to talk to him. Hackers
   in New York. Phreakers in Virginia. And the Secret Service in San
   Francisco.
   
				    [ ]

   Par didn't mean to fall in love with Theorem. It was an accident, and
   he couldn't have picked a worse girl to fall for. For starters, she
   lived in Switzerland. She was 23 and he was only seventeen. She also
   happened to be in a relationship--and that relationship was with
   Electron, one of the best Australian hackers of the late 1980s. But
   Par couldn't help himself. She was irresistible, even though he had
   never met her in person. Theorem was different. She was smart and
   funny, but refined, as a European woman can be.
   
   They met on Altos in 1988.
   
   Theorem didn't hack computers. She didn't need to, since she could
   connect to Altos through her old university computer account. She had
   first found Altos on 23 December 1986. She remembered the date for two
   reasons. First, she was amazed
   at the power of Altos--that she could have a live conversation on-line
   with a dozen people in different countries at the same time. Altos was
   a whole new world for her. Second, that was the day she met Electron.
   
   Electron made Theorem laugh. His sardonic, irreverent humour hit a
   chord with her. Traditional Swiss society could be stifling and
   closed, but Electron was a breath of fresh air. Theorem was Swiss but
   she didn't always fit the mould. She hated skiing. She was six feet
   tall. She liked computers.
   
   When they met on-line, the 21-year-old Theorem was at a crossroad in
   her youth. She had spent a year and a half at university studying
   mathematics. Unfortunately, the studies had not gone well. The truth
   be told, her second year of university was in fact the first year all
   over again. A classmate had introduced her to Altos on the
   university's computers. Not long after she struck up a relationship
   with Electron, she dropped out of uni all together and enrolled in a
   secretarial course. After that, she found a secretarial job at a
   financial institution.
   
   Theorem and Electron talked on Altos for hours at a time. They talked
   about everything--life, family, movies, parties--but not much about
   what most people on Altos talked about--hacking. Eventually, Electron
   gathered up the courage to ask Theorem for her voice telephone number.
   She gave it to him happily and Electron called her at home in
   Lausanne. They talked. And talked. And talked. Soon they were on the
   telephone all the time.
   
   Seventeen-year-old Electron had never had a girlfriend. None of the
   girls in his middle-class high school would give him the time of day
   when it came to romance. Yet here was this bright, vibrant girl--a
   girl who studied maths--speaking to him intimately in a melting French
   accent. Best of all, she genuinely liked him. A few words from his
   lips could send her into silvery peals of laughter.
   
   When the phone bill arrived, it was $1000. Electron surreptitiously
   collected it and buried it at the bottom of a drawer in his bedroom.
   
   When he told Theorem, she offered to help pay for it. A cheque for
   $700 showed up not long after. It made the task of explaining
   Telecom's reminder notice to his father much easier.
   
   The romantic relationship progressed throughout 1987 and the first
   half of 1988. Electron and Theorem exchanged love letters and tender
   intimacies over 16000 kilometres of computer networks, but the
   long-distance relationship had some bumpy periods. Like when she had
   an affair over several months with Pengo. A well-known German hacker
   with links to the German hacking group called the Chaos Computer Club,
   Pengo was also a friend and mentor to Electron. Pengo was, however,
   only a short train ride away from Theorem. She became friends with
   Pengo on Altos and eventually visited him. Things progressed from
   there.
   
   Theorem was honest with Electron about the affair, but there was
   something unspoken, something below the surface. Even after the affair
   ended, Theorem was sweet on Pengo the way a girl remains fond of her
   first love regardless of how many other men she has slept with since
   then.
   
   Electron felt hurt and angry, but he swallowed his pride and forgave
   Theorem her dalliance. Eventually, Pengo disappeared from the scene.
   
   Pengo had been involved with people who sold US military
   secrets--taken from computers--to the KGB. Although his direct
   involvement in the ongoing international computer espionage had been
   limited, he began to worry about the risks. His real interest was in
   hacking, not spying. The Russian connection simply enabled him to get
   access to bigger and better computers. Beyond that, he felt no loyalty
   to the Russians.
   
   In the first half of 1988, he handed himself in to the German
   authorities. Under West German law at the time, a citizen-spy who
   surrendered himself before the state discovered the crime, and thus
   averted more damage to the state, acquired immunity from prosecution.
   Having already been busted in December 1986 for using a stolen NUI,
   Pengo decided that turning himself in would be his best hope of taking
   advantage of this legal largesse.
   
   By the end of the year, things had become somewhat hairy for Pengo and
   in March 1989 the twenty-year-old from Berlin was raided again, this
   time with the four others involved in the spy ring. The story broke
   and the media exposed Pengo's real name. He didn't know if he would
   eventually be tried and convicted of something related to the
   incident. Pengo had a few things on his mind other than the six-foot
   Swiss girl.
   
   With Pengo out of the way, the situation between Theorem and the
   Australian hacker improved. Until Par came along.
   
   Theorem and Par began innocently enough. Being one of only a few girls
   in the international hacking and phreaking scene and, more
   particularly, on Altos, she was treated differently. She had lots of
   male friends on the German chat system, and the boys told her things
   in confidence they would never tell each other. They sought out her
   advice. She often felt like she wore many hats--mother, girlfriend,
   psychiatrist--when she spoke with the boys on Altos.
   
   Par had been having trouble with his on-line girlfriend, Nora, and
   when he met Theorem he turned to her for a bit of support. He had
   travelled from California to meet Nora in person in New York. But when
   he arrived in the sweltering heat of a New York summer, without
   warning, her conservative Chinese parents didn't take kindly to his
   unannounced appearance. There were other frictions between Nora and
   Par. The relationship had been fine on Altos and on the phone, but
   things were just not clicking in person.
   
   He already knew that virtual relationships, forged over an electronic
   medium which denied the importance of physical chemistry, could
   sometimes be disappointing.
   
   Par used to hang out on a phone bridge with another Australian member
   of The Realm, named Phoenix, and with a fun girl from southern
   California. Tammi, a casual phreaker, had a great personality and a
   hilarious sense of humour. During those endless hours chatting, she
   and Phoenix seemed to be in the throes of a mutual crush. In the
   phreaking underground, they were known as a bit of a virtual item. She
   had even invited Phoenix to come visit her sometime. Then, one day,
   for the fun of it, Tammi decided to visit Par in Monterey. Her
   appearance was a shock.
   
   Tammi had described herself to Phoenix as being a blue-eyed, blonde
   California girl. Par knew that Phoenix visualised her as a
   stereotypical bikini-clad, beach bunny from LA. His perception rested
   on a foreigner's view of the southern California culture. The land of
   milk and honey. The home of the Beach Boys and TV series like
   `Charlie's Angels'.
   
   When Tammi arrived, Par knew instantly that she and Phoenix would
   never hit it off in person. Tammi did in fact have both blonde hair
   and blue eyes. She had neglected to mention, however, that she weighed
   about 300 pounds, had a rather homely face and a somewhat down-market
   style. Par really liked Tammi, but he couldn't get the ugly phrase
   `white trash' out of his thoughts. He pushed and shoved, but the
   phrase was wedged in his mind. It fell to Par to tell Phoenix the
   truth about Tammi.
   
   So Par knew all about how reality could burst the foundations of a
   virtual relationship.

   Leaving New York and Nora behind, Par moved across the river to New
   Jersey to stay with a friend, Byteman, who was one of a group of
   hackers who specialised in breaking into computer systems run by Bell
   Communications Research (Bellcore). Bellcore came into existence at
   the beginning of 1984 as a result of the break-up of the US telephone
   monopoly known as Bell Systems. Before the break-up, Bell Systems'
   paternalistic holding company, American Telephone and Telegraph
   (AT&T), had
   fostered the best and brightest in Bell Labs, its research arm. Over
   the course of its history, Bell Labs boasted at least seven
   Nobel-prize winning researchers and numerous scientific achievements.
   All of which made Bellcore a good target for hackers trying to prove
   their prowess.
   
   Byteman used to chat with Theorem on Altos, and eventually he called
   her, voice. Par must have looked pretty inconsolable, because one day
   while Byteman was talking to Theorem, he suddenly said to her, `Hey,
   wanna talk to a friend of mine?' Theorem said `Sure' and Byteman
   handed the telephone to Par. They talked for about twenty minutes.
   
   After that they spoke regularly both on Altos and on the phone. For
   weeks after Par returned to California, Theorem tried to cheer him up
   after his unfortunate experience with Nora. By mid-1988, they had
   fallen utterly and passionately in love.
   
   Electron, an occasional member of Force's Realm group, took the news
   very badly. Not everyone on Altos liked Electron. He could be a little
   prickly, and very cutting when he chose to be, but he was an ace
   hacker, on an international scale, and everyone listened to him.
   Obsessive, creative and quick off the mark, Electron had respect,
   which is one reason Par felt so badly.
   
   When Theorem told Electron the bad news in a private conversation
   on-line, Electron had let fly in the public area, ripping into the
   American hacker on the main chat section of Altos, in front of
   everyone.
   
   Par took it on the chin and refused to fight back. What else could he
   do? He knew what it was like to hurt. He felt for the guy and knew how
   he would feel if he lost Theorem. And he knew that Electron must be
   suffering a terrible loss of face. Everyone saw Electron and Theorem
   as an item. They had been together for more than a year. So Par met
   Electron's fury with grace and quiet words of consolation.
   
   Par didn't hear much from Electron after that day. The Australian
   still visited Altos, but he seemed more withdrawn, at least whenever
   Par was around. After that day, Par ran into him once, on a phone
   bridge with a bunch of Australian hackers.
   
   Phoenix said on the bridge, `Hey, Electron. Par's on the bridge.'
   
   Electron paused. `Oh, really,' he answered coolly. Then he went
   silent.
   
   Par let Electron keep his distance. After all, Par had what really
   counted--the girl.
   
   Par called Theorem almost every day. Soon they began to make plans for
   her to fly to California so they could meet in person. Par tried not
   to expect too much, but he found it difficult to stop savouring the
   thought of finally seeing Theorem face to face. It gave him
   butterflies.
   
   Yeah, Par thought, things are really looking up.
   
   The beauty of Altos was that, like Pacific Island or any other local
   BBS, a hacker could take on any identity he wanted. And he could do it
   on an international scale. Visiting Altos was like attending a
   glittering masquerade ball. Anyone could recreate himself. A socially
   inept hacker could pose as a character of romance and adventure. And a
   security official could pose as a hacker.
   
   Which is exactly what Telenet security officer Steve Mathews did on 27
   October 1988. Par happened to be on-line, chatting away with his
   friends and hacker colleagues. At any given moment, there were always
   a few strays on Altos, a few people who weren't regulars. Naturally,
   Mathews didn't announce himself as being a Telenet guy. He just
   slipped quietly onto Altos looking like any other hacker. He might
   engage a hacker in conversation, but he let the hacker do most of the
   talking. He was there to listen.
   
   On that fateful day, Par happened to be in one of his magnanimous
   moods. Par had never had much money growing up, but he was always very
   generous with what he did have. He talked for a little while with the
   unknown hacker on Altos, and then gave him one of the debit cards
   taken from his visits to the CitiSaudi computer. Why not? On Altos, it
   was a bit like handing out your business card. `The
   Parmaster--Parameters Par Excellence'.
   
   Par had got his full name--The Parmaster--in his earliest hacking
   days. Back then, he belonged to a group of teenagers involved in
   breaking the copy protections on software programs for Apple IIes,
   particularly games. Par had a special gift for working out the copy
   protection parameters, which was a first step in bypassing the
   manufacturers' protection schemes. The ringleader of the group began
   calling him `the master of parameters'--The Parmaster--Par, for short.
   As he moved into serious hacking and developed his expertise in X.25
   networks, he kept the name because it fitted nicely in his new
   environment. `Par?' was a common command on an X.25 pad, the modem
   gateway to an X.25 network.
   
   `I've got lots more where that come from,' Par told the stranger on
   Altos. `I've got like 4000 cards from a Citibank system.'
   
   Not long after that, Steve Mathews was monitoring Altos again, when
   Par showed up handing out cards to people once more.
   
   `I've got an inside contact,' Par confided. `He's gonna make up a
   whole mess of new, plastic cards with all these valid numbers from the
   Citibank machine. Only the really big accounts, though. Nothing with a
   balance under $25000.'
   
   Was Par just making idle conversation, talking big on Altos? Or would
   he really have gone through with committing such a major fraud?
   Citibank, Telenet and the US Secret Service would never know, because
   their security guys began closing the net around Par before he had a
   chance to take his idea any further.
   
   Mathews contacted Larry Wallace, fraud investigator with Citibank in
   San Mateo, California. Wallace checked out the cards. They were valid
   all right. They belonged to the Saudi-American Bank in Saudi Arabia
   and were held on a Citibank database in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
   Wallace determined that, with its affiliation to the Middle Eastern
   bank, Citibank had a custodial responsibility for the accounts. That
   meant he could open a major investigation.
   
   On 7 November, Wallace brought in the US Secret Service. Four days
   later, Wallace and Special Agent Thomas Holman got their first major
   lead when they interviewed Gerry Lyons of Pacific Bell's security
   office in San Francisco.
   
   Yes, Lyons told the investigators, she had some information they might
   find valuable. She knew all about hackers and phreakers. In fact, the
   San Jose Police had just busted two guys trying to phreak at a pay
   phone. The phreakers seemed to know something about a Citibank system.
   
   When the agents showed up at the San Jose Police Department for their
   appointment with Sergeant Dave Flory, they received another pleasant
   surprise. The sergeant had a book filled with hackers' names and
   numbers seized during the arrest of the two pay-phone phreakers. He
   also happened to be in possession of a tape recording of the phreakers
   talking to Par from a prison phone.
   
   The cheeky phreakers had used the prison pay phone to call up a
   telephone bridge located at the University of Virginia. Par, the
   Australian hackers and other assorted American phreakers and hackers
   visited the bridge frequently. At any one moment, there might be eight
   to ten people from the underground sitting on the bridge. The
   phreakers found Par hanging out there, as usual, and they warned him.
   His name and number were inside the book seized by police when they
   were busted.
   
   Par didn't seem worried at all.
   
   `Hey, don't worry. It's cool,' he reassured them. `I have just
   disconnected my phone number today--with no forwarding details.'
   
   Which wasn't quite true. His room-mate, Scott, had indeed disconnected
   the phone which was in his name because he had been getting prank
   calls. However, Scott opened a new telephone account at the same
   address with the same name on the same day--all of which made the job
   of tracking down the mysterious hacker named Par much easier for the
   law enforcement agencies.
   
   In the meantime, Larry Wallace had been ringing around his contacts in
   the security business and had come up with another lead. Wanda Gamble,
   supervisor for the Southeastern Region of MCI Investigations, in
   Atlanta, had a wealth of information on the hacker who called himself
   Par. She was well connected when it came to hackers, having acquired a
   collection of reliable informants during her investigations of
   hacker-related incidents. She gave the Citibank investigator two
   mailbox numbers for Par. She also handed them what she believed was
   his home phone number.
   
   The number checked out and on 25 November, the day after Thanksgiving,
   the Secret Service raided Par's house. The raid was terrifying. At
   least four law enforcement officers burst through the door with guns
   drawn and pointed. One of them had a shotgun. As is often the case in
   the US, investigators from private, commercial organisations--in this
   case Citibank and Pacific Bell--also took part in the raid.
   
   The agents tore the place apart looking for evidence. They dragged
   down the food from the kitchen cupboards. They emptied the box of
   cornflakes into the sink looking for hidden computer disks. They
   looked everywhere, even finding a ceiling cavity at the back of a
   closet which no-one even knew existed.
   
   They confiscated Par's Apple IIe, printer and modem. But, just to be
   sure, they also took the Yellow Pages, along with the telephone and
   the new Nintendo game paddles Scott had just bought. They scooped up
   the very large number of papers which had been piled under the coffee
   table, including the spiral notebook with Scott's airline bookings
   from his job as a travel agent. They even took the garbage.
   
   It wasn't long before they found the red shoebox full of disks peeping
   out from under the fish tank next to Par's computer.
   
   They found lots of evidence. What they didn't find was Par.
   
   Instead, they found Scott and Ed, two friends of Par. They were pretty
   shaken up by the raid. Not knowing Par's real identity, the Secret
   Service agents accused Scott of being Par. The phone was in his name,
   and Special Agent Holman had even conducted some surveillance more
   than a week before the raid, running the plates on Scott's 1965 black
   Ford Mustang parked in front of the house. The Secret Service was sure
   it had its man, and Scott had a hell of a time convincing them
   otherwise.
   
   Both Scott and Ed swore up and down that they weren't hackers or
   phreakers, and they certainly weren't Par. But they knew who Par was,
   and they told the agents his real name. After considerable pressure
   from the Secret Service, Scott and Ed agreed to make statements down
   at the police station.
   
   In Chicago, more than 2700 kilometres away from the crisis unfolding
   in northern California, Par and his mother watched his aunt walk down
   the aisle in her white gown.
   
   Par telephoned home once, to Scott, to say `hi' from the Midwest. The
   call came after the raid.
   
   `So,' a relaxed Par asked his room-mate, `How are things going at
   home?'
   
   `Fine,' Scott replied. `Nothing much happening here.'
   
   Par looked down at the red bag he was carrying with a momentary
   expression of horror. He realised he stood out in the San Jose bus
   terminal like a peacock among the pigeons ...
   
   Blissfully ignorant of the raid which had occurred three days before,
   Par and his mother had flown into San Jose airport. They had gone to
   the bus terminal to pick up a Greyhound home to the Monterey area.
   While waiting for the bus, Par called his friend Tammi to say he was
   back in California.
   
   Any casual bystander waiting to use the pay phones at that moment
   would have seen a remarkable transformation in the brown-haired boy at
   the row of phones. The smiling face suddenly dropped in a spasm of
   shock. His skin turned ash white as the blood fled south. His deep-set
   chocolate brown eyes, with their long, graceful lashes curving upward
   and their soft, shy expression, seemed impossibly large.
   
   For at that moment Tammi told Par that his house had been raided by
   the Secret Service. That Scott and Ed had been pretty upset about
   having guns shoved in their faces, and had made statements about him
   to the police. That they thought their phone was tapped. That the
   Secret Service guys were still hunting for Par, they knew his real
   name, and she thought there was an all points bulletin out for him.
   Scott had told the Secret Service about Par's red bag, the one with
   all his hacking notes that he always carried around. The one with the
   print-out of all the Citibank credit card numbers.
   
   And so it was that Par came to gaze down at his bag with a look of
   alarm. He realised instantly that the Secret Service would be looking
   for that red bag. If they didn't know what he looked like, they would
   simply watch for the bag.
   
   That bag was not something Par could hide easily. The Citibank
   print-out was the size of a phone book. He also had dozens of disks
   loaded with the cards and other sensitive hacking information.
   
   Par had used the cards to make a few free calls, but he hadn't been
   charging up any jet skis. He fought temptation valiantly, and in the
   end he had won, but others might not have been so victorious in the
   same battle. Par figured that some less scrupulous hackers had
   probably been charging up a storm. He was right. Someone had, for
   example, tried to send a $367 bouquet of flowers to a woman in El Paso
   using one of the stolen cards. The carder had unwittingly chosen a
   debit card belonging to a senior Saudi bank executive who happened to
   be in his office at the time the flower order was placed. Citibank
   investigator Larry Wallace added notes on that incident to his growing
   file.
   
   Par figured that Citibank would probably try to pin every single
   attempt at carding on him. Why not? What kind of credibility would a
   seventeen-year-old hacker have in denying those sorts of allegations?
   Zero. Par made a snap decision. He sidled up to a trash bin in a dark
   corner. Scanning the scene warily, Par casually reached into the red
   bag, pulled out the thick wad of Citibank card print-outs and stuffed
   it into the bin. He fluffed a few stray pieces of garbage over the
   top.
   
   He worried about the computer disks with all his other valuable
   hacking information. They represented thousands of hours of work and
   he couldn't bring himself to throw it all away. The 10 megabyte
   trophy. More than 4000 cards. 130000 different transactions. In the
   end, he decided to hold on to the disks, regardless of the risk. At
   least, without the print-out, he could crumple the bag up a bit and
   make it a little less conspicuous. As Par slowly moved away from the
   bin, he glanced back to check how nondescript the burial site appeared
   from a distance. It looked like a pile of garbage. Trash worth
   millions of dollars, headed for the dump.
   
   As he boarded the bus to Salinas with his mother, Par's mind was
   instantly flooded with images of a homeless person fishing the
   print-out from the bin and asking someone about it. He tried to push
   the idea from his head.
   
   During the bus ride, Par attempted to figure out what he was going to
   do. He didn't tell his mother anything. She couldn't even begin to
   comprehend his world of computers and networks, let alone his current
   predicament. Further, Par and his mother had suffered from a somewhat
   strained relationship since he ran away from home not long after his
   seventeenth birthday. He had been kicked out of school for
   non-attendance, but had found a job tutoring students in computers at
   the local college. Before the trip to Chicago, he had seen her just
   once in six months. No, he couldn't turn to her for help.
   
   The bus rolled toward the Salinas station. En route, it travelled down
   the street where Par lived. He saw a jogger, a thin black man wearing
   a walkman. What the hell is a jogger doing here, Par thought. No-one
   jogged in the semi-industrial neighbourhood. Par's house was about the
   only residence amid all the light-industrial buildings. As soon as the
   jogger was out of sight of the house, he suddenly broke away from his
   path, turned off to one side and hit the ground. As he lay on his
   stomach on some grass, facing the house, he seemed to begin talking
   into the walkman.
   
   Sitting watching this on the bus, Par flipped out. They were out to
   get him, no doubt about it. When the bus finally arrived at the depot
   and his mother began sorting out their luggage, Par tucked the red bag
   under his arm and disappeared. He found a pay phone and called Scott
   to find out the status of things. Scott handed the phone to Chris,
   another friend who lived in the house. Chris had been away at his
   parents' home during the Thanksgiving raid.
   
   `Hold tight and lay low,' Chris told Par.
   
   `I'm on my way over to pick you up and take you to a lawyer's office
   where you can get some sort of protection.'
   
   A specialist in criminal law, Richard Rosen was born in New York but
   raised in his later childhood in California. He had a personality
   which reflected the steely stubbornness of a New Yorker, tempered with
   the laid-back friendliness of the west coast. Rosen also harboured a
   strong anti-authoritarian streak. He represented the local chapter of
   Hell's Angels in the middle-class County of Monterey. He also caused a
   splash representing the growing midwifery movement, which promoted
   home-births. The doctors of California didn't like him much as a
   result.
   
   Par's room-mates met with Rosen after the raid to set things up for
   Par's return. They told him about the terrifying ordeal of the Secret
   Service raid, and how they were interrogated for an hour and a half
   before being pressured to give statements. Scott, in particular, felt
   that he had been forced to give a statement against Par under duress.
   
   While Par talked to Chris on the phone, he noticed a man standing at
   the end of the row of pay phones. This man was also wearing a walkman.
   He didn't look Par in the eye. Instead, he faced the wall, glancing
   furtively off to the side toward where Par was standing. Who was that
   guy? Fear welled up inside Par and all sorts of doubts flooded his
   mind. Who could he trust?
   
   Scott hadn't told him about the raid. Were his room-mates in cahoots
   the Secret Service? Were they just buying time so they could turn him
   in? There was no-one else Par could turn to. His mother wouldn't
   understand. Besides, she had problems of her own. And he didn't have a
   father. As far as Par was concerned, his father was as good as dead.
   He had never met the man, but he heard he was a prison officer in
   Florida. Not a likely candidate for helping Par in this situation. He
   was close to his grandparents--they had bought his computer for him as
   a present--but they lived in a tiny Mid-Western town and they simply
   wouldn't understand either.
   
   Par didn't know what to do, but he didn't seem to have many options at
   the moment, so he told Chris he would wait at the station for him.
   Then he ducked around a corner and tried to hide.
   
   A few minutes later, Chris pulled into the depot. Par dove into the
   Toyota Landcruiser and Chris tore out of the station toward Rosen's
   office. They noticed a white car race out of the bus station after
   them.
   
   While they drove, Par pieced together the story from Chris. No-one had
   warned him about the raid because everyone in the house believed the
   phone line was tapped. Telling Par while he was in Chicago might have
   meant another visit from the Secret Service. All they had been able to
   do was line up Rosen to help him.
   
   Par checked the rear-view mirror. The white car was still following
   them. Chris made a hard turn at the next intersection and accelerated
   down the California speedway. The white car tore around the corner in
   pursuit. No matter what Chris did, he couldn't shake the tail. Par sat
   in the seat next to Chris, quietly freaking out.
   
   Just 24 hours before, he had been safe and sound in Chicago. How did
   he end up back here in California being chased by a mysterious driver
   in a white car?
   
   Chris tried his best to break free, swerving and racing. The white car
   wouldn't budge. But Chris and Par had one advantage over the white
   car; they were in a four-wheel drive. In a split-second decision,
   Chris jerked the steering wheel to one side. The Landcruiser veered
   off the road onto a lettuce field. Par gripped the inside of the door
   as the 4WD bounced through the dirt over the neat crop rows. Near-ripe
   heads of lettuce went flying out from under the tires. Half-shredded
   lettuce leaves filled the air. A cloud of dirt enveloped the car. The
   vehicle skidded and jerked, but finally made its way to a highway at
   the far end of the field. Chris hit the highway running, swerving into
   the lane at high speed.
   
   When Par looked back, the white car had disappeared. Chris kept his
   foot on the accelerator and Par barely breathed until the Landcruiser
   pulled up in front of Richard Rosen's building.
   
   Par leaped out, the red bag still clutched tightly under his arm, and
   high-tailed it into the lawyer's office. The receptionist looked a bit
   shocked when he said his name. Someone must have filled her in on the
   details.
   
   Rosen quickly ushered him into his office. Introductions were brief
   and Par cut to the story of the chase. Rosen listened intently,
   occasionally asking a well-pointed question, and then took control of
   the situation.
   
   The first thing they needed to do was call off the Secret Service
   chase, Rosen said, so Par didn't have to spend any more time ducking
   around corners and hiding in bus depots. He called the Secret
   Service's San Francisco office and asked Special Agent Thomas J.
   Holman to kill the Secret Service pursuit in exchange for an agreement
   that Par would turn himself in to be formally charged.
   
   Holman insisted that they had to talk to Par.
   
   No, Rosen said. There would be no interviews for Par by law
   enforcement agents until a deal had been worked out.
   
   But the Secret Service needed to talk to Par, Holman insisted. They
   could only discuss all the other matters after the Secret Service had
   had a chance to talk with Par.
   
   Rosen politely warned Holman not to attempt to contact his client. You
   have something to say to Par, you go through me, he said. Holman did
   not like that at all. When the Secret Service wanted to talk to
   someone, they were used to getting their way. He pushed Rosen, but the
   answer was still no. No no no and no again. Holman had made a mistake.
   He had assumed that everyone wanted to do business with the United
   States Secret Service.
   
   When he finally realised Rosen wouldn't budge, Holman gave up. Rosen
   then negotiated with the federal prosecutor, US Attorney Joe Burton,
   who was effectively Holman's boss in the case, to call off the pursuit
   in exchange for Par handing himself in to be formally charged.
   
   Then Par gave Rosen his red bag, for safekeeping.
   
   At about the same time, Citibank investigator Wallace and Detective
   Porter of the Salinas Police interviewed Par's mother as she returned
   home from the bus depot. She said that her son had moved out of her
   home some six months before, leaving her with a $2000 phone bill she
   couldn't pay. They asked if they could search her home. Privately, she
   worried about what would happen if she refused. Would they tell the
   office where she worked as a clerk? Could they get her fired? A simple
   woman who had little experience dealing with law enforcement agents,
   Par's mother agreed. The investigators took Par's disks and papers.
   
   Par turned himself in to the Salinas Police in the early afternoon of
   12 December. The police photographed and fingerprinted him before
   handing him a citation--a small yellow slip headed `502 (c) (1) PC'.
   It looked like a traffic ticket, but the two charges Par faced were
   felonies, and each carried a maximum term of three years for a minor.
   Count 1, for hacking into Citicorp Credit Services, also carried a
   fine of up to $10000. Count 2, for `defrauding a telephone service',
   had no fine: the charges were for a continuing course of conduct,
   meaning that they applied to the same activity over an extended period
   of time.
   
   Federal investigators had been astonished to find Par was so young.
   Dealing with a minor in the federal court system was a big hassle, so
   the prosecutor decided to ask the state authorities to prosecute the
   case. Par was ordered to appear in Monterey County Juvenile Court on
   10 July 1989.
   
   Over the next few months, Par worked closely with Rosen. Though Rosen
   was a very adept lawyer, the situation looked pretty depressing.
   Citibank claimed it had spent $30000 on securing its systems and Par
   believed that the corporation might be looking for up to $3 million in
   total damages. While they couldn't prove Par had made any money from
   the cards himself, the prosecution would argue that his generous
   distribution of them had led to serious financial losses. And that was
   just the financial institutions.
   
   Much more worrying was what might come out about Par's visits to TRW's
   computers. The Secret Service had seized at least one disk with TRW
   material on it.
   
   TRW was a large, diverse company, with assets of $2.1 billion and
   sales of almost $7 billion in 1989, nearly half of which came from the
   US government. It employed more than 73000 people, many of who worked
   with the company's credit ratings business. TRW's vast databases held
   private details of millions of people--addresses, phone numbers,
   financial data.
   
   That, however, was just one of the company's many businesses. TRW also
   did defence work--very secret defence work. Its Space and Defense
   division, based in Redondo Beach, California, was widely believed to
   be a major beneficiary of the Reagan Government's Star Wars budget.
   More than 10 per cent of the company's employees worked in this
   division, designing spacecraft systems, communications systems,
   satellites and other, unspecified, space `instruments'.
   
   The siezed disk had some mail from the company's TRWMAIL systems. It
   wasn't particularly sensitive, mostly just company propaganda sent to
   employees, but the Secret Service might think that where there was
   smoke, there was bound to be fire. TRW did the kind of work that makes
   governments very nervous when it comes to unauthorised access. And Par
   had visited certain TRW machines; he knew that company had a missiles
   research section, and even a space weapons section.
   
   With so many people out to get him--Citibank, the Secret Service, the
   local police, even his own mother had helped the other side--it was
   only a matter of time before they unearthed the really secret things
   he had seen while hacking. Par began to wonder if was such a good idea
   for him to stay around for the trial.
   
				    [ ]

   In early 1989, when Theorem stepped off the plane which carried her
   from Switzerland to San Francisco, she was pleased that she had
   managed to keep a promise to herself. It wasn't always an easy
   promise. There were times of intimacy, of perfect connection, between
   the two voices on opposite sides of the globe, when it seemed so
   breakable.
   
   Meanwhile, Par braced himself. Theorem had described herself in such
   disparaging terms. He had even heard from others on Altos that she was
   homely. But that description had ultimately come from her anyway, so
   it didn't really count.
   
   Finally, as he watched the stream of passengers snake out to the
   waiting area, he told himself it didn't matter anyway. After all, he
   had fallen in love with her--her being, her essence--not her image as
   it appeared in flesh. And he had told her so. She had said the same
   back to him.
   
   Suddenly she was there, in front of him. Par had to look up slightly
   to reach her eyes, since she was a little more than an inch taller.
   She was quite pretty, with straight, brown shoulder-length hair and
   brown eyes. He was just thinking how much more attractive she was than
   he had expected, when it happened.
   
   Theorem smiled.
   
   Par almost lost his balance. It was a devastating smile, big and
   toothy, warm and genuine. Her whole face lit up with a fire of
   animation. That smile sealed it.
   
   She had kept her promise to herself. There was no clear image of Par
   in her mind before meeting him in person. After meeting a few people
   from Altos at a party in Munich the year before, she had tried not to
   create images of people based on their on-line personalities. That way
   she would never suffer disappointment.
   
   Par and Theorem picked up her bags and got into Brian's car. Brian, a
   friend who offered to play airport taxi because Par didn't have a car,
   thought Theorem was pretty cool. A six-foot-tall French-speaking Swiss
   woman. It was definitely cool. They drove back to Par's house. Then
   Brian came in for a chat.
   
   Brian asked Theorem all sorts of questions. He was really curious,
   because he had never met anyone from Europe before. Par kept trying to
   encourage his friend to leave but Brian wanted to know all about life
   in Switzerland. What was the weather like? Did people ski all the
   time?
   
   Par kept looking Brian in the eye and then staring hard at the door.
   
   Did most Swiss speak English? What other languages did she know? A lot
   of people skied in California. It was so cool talking to someone from
   halfway around the world.
   
   Par did the silent chin-nudge toward the door and, at last, Brian got
   the hint. Par ushered his friend out of the house. Brian was only
   there for about ten minutes, but it felt like a year. When Par and
   Theorem were alone, they talked a bit, then Par suggested they go for
   a walk.
   
   Halfway down the block, Par tentatively reached for her hand and took
   it in his own. She seemed to like it. Her hand was warm. They talked a
   bit more, then Par stopped. He turned to face her. He paused, and then
   told her something he had told her before over the telephone,
   something they both knew already.
   
   Theorem kissed him. It startled Par. He was completely unprepared.
   Then Theorem said the same words back to him.
   
   When they returned to the house, things progressed from there. They
   spent two and a half weeks in each other's arms--and they were
   glorious, sun-drenched weeks. The relationship proved to be far, far
   better in person than it had ever been on-line or on the telephone.
   Theorem had captivated Par, and Par, in turn, created a state of bliss
   in Theorem.
   
   Par showed her around his little world in northern California. They
   visited a few tourist sites, but mostly they just spent a lot of time
   at home. They talked, day and night, about everything.
   
   Then it was time for Theorem to leave, to return to her job and her
   life in Switzerland. Her departure was hard--driving to the airport,
   seeing her board the plane--it was heart-wrenching. Theorem looked
   very upset. Par just managed to hold it together until the plane took
   off.
   
   For two and a half weeks, Theorem had blotted out Par's approaching
   court case. As she flew away, the dark reality of the case descended
   on him.

				    [ ]
   
   The fish liked to watch.
   
   Par sat at the borrowed computer all night in the dark, with only the
   dull glow of his monitor lighting the room, and the fish would all
   swim over to the side of their tank and peer out at him. When things
   were quiet on-line, Par's attention wandered to the eel and the lion
   fish. Maybe they were attracted to the phosphorescence of the computer
   screen. Whatever the reason, they certainly liked to hover there. It
   was eerie.
   
   Par took a few more drags of his joint, watched the fish some more,
   drank his Coke and then turned his attention back to his computer.
   
   That night, Par saw something he shouldn't have. Not the usual hacker
   stuff. Not the inside of a university. Not even the inside of an
   international bank containing private financial information about
   Middle Eastern sheiks.
   
   What he saw was information about some sort of killer spy
   satellite--those are the words Par used to describe it to other
   hackers. He said the satellite was capable of shooting down other
   satellites caught spying, and he saw it inside a machine connected to
   TRW's Space and Defense division network. He stumbled upon it much the
   same way Force had accidentally found the CitiSaudi machine--through
   scanning. Par didn't say much else about it because the discovery
   scared the hell out of him.
   
   Suddenly, he felt like the man who knew too much. He'd been in and out
   of so many military systems, seen so much sensitive material, that he
   had become a little blasé about the whole thing. The information was
   cool to read but, God knows, he never intended to actually do anything
   with it. It was just a prize, a glittering trophy testifying to his
   prowess as a hacker. But this discovery shook him up, slapped him in
   the face, made him realise he was exposed.
   
   What would the Secret Service do to him when they found out? Hand him
   another little traffic ticket titled `502C'? No way. Let him tell the
   jury at his trial everything he knew? Let the newspapers print it? Not
   a snowball's chance in hell.
   
   This was the era of Ronald Reagan and George Bush, of space defence
   initiatives, of huge defence budgets and very paranoid military
   commanders who viewed the world as one giant battlefield with the evil
   empire of the Soviet Union.
   
   Would the US government just lock him up and throw away the key? Would
   it want to risk him talking to other prisoners--hardened criminals who
   knew how to make a dollar from that sort of information? Definitely
   not.
   
   That left just one option. Elimination.
   
   It was not a pretty thought. But to the seventeen-year-old hacker it
   was a very plausible one. Par considered what he could do and came up
   with what seemed to be the only solution.
   
   Run.

     _________________________________________________________________

			 Chapter 4 -- The Fugitive
     _________________________________________________________________

     There's one gun, probably more
     and the others are pointing at our backdoor 
     
   -- from `Knife's Edge', on Bird Noises by Midnight Oil
   
   When Par failed to show up for his hearing on 10 July 1989 in the
   Monterey County Juvenile Court in Salinas, he officially became a
   fugitive. He had, in fact, already been on the run for some weeks. But
   no-one knew. Not even his lawyer.
   
   Richard Rosen had an idea something was wrong when Par didn't show up
   for a meeting some ten days before the hearing, but he kept hoping his
   client would come good. Rosen had negotiated a deal for Par:
   reparations plus fifteen days or less in juvenile prison in exchange
   for Par's full cooperation with the Secret Service.
   
   Par had appeared deeply troubled over the matter for weeks. He didn't
   seem to mind telling the Feds how he had broken into various
   computers, but that's not what they were really looking for. They
   wanted him to rat. And to rat on everyone. They knew Par was a kingpin
   and, as such, he knew all the important players in the underground.
   The perfect stooge. But Par couldn't bring himself to narc. Even if he
   did spill his guts, there was still the question of what the
   authorities would do to him in prison. The question of elimination
   loomed large in his mind.
   
   So, one morning, Par simply disappeared. He had planned it carefully,
   packed his bags discreetly and made arrangements with a trusted friend
   outside the circle which included his room-mates. The friend drove
   around to pick Par up when the
   room-mates were out. They never had an inkling that the now
   eighteen-year-old Par was about to vanish for a very long time.
   
   First, Par headed to San Diego. Then LA. Then he made his way to New
   Jersey. After that, he disappeared from the radar screen completely.
   
   Life on the run was hard. For the first few months, Par carried around
   two prized possessions; an inexpensive laptop computer and photos of
   Theorem taken during her visit. They were his lifeline to a different
   world and he clutched them in his bag as he moved from one city to
   another, often staying with his friends from the computer underground.
   The loose-knit network of hackers worked a bit like the
   nineteenth-century American `underground railroad' used by escaped
   slaves to flee from the South to the safety of the northern states.
   Except that, for Par, there was never a safe haven.
   
   Par crisscrossed the continent, always on the move. A week in one
   place. A few nights in another. Sometimes there were breaks in the
   electronic underground railroad, spaces between the place where one
   line ended and another began. Those breaks were the hardest. They
   meant sleeping out in the open, sometimes in the cold, going without
   food and being without anyone to talk to.
   
   He continued hacking, with new-found frenzy, because he was
   invincible. What were the law enforcement agencies going to do? Come
   and arrest him? He was already a fugitive and he figured things
   couldn't get much worse. He felt as though he would be on the run
   forever, and as if he had already been on the run for a lifetime,
   though it was only a few months.
   
   When he was staying with people from the computer underground, Par was
   careful. But when he was alone in a dingy motel room, or with people
   completely outside that world, he hacked without fear. Blatant,
   in-your-face feats. Things he knew the Secret Service would see. Even
   his illicit voice mailbox had words for his pursuers:
   
   Yeah, this is Par. And to all those faggots from the Secret Service
   who keep calling and hanging up, well, lots of luck. 'Cause, I mean,
   you're so fucking stupid, it's not even funny.
   
   I mean, if you had to send my shit to Apple Computers [for analysis],
   you must be so stupid, it's pitiful. You also thought I had
   blue-boxing equipment [for phreaking]. I'm just laughing trying to
   think what you thought was a blue box. You are so lame.
   
   Oh well. And anyone else who needs to leave me a message, go ahead.
   And everyone take it easy and leave me some shit. Alright. Later.
   
   Despite the bravado, paranoia took hold of Par as it never had before.
   If he saw a cop across the street, his breath would quicken and he
   would turn and walk in the opposite direction. If the cop was heading
   toward him, Par crossed the street and turned down the nearest alley.
   Police of any type made him very nervous.
   
   By the autumn of 1989, Par had made his way to a small town in North
   Carolina. He found a place to stop and rest with a friend who used the
   handle The Nibbler and whose family owned a motel. A couple of weeks
   in one place, in one bed, was paradise. It was also free, which meant
   he didn't have to borrow money from Theorem, who helped him out while
   he was on the run.
   
   Par slept in whatever room happened to be available that night, but he
   spent most of his time in one of the motel chalets Nibbler used in the
   off-season as a computer room. They spent days hacking from Nibbler's
   computer. The fugitive had been forced to sell off his inexpensive
   laptop before arriving in North Carolina.
   
   After a few weeks at the motel, however, he couldn't shake the feeling
   that he was being watched. There were too many strangers coming and
   going. He wondered if the hotel guests waiting in their cars were
   spying on him, and he soon began jumping at shadows. Perhaps, he
   thought, the Secret Service had found him after all.
   
   Par thought about how he could investigate the matter in more depth.
   
   One of The Atlanta Three hackers, The Prophet, called Nibbler
   occasionally to exchange hacking information, particularly security
   bugs in Unix systems. During one of their talks, Prophet told Par
   about a new security flaw he'd been experimenting with on a network
   that belonged to the phone company.
   
   The Atlanta Three, a Georgia-based wing of The Legion of Doom, spent a
   good deal of time weaving their way through BellSouth, the phone
   company covering the south-eastern US. They knew about phone switching
   stations the way Par knew about Tymnet. The Secret Service had raided
   the hackers in July 1989 but had not arrested them yet, so in
   September The Prophet continued to maintain an interest in his
   favourite target.
   
   Par thought the flaw in BellSouth's network sounded very cool and
   began playing around in the company's systems. Dial up the company's
   computer network, poke around, look at things. The usual stuff.
   
   It occurred to Par that he could check out the phone company's records
   of the motel to see if there was anything unusual going on. He typed
   in the motel's main phone number and the system fed back the motel's
   address, name and some detailed technical information, such as the
   exact cable and pair attached to the phone number. Then he looked up
   the phone line of the computer chalet. Things looked odd on that line.
   
   The line which he and Nibbler used for most of their hacking showed a
   special status: `maintenance unit on line'.
   
   What maintenance unit? Nibbler hadn't mentioned any problems with any
   of the motel's lines, but Par checked with him. No problems with the
   telephones.
   
   Par felt nervous. In addition to messing around with the phone
   company's networks, he had been hacking into a Russian computer
   network from the computer chalet. The Soviet network was a shiny new
   toy. It had only been connected to the rest of the world's global
   packet-switched network for about a month, which made it particularly
   attractive virgin territory.
   
   Nibbler called in a friend to check the motel's phones. The friend, a
   former telephone company technician turned freelancer, came over to
   look at the equipment. He told Nibbler and Par that something weird
   was happening in the motel's phone system. The line voltages were way
   off.
   
   Par realised instantly what was going on. The system was being
   monitored. Every line coming in and going out was probably being
   tapped, which meant only one thing. Someone--the phone company, the
   local police, the FBI or the Secret Service--was onto him.
   
   Nibbler and Par quickly packed up all Nibbler's computer gear, along
   with Par's hacking notes, and moved to another motel across town. They
   had to shut down all their hacking activities and cover their tracks.
   
   Par had left programs running which sniffed people's passwords and
   login names on a continual basis as they logged in, then dumped all
   the information into a file on the hacked machine. He checked that
   file every day or so. If he didn't shut the programs down, the log
   file would grow until it was so big the system administrator would
   become curious and have a look. When he discovered that his system had
   been hacked he would close the security holes. Par would have problems
   getting back into that system.
   
   After they finished tidying up the hacked systems, they gathered up
   all Par's notes and Nibbler's computer equipment once again and
   stashed them in a rented storage space. Then they drove back to the
   motel.
   
   Par couldn't afford to move on just yet. Besides, maybe only the
   telephone company had taken an interest in the motel's phone system.
   Par had done a lot of poking and prodding of the telecommunications
   companies' computer systems from the motel phone, but he had done it
   anonymously. Perhaps BellSouth felt a little curious and just wanted
   to sniff about for more information. If that was the case, the law
   enforcement agencies probably didn't know that Par, the fugitive, was
   hiding in the motel.
   
   The atmosphere was becoming oppressive in the motel. Par became even
   more watchful of the people coming and going. He glanced out the front
   window a little more often, and he listened a little more carefully to
   the footsteps coming and going. How many of the guests were really
   just tourists? Par went through the guest list and found a man
   registered as being from New Jersey. He was from one of the AT&T
   corporations left after the break-up of Bell Systems. Why on earth
   would an AT&T guy be staying in a tiny hick town in North Carolina?
   Maybe a few Secret Service agents had snuck into the motel and were
   watching the chalet.
   
   Par needed to bring the paranoia under control. He needed some fresh
   air, so he went out for a walk. The weather was bad and the wind blew
   hard, whipping up small tornadoes of autumn leaves. Soon it began
   raining and Par sought cover in the pay phone across the street.
   
   Despite having been on the run for a few months, Par still called
   Theorem almost every day, mostly by phreaking calls through bulk
   telecommunications companies. He dialled her number and they talked
   for a bit. He told her about how the voltage was way off on the
   motel's PABX and how the phone might be tapped. She asked how he was
   holding up. Then they spoke softly about when they might see each
   other again.
   
   Outside the phone box, the storm worsened. The rain hammered the roof
   from one side and then another as the wind jammed it in at strange
   angles. The darkened street was deserted. Tree branches creaked under
   the strain of the wind. Rivulets rushed down the leeward side of the
   booth and formed a wall of water outside the glass. Then a trash bin
   toppled over and its contents flew onto the road.
   
   Trying to ignore to the havoc around him, Par curled the phone handset
   into a small protected space, cupped between his hand, his chest and a
   corner of the phone booth. He reminded Theorem of their time together
   in California, of two and a half weeks, and they laughed gently over
   intimate secrets.
   
   A tree branch groaned and then broke under the force of the wind. When
   it crashed on the pavement near the phone booth, Theorem asked Par
   what the noise was.
   
   `There's a hurricane coming,' he told her. `Hurricane Hugo. It was
   supposed to hit tonight. I guess it's arrived.'
   
   Theorem sounded horrified and insisted Par go back to the safety of
   the motel immediately.
   
   When Par opened the booth door, he was deluged by water. He dashed
   across the road, fighting the wind of the hurricane, staggered into his
   motel room and jumped into bed to warm up. He fell asleep listening to
   the storm, and he dreamed of Theorem.
   
   Hurricane Hugo lasted more than three days, but they felt like the
   safest three days Par had spent in weeks. It was a good bet that the
   Secret Service wouldn't be conducting any raids during a hurricane.
   South Carolina took the brunt of Hugo but North Carolina also suffered
   massive damage. It was one of the worst hurricanes to hit the area in
   decades. Winds near its centre reached more than 240 kilometres per
   hour, causing 60 deaths and $7 billion in damages as it made its way
   up the coast from the West Indies to the Carolinas.
   
   When Par stepped outside his motel room one afternoon a few days after
   the storm, the air was fresh and clean. He walked to the railing
   outside his second-storey perch and found himself looking down on a
   hive of activity in the car park. There were cars. There was a van.
   There was a collection of spectators.
   
   And there was the Secret Service.
   
   At least eight agents wearing blue jackets with the Secret Service
   emblem on the back.
   
   Par froze. He stopped breathing. Everything began to move in slow
   motion. A few of the agents formed a circle around one of the guys
   from the motel, a maintenance worker named John, who looked vaguely
   like Par. They seemed to be hauling John over the coals, searching his
   wallet for identification and quizzing him. Then they escorted him to
   the van, presumably to run his prints.
   
   Par's mind began moving again. He tried to think clearly. What was the
   best way out? He had to get back into his room. It would give him some
   cover while he figured out what to do next. The photos of Theorem
   flashed through his mind. No way was he going to let the Secret
   Service get hold of those. He needed to stash them and fast.
   
   He could see the Secret Service agents searching the computer chalet.
   Thank God he and Nibbler had moved all the equipment. At least there
   was nothing incriminating in there and they wouldn't be able to seize
   all their gear.
   
   Par breathed deeply, deliberately, and forced himself to back away
   from the railing toward the door to his room. He resisted the urge to
   dash into his room, to recoil from the scene being played out below
   him. Abrupt movements would draw the agents' attention.
   
   Just as Par began to move, one of the agents turned around. He scanned
   the two-storey motel complex and his gaze quickly came to rest on Par.
   He looked Par dead in the eye.
   
   This is it, Par thought. I'm screwed. No way out of here now. Months
   on the run only to get done in a hick town in North Carolina. These
   guys are gonna haul my ass away for good. I'll never see the light of
   day again. Elimination is the only option.
   
   While these thoughts raced through Par's mind, he stood rigid, his
   feet glued to the cement floor, his face locked into the probing gaze
   of the Secret Service agent. He felt like they were the only two
   people who existed in the universe.
   
   Then, inexplicably, the agent looked away. He swivelled around to
   finish his conversation with another agent. It was as if he had never
   even seen the fugitive.
   
   Par stood, suspended and unbelieving. Somehow it seemed impossible. He
   began to edge the rest of the way to his motel room. Slowly, casually,
   he slid inside and shut the door behind him.
   
   His mind raced back to the photos of Theorem and he searched the room
   for a safe hiding place. There wasn't one. The best option was
   something above eye-level. He pulled a chair across the room, climbed
   on it and pressed on the ceiling. The rectangular panel of
   plasterboard lifted easily and Par slipped the photos in the space,
   then replaced the panel. If the agents tore the room apart, they would
   likely find the pictures. But the photos would probably escape a quick
   search, which was the best he could hope for at this stage.
   
   Next, he turned his mind to escaping. The locals were pretty cool
   about everything, and Par thought he could count on the staff not to
   mention his presence to the Secret Service. That bought him some time,
   but he couldn't get out of the room without being seen. Besides, if he
   was spotted walking off the property, he would certainly be stopped
   and questioned.
   
   Even if he did manage to get out of the motel grounds, it wouldn't
   help much. The town wasn't big enough to shield him from a thorough
   search and there was no-one there he trusted enough to hide him. It
   might look a little suspicious, this young man running away from the
   motel on foot in a part of the world where everyone travelled by car.
   Hitchhiking was out of the question. With his luck, he'd probably get
   picked up by one of the agents leaving the raid. No, he wanted a more
   viable plan. What he really needed was to get out of the area
   altogether, to flee the state.
   
   Par knew that John travelled to Asheville to attend classes and that
   he left very early. If the authorities had been watching the motel for
   a while, they would know that his 5 a.m. departure was normal. And
   there was one other thing about the early departure which seemed
   promising. It was still dark at that hour.
   
   If Par could get as far as Asheville, he might be able to get a lift
   to Charlotte, and from there he could fly somewhere far away.
   
   Par considered the options again and again. Hiding out in the motel
   room seemed the most sensible thing to do. He had been moving rooms
   around the motel pretty regularly, so he might have appeared to be
   just another traveller to anyone watching the motel. With any luck the
   Secret Service would be concentrating their search on the chalet,
   ripping the place apart in a vain hunt for the computer equipment. As
   these thoughts went through his head, the phone rang, making Par jump.
   He stared at it, wondering whether to answer.
   
   He picked it up.
   
   `It's Nibbler,' a voice whispered.
   
   `Yeah,' Par whispered back.
   
   `Par, the Secret Service is here, searching the motel.'
   
   `I know. I saw them.'
   
   `They've already searched the room next to yours.' Par nearly died.
   The agents had been less than two metres from where he was standing
   and he hadn't even known it. That room was where John stayed. It was
   connected to his by an inner door, but both sides were locked.
   
   `Move into John's room and lay low. Gotta go.' Nibbler hung up
   abruptly.
   
   Par put his ear to the wall and listened. Nothing. He unlocked the
   connecting inner door, turned the knob and pressed lightly. It gave.
   Someone had unlocked the other side after the search. Par squinted
   through the crack in the door. The room was silent and still. He
   opened it--no-one home. Scooping up his things, he quickly moved into
   John's room.
   
   Then he waited. Pacing and fidgeting, he strained his ears to catch
   the sounds outside. Every bang and creak of a door opening and closing
   set him on edge. Late that night, after the law enforcement officials
   had left, Nibbler called him on the house phone and told him what had
   happened.
   
   Nibbler had been inside the computer chalet when the Secret Service
   showed up with a search warrant. The agents took names, numbers, every
   detail they could, but they had trouble finding any evidence of
   hacking. Finally, one of them emerged from the chalet triumphantly
   waving a single computer disk in the air. The law enforcement
   entourage hanging around in front of the chalet let out a little
   cheer, but Nibbler could hardly keep a straight face. His younger
   brother had been learning the basics of computer graphics with a
   program called Logo. The United States Secret Service would soon be
   uncovering the secret drawings of a primary school student.
   
   Par laughed. It helped relieve the stress. Then he told Nibbler his
   escape plan, and Nibbler agreed to arrange matters. His parents didn't
   know the whole story, but they liked Par and wanted to help him. Then
   Nibbler wished his friend well.
   
   Par didn't even try to rest before his big escape. He was as highly
   strung as a racehorse at the gate. What if the Secret Service was
   still watching the place? There was no garage attached to the main
   motel building which he could access from the inside. He would be
   exposed, even though it would only be for a minute or so. The night
   would provide reasonable cover, but the escape plan wasn't fool-proof.
   If agents were keeping the motel under observation from a distance
   they might miss him taking off from his room. On the other hand, there
   could be undercover agents posing as guests watching the entire
   complex from inside their room.
   
   Paranoid thoughts stewed in Par's mind throughout the night. Just
   before 5 a.m., he heard John's car pull up outside. Par flicked off
   the light in his room, opened his door a crack and scanned the motel
   grounds. All quiet, bar the single car, which puffed and grunted in
   the still, cold air. The windows in most of the buildings were dark.
   It was now or never.
   
   Par opened the door all the way and slipped down the hallway. As he
   crept downstairs, the pre-dawn chill sent a shiver down his spine.
   Glancing quickly from side to side, he hurried toward the waiting car,
   pulled the back door open and dove onto the seat. Keeping his head
   down, he twisted around, rolled onto the floor and closed the door
   with little more than a soft click.
   
   As the car began to move. Par reached for a blanket which had been
   tossed on the floor and pulled it over himself. After a while, when
   John told him they were safely out of the town, Par slipped the
   blanket off his face and he looked up at the early morning sky. He
   tried to get comfortable on the floor. It was going to be a long ride.
   
   At Asheville, John dropped Par off at an agreed location. Par thanked
   him and hopped into a waiting car. Someone else from his extensive
   network of friends and acquaintances took him to Charlotte.
   
   This time Par rode in the front passenger seat. For the first time, he
   saw the true extent of the damage wreaked by Hurricane Hugo. The small
   town where he had been staying had been slashed by rain and high
   winds, but on the way to the Charlotte airport, where he would pick up
   a flight to New York, Par watched the devastation with amazement. He
   stared out the car window, unable to take his eyes off the storm's
   trail of havoc.
   
   The hurricane had swept up anything loose or fragile and turned it
   into a missile on a suicide mission. Whatever mangled, broken
   fragments remained after the turbulent winds had passed would have
   been almost unrecognisable to those who had seen them before.

				    [ ]
   
   Theorem worried about Par as he staggered from corner to corner of the
   continent. In fact, she had often asked him to consider giving himself
   up. Moving from town to town was taking its toll on Par, and it wasn't
   that much easier on Theorem. She hadn't thought going on the lam was
   such a great idea in the first place, and she offered to pay for his
   lawyer so he could stop running. Par declined. How could he hand
   himself in when he believed elimination was a real possibility?
   Theorem sent him money, since he had no way of earning a living and he
   needed to eat. The worst parts, though, were the dark thoughts that
   kept crossing her mind. Anything could happen to Par between phone
   calls. Was he alive? In prison? Had he been raided, even accidentally
   shot during a raid?
   
   The Secret Service and the private security people seemed to want him
   so badly. It was worrying, but hardly surprising. Par had embarrassed
   them. He had broken into their machines and passed their private
   information around in the underground. They had raided his home when
   he wasn't even home. Then he had escaped a second raid, in North
   Carolina, slipping between their fingers. He was constantly in their
   face, continuing to hack blatantly and to show them contempt in things
   such as his voicemail message. He figured they were probably
   exasperated from chasing all sorts of false leads as well, since he
   was perpetually spreading fake rumours about his whereabouts. Most of
   all, he thought they knew what he had seen inside the TRW system. He
   was a risk.
   
   Par became more and more paranoid, always watching over his shoulder
   as he moved from city to city. He was always tired. He could never
   sleep properly, worrying about the knock on the door. Some mornings,
   after a fitful few hours of rest, he woke with a start, unable to
   remember where he was. Which house or motel, which friends, which
   city.
   
   He still hacked all the time, borrowing machines where he could. He
   posted messages frequently on The Phoenix Project, an exclusive BBS
   run by The Mentor and Erik Bloodaxe and frequented by LOD members and
   the Australian hackers. Some well-known computer security people were
   also invited onto certain, limited areas of the Texas-based board,
   which immediately elevated the status of The Phoenix Project in the
   computer underground. Hackers were as curious about the security
   people as the security people were about their prey. The Phoenix
   Project was special because it provided neutral ground, where both
   sides could meet to exchange ideas.
   
   Via the messages, Par continued to improve his hacking skills while
   also talking with his friends, people like Erik Bloodaxe, from Texas,
   and Phoenix, from The Realm in Melbourne. Electron also frequented The
   Phoenix Project. These hackers knew Par was on the run, and sometimes
   they joked with him about it. The humour made the stark reality of
   Par's situation bearable. All the hackers on The Phoenix Project had
   considered the prospect of being caught. But the presence of Par, and
   his tortured existence on the run, hammered the implications home with
   some regularity.
   
   As Par's messages became depressed and paranoid, other hackers tried
   to do what they could to help him. Elite US and foreign hackers who
   had access to the private sections of The Phoenix Project saw his
   messages and they felt for him. Yet Par continued to slide deeper and
   deeper into his own strange world.
   
Subject: DAMN !!!
From: The Parmaster
Date: Sat Jan 13 08:40:17 1990

Shit, i got drunk last night and went onto that Philippine system...
Stupid Admin comes on and asks who i am ...

Next thing i know, i'm booted off and both accounts on the system are gone.
Not only this .. but the
whole fucking Philippine Net isn't accepting collect calls anymore. (The thing
went down completely after i was booted off!)
Apparently someone there
had enough of me.
By the way, kids, never
drink and hack!

- Par

Subject: gawd
From: The Parmaster
Date: Sat Jan 13 09:07:06 1990

Those SS boys and NSA boys think i'm a COMRADE .. hehehe i'm just glad
i'm still fucking free.

Bahahaha

<Glastnost and all that happy horseshit>

- Par

Subject: The Bottom line.
From: The Parmaster
Date: Sun Jan 21 10:05:38 1990

The bottom line is a crackdown.  The phrack boys were just the start,
i'm sure of it.

This is the time to watch yourself.  No matter what you are into,
whether it's just codes, cards, etc.

Apparently the government has seen the last straw. Unfortunately, with
all of this in the news now, they will be able to get more government
money to combat hackers.

And that's BAD fucking news for us. I think they are going after all
the `teachers'--the people who educate others into this sort of thing.

I wonder if they think that maybe these remote cases are linked in any
way.  The only way they canprobably see is that we are hackers.  And
so that is where their energies will be put.  To stop ALL hackers--and
stop them BEFORE they can become a threat.  After they wipe out the
educators, that is.  Just a theory.

- Par

Subject: Connection
From: The Parmaster
Date: Sun Jan 21 10:16:11 1990

Well, the only connection is disconnection, as Gandalf [a British
hacker] would say.

That's what i'm putting
on my epitaph.
THE ONLY CONNECTION IS
DISCONNECTION ...
Oh well, maybe i'll take
a few of the buggers with me when they come for me.

- Par

Subject: Oh well.
From: The Parmaster
Date: Tue Jan 23 19:30:05 1990

`And now, the end is near. I've traveled each and every byway ...'  in
the words of the King. Oh well. Who cares? He was a fat shit before he
died anyway.

To everyone who's been a good friend of mine and help me cover up the
fact that i don't know a fucking thing--i thank u.  And to everyone
else, take it easy and hang tough.

i was temporarily insane at the time

See you smart guys at the funny farm.

- Par

Subject: Par
From: Erik Bloodaxe
Date: Tue Jan 23 23:21:39 1990

Shit man, don't drink and think about things like that. It's not
healthy, mentally or physically.

Come to Austin, Texas.

We'll keep you somewhere until we can get something worked out for
you.

A year in minimum security (Club Fed) is better then chucking a whole
life. Hell, you're 19!!  I have discarded the `permanent' solution for
good. Dead people can't get laid, but people in federal prisons DO get
conjugal visits!!!

Think of
Theorem.

Call over here at whatever time you read this ... I can see you are
really getting worried, so just fucking call ...

- Erik

Subject: Hah
From: The Parmaster
Date: Thu Jan 25 18:58:00 1990

Just keep in mind they see everything you do.  Believe me. I know.

- Par

Subject: Well shit.
From: The Parmaster
Date: Mon Jan 29 15:45:05 1990

It's happening soon guys.

I wish i could have bought more time.  And worked out a deal.  But
nada. They are nearby now.

I can tell which cars are theirs driving by outside.  This is the
weirdest case of Deja vu i've ever had.

Anyway got an interesting call today.  It was from Eddie, one of the
Bell systems computers.

It was rather fantasy like ...  Probably just his way of saying
`Goodbye'.  Eddie was a good friend, smartest damn UNIX box around ...
And he called today to tell me goodbye.

Now i know i'm fucked.  Thanks, Eddie, it's been real.  (whoever you
are) `ok eddie, this one's for you'

Much Later,

- Par

Subject: Par
From: Erik Bloodaxe
Date: Mon Jan 29 19:36:38 1990

Buddy, Par, you are over the edge ... lay off the weed.  Not everyone
with glasses and dark suits are Feds. Not all cars with generic
hubcaps are government issue.

Well, hell, I don't know what the hell `Eddie' is, but that's a real
bizarre message you left.

Fly to Austin ... like tomorrow ... got plenty of places to stash you
until things can be smoothed out for a calm transition.

- Erik

Subject: eehh...
From: Phoenix [from Australia]
Date: Tue Jan 30 07:25:59 1990

hmmmmmmmm...

<wonders real REAL thoughtufully> [sic]
<and turns up a blank...>
what is young Par up to?

Subject: Par and Erik
From: Daneel Olivaw
Date: Mon Jan 29 21:10:00 1990

Erik, you aren't exactly the best person to be stashing people are
you?

Subject: You know you are screwed when.
From: The Parmaster
Date: Wed Jan 31 14:26:04 1990

You know you are screwed
when:

When surveyers survey
your neighbors regularly, and wear sunglasses when it's like 11 degrees
farenheit and cloudy as hell out.

When the same cars keep
driving by outside day and night. (I've been thinking about providing coffee an
d
doughnuts).

- Par

Subject: heh, Par
From: The Mentor
Date: Wed Jan 31 16:37:04 1990

Ummm. I wear sunglasses when it's 11 degrees and cloudy ... so you can
eliminate that one.  :-)

Subject: Hmm, Par
From: Phoenix
Date: Thu Feb 01 10:22:46 1990

At least you arent getting shot at.

Subject: Par, why don't you ...
From: Ravage
Date: Thu Feb 01 10:56:04 1990

Why not just go out and say `hi' to the nice gentleman? If i kept
seeing the same people tooling around my neighborhood, i would
actively check them out if they seemed weird.

Subject: Par, jump 'em
From: Aston Martin
Date: Tue Feb 06 18:04:55 1990

What you could do is go out to one of the vans sitting in the street
(you know, the one with the two guys sitting in it all day) with a
pair of jumper cables. Tell them you've seen them sitting there all
day and you thought they were stuck. Ask them if they need a jump.

- Aston

   Between these strange messages, Par often posted comments on technical
   matters. Other hackers routinely asked him questions about X.25
   networks. Unlike some hackers, Par almost always offered some help. In
   fact, he believed that being `one of the teachers' made him a
   particular target. But his willingness to teach others so readily,
   combined with his relatively humble, self-effacing demeanour, made Par
   popular among many hackers. It was one reason he found so many places
   to stay.
   
   Spring arrived, brushing aside a few of the hardships of a winter on
   the run, then summer. Par was still on the run, still dodging the
   Secret Service's national hunt for the fugitive. By autumn, Par had
   eluded law enforcement officials around the United States for more
   than a year. The gloom of another cold winter on the run sat on the
   horizon of Par's future, but he didn't care. Anything, everything was
   bearable. He could take anything Fate would dish up because he had
   something to live for.
   
   Theorem was coming to visit him again.
   
   When Theorem arrived in New York in early 1991, the weather was
   bitterly cold. They travelled to Connecticut, where Par was staying in
   a share-house with friends.
   
   Par was nervous about a lot of things, but mostly about whether things
   would be the same with Theorem. Within a few hours of her arrival, his
   fears were assuaged. Theorem felt as passionately about him as she had
   in California more than twelve months before. His own feelings were
   even stronger. Theorem was a liferaft of happiness in the growing
   turmoil of his life.
   
   But things were different in the outside world. Life on the run with
   Theorem was grim. Constantly dependent on other people, on their
   charity, they were also subject to their petty whims.
   
   A room-mate in the share-house got very drunk one night and picked a
   fight with one of Par's friends. It was a major row and the friend
   stormed out. In a fit of intoxicated fury, the drunk threatened to
   turn Par in to the authorities. Slurring his angry words, he announced
   he was going to call the FBI, CIA and Secret Service to tell them all
   where Par was living.
   
   Par and Theorem didn't want to wait around to see if the drunk would
   be true to his word. They grabbed their coats and fled into the
   darkness. With little money, and no place else to stay, they walked
   around for hours in the blistering, cold wind. Eventually they decided
   they had no choice but to return to the house late at night, hopefully
   after the drunk had fallen asleep.
   
   They sidled up to the front of the house, alert and on edge. It was
   quite possible the drunk had called every law enforcement agency his
   blurry mind could recall, in which case a collection of agents would
   be lying in wait. The street was deadly quiet. All the parked cars
   were deserted. Par peered in a darkened window but he couldn't see
   anything. He motioned for Theorem to follow him into the house.
   
   Though she couldn't see Par's face, Theorem could feel his tension.
   Most of the time, she revelled in their closeness, a proximity which
   at times seemed to border on telepathy. But at this moment, the
   extraordinary gift of empathy felt like a curse. Theorem could feel
   Par's all-consuming paranoia, and it filled her with terror as they
   crept through the hall, checking each room. Finally they reached Par's
   room, expecting to find two or three Secret Service agents waiting
   patiently for them in the dark.
   
   It was empty.
   
   They climbed into bed and tried to get some sleep, but Theorem lay
   awake in the dark for a little while, thinking about the strange and
   fearful experience of returning to the house. Though she spoke to Par
   on the phone almost every day when they were apart, she realised she
   had missed something.
   
   Being on the run for so long had changed Par.
   
   Some time after she returned to Switzerland, Theorem's access to Altos
   shrivelled up and died. She had been logging in through her old
   university account but the university eventually killed her access
   since she was no longer a student. Without access to any X.25 network
   linked to the outside world, she couldn't logon to Altos. Although she
   was never involved with hacking, Theorem had become quite addicted to
   Altos. The loss of access to the Swiss X.25 network--and therefore to
   Altos--left her feeling very depressed. She told Par over the
   telephone, in sombre tones.
   
   Par decide to make a little present for Theorem. While most hackers
   broke into computers hanging off the X.25 networks, Par broke into the
   computers of the companies which ran the X.25 networks. Having control
   over the machines owned by Telenet or Tymnet was real power. And as the
   master of X.25 networks, Par could simply create a special account--just
   for Theorem--on Tymnet.
   
   When Par finished making the account, he leaned back in his chair
   feeling pretty pleased with himself.
   
   Account name: Theorem.
   
   Password: ParLovesMe!
   
   Well, thought Par, she's going to have to type that in every time she
   gets on the Tymnet network. Altos might be filled with the world's
   best hackers, and they might even try to flirt with Theorem, but
   she'll be thinking of me every time she logs on, he thought.
   
   Par called her on the telephone and gave her his special present. When
   he told her the password to her new account, Theorem laughed. She
   thought it was sweet.
   
   And so did the MOD boys.
   
   Masters of Deception, or Destruction--it depended on who told the
   story--was a New York-based gang of hackers. They thought it would be
   cool to hack Altos. It wasn't that easy to get Altos shell access,
   which Theorem had, and most people had to settle for using one of the
   `guest' accounts. But it was much easier to hack Altos from a shell
   account than from a `guest' account. Theorem's account would be the
   targeted jump-off point.
   
   How did MOD get Theorem's Altos password? Most probably they were
   watching one of the X.25 gateways she used as she passed through
   Tymnet on her way to Altos. Maybe the MOD boys sniffed her password en
   route. Or maybe they were watching the Tymnet security officials who
   were watching that gateway.
   
   In the end it didn't matter how MOD got Theorem's password on Altos.
   What mattered was that they changed her password. When Theorem
   couldn't get into Altos she was beside herself. She felt like a junkie
   going cold turkey. It was too much. And of course she couldn't reach
   Par. Because he was on the run, she had to wait for him to call her.
   In fact she couldn't reach any of her other friends on Altos to ask
   for help. How was she going to find them? They were all hackers. They
   chose handles so no-one would know their real names.
   
   What Theorem didn't know was that, not only had she lost access to
   Altos, but the MOD boys were using her account to hack the Altos
   system. To the outside world it appeared as though she was doing it.
   
   Theorem finally managed to get a third-hand message to Gandalf, a
   well-known British hacker. She sought him out for two reasons. First,
   he was a good friend and was therefore likely to help her out. Second,
   Gandalf had root access on Altos, which meant he could give her a new
   password or account.
   
   Gandalf had established quite a reputation for himself in the computer
   underground through the hacking group 8lgm--The Eight-Legged Groove
   Machine, named after a British band. He and his friend, fellow British
   hacker Pad, had the best four legs in the chorus line. They were a
   world-class act, and certainly some of the best talent to come out of
   the British hacking scene. But Gandalf and, to a lesser extent, Pad
   had also developed a reputation for being arrogant. They rubbed some
   of the American hackers the wrong way. Not that Pad and Gandalf seemed
   to care. Their attitude was: We're good. We know it. Bugger off.
   
   Gandalf disabled Theorem's account on Altos. He couldn't very well
   just change the password and then send the new one through the
   extended grapevine that Theorem had used to get a message through to
   him. Clearly, someone had targeted her account specifically. No way
   was he going to broadcast a new password for her account throughout
   the underground. But the trouble was that neither Par nor Theorem knew
   what Gandalf had done.
   
   Meanwhile, Par called Theorem and got an earful. An angry Par vowed to
   find out just who the hell had been messing with her account.
   
   When the MOD boys told Par they were the culprits, he was a bit
   surprised because he had always been on good terms with them. Par told
   them how upset Theorem had been, how she gave him an earful. Then an
   extraordinary thing happened. Corrupt, the toughest, baddest guy in
   MOD, the black kid from the roughest part of New York, the hacker who
   gave shit to everyone because he could, apologised to Par.
   
   The MOD guys never apologised, even when they knew they were in the
   wrong. Apologies never got anyone very far on a New York City street.
   It was an attitude thing. `I'm sorry, man' from Corrupt was the
   equivalent of a normal person licking the mud from the soles of your
   shoes.
   
   The new password was: M0Dm0dM0D. That's the kind of guys they were.
   
   Par was just signing off to try out the new password when Corrupt
   jumped in.
   
   `Yeah, and ah, Par, there's something you should know.'
   
   `Yeah?' Par answered, anxious to go.
   
   `I checked out her mail. There was some stuff in it.'
   
   Theorem's letters? Stuff? `What kind of stuff?' he asked.
   
   `Letters from Gandalf.'
   
   `Yeah?'
   
   `Friendly letters. Real friendly.'
   
   Par wanted to know, but at the same time, he didn't. He could have
   arranged root access on Altos long ago if he'd really wanted it. But
   he didn't. He didn't want it because it would mean he could access
   Theorem's mail. And Par knew that if he could, he would. Theorem was
   popular on Altos and, being the suspicious type, Par knew he would
   probably take something perfectly innocent and read it the wrong way.
   Then he would get in a fight with Theorem, and their time together was
   too precious for that.
   
   `Too friendly,' Corrupt went on. It must have been hard for him to
   tell Par. Snagging a friend's girlfriend's password and breaking into
   her account was one thing. There wasn't much wrong with that. But
   breaking that kind of news, well, that was harsh. Especially since
   Corrupt had worked with Gandalf in 8lgm.
   
   `Thanks,' Par said finally. Then he took off.
   
   When Par tried out the MOD password, it didn't work of course, because
   Gandalf had disabled the account. But Par didn't know that. Finding
   out that Theorem's account was disabled didn't bother him, but
   discovering who disabled it for her didn't make Par all that happy.
   Still, when he confronted Theorem, she denied that anything was going
   on between her and Gandalf.
   
   What could Par do? He could believe Theorem or he could doubt her.
   Believing her was hard, but doubting her was painful. So he chose to
   believe her.
   
   The incident made Theorem take a long look at Altos. It was doing bad
   things to her life. In the days that she was locked out of the German
   chat system, she had made the unpleasant discovery that she was
   completely addicted. And she didn't like it at all. Staring at her
   life with fresh eyes, she realised she had been ignoring her friends
   and her life in Switzerland. What on earth was she doing, spending
   every night in front of a computer screen?
   
   So Theorem made a tough decision.
   
   She decided to stop using Altos forever.

				    [ ]
   
   Bad things seemed to happen to The Parmaster around Thanksgiving.
   
   In late November 1991, Par flew up from Virginia Beach to New York. An
   acquaintance named Morty Rosenfeld, who hung out with the MOD hackers
   a bit, had invited him to come for a visit. Par thought a trip to the
   City would do him good.
   
   Morty wasn't exactly Par's best friend, but he was all right. He had
   been charged by the Feds a few months earlier for selling a password
   to a credit record company which resulted in credit card fraud. Par
   didn't go in for selling passwords, but to each his own. Morty wasn't
   too bad in the right dose. He had a place on Coney Island, which was
   hardly the Village in Manhattan, but close enough, and he had a
   fold-out sofa bed. It beat sleeping on the floor somewhere else.
   
   Par hung out with a Morty and a bunch of his friends, drinking and
   goofing around on Morty's computer.
   
   One morning, Par woke up with a vicious hangover. His stomach was
   growling and there was nothing edible in the fridge, so he rang up and
   ordered pork fried rice from a Chinese take-away. Then he threw on
   some clothes and sat on the end of the sofa-bed, smoking a cigarette
   while he waited. He didn't start smoking until he was nineteen, some
   time late into his second year on the run. It calmed his nerves.
   
   There was a knock at the front door. Par's stomach grumbled in
   response. As he walked toward the front door, he thought Pork Fried
   Rice, here I come. But when Par opened the front door, there was
   something else waiting for him.
   
   The Secret Service.
   
   Two men. An older, distinguished gentleman standing on the left and a
   young guy on the right. The young guy's eyes opened wide when he saw
   Par.
   
   Suddenly, the young guy pushed Par, and kept pushing him. Small, hard,
   fast thrusts. Par couldn't get his balance. Each time he almost got
   his footing, the agent shoved the hacker backward again until he
   landed against the wall. The agent spun Par around so his face pressed
   against the wall and pushed a gun into his kidney. Then he slammed
   handcuffs on Par and started frisking him for weapons.
   
   Par looked at Morty, now sobbing in the corner, and thought, You
   narced on me.
   
   Once Par was safely cuffed, the agents flashed their badges to him.
   Then they took him outside, escorted him into a waiting car and drove
   into Manhattan. They pulled up in front of the World Trade Center and
   when Par got out the young agent swapped the cuffs so Par's hands were
   in front of him.
   
   As the agents escorted the handcuffed fugitive up a large escalator,
   the corporate world stared at the trio. Business men and women in prim
   navy suits, secretaries and office boys all watched wide-eyed from the
   opposite escalator. And if the handcuffs weren't bad enough, the
   younger Secret Service agent was wearing a nylon jacket with a
   noticeable gun-shaped lump in the front pouch.
   
   Why are these guys bringing me in the front entrance? Par kept
   thinking. Surely there must be a backdoor, a car park back entrance.
   Something not quite so public.
   
   The view from any reasonably high floor of the World Trade Center is
   breathtaking, but Par never got a chance to enjoy the vista. He was
   hustled into a windowless room and handcuffed to a chair. The agents
   moved in and out, sorting out paperwork details. They uncuffed him
   briefly while they inked his fingers and rolled them across sheets of
   paper. Then they made him give handwriting samples, first his right
   hand then his left.
   
   Par didn't mind being cuffed to the chair so much, but he found the
   giant metal cage in the middle of the fingerprinting room deeply
   disturbing. It reminded him of an animal cage, the kind used in old
   zoos.
   
   The two agents who arrested him left the room, but another one came
   in. And the third agent was far from friendly. He began playing the
   bad cop, railing at Par, shouting at him, trying to unnerve him. But
   no amount of yelling from the agent could rile Par as much as the
   nature of the questions he asked.
   
   The agent didn't ask a single question about Citibank. Instead, he
   demanded to hear everything Par knew about TRW.
   
   All Par's worst nightmares about the killer spy satellite, about
   becoming the man who knew too much, rushed through his mind.
   
   Par refused to answer. He just sat silently, staring at the agent.
   
   Eventually, the older agent came back into the room, dragged the
   pitbull agent away and took him outside for a whispered chat. After
   that, the pitbull agent was all sweetness and light with Par. Not
   another word about TRW.
   
   Par wondered why a senior guy from the Secret Service would tell his
   minion to clam up about the defence contractor? What was behind the
   sudden silence? The abrupt shift alarmed Par almost as much as the
   questions had in the first place.
   
   The agent told Par he would be remanded in custody while awaiting
   extradition to California. After all the paperwork had been completed,
   they released him from the handcuffs and let him stand to stretch. Par
   asked for a cigarette and one of the agents gave him one. Then a
   couple of other agents--junior guys--came in.
   
   The junior agents were very friendly. One of them even shook Par's
   hand and introduced himself. They knew all about the hacker. They knew
   his voice from outgoing messages on voicemail boxes he had created for
   himself. They knew what he looked like from his California police
   file, and maybe even surveillance photos. They knew his personality
   from telephone bridge conversations which had been recorded and from
   the details of his Secret Service file. Perhaps they had even tracked
   him around the country, following a trail of clues left in his
   flightpath. Whatever research they had done, one thing was clear.
   These agents felt like they knew him intimately--Par the person, not
   just Par the hacker.
   
   It was a strange sensation. These guys Par had never met before
   chatted with him about the latest Michael Jackson video as if he was a
   neighbour or friend just returned from out of town. Then they took him
   further uptown, to a police station, for more extradition paperwork.
   
   This place was no World Trade Center deluxe office. Par stared at the
   peeling grey paint in the ancient room, and then watched officers
   typing out reports using the two-finger hunt-and-peck method on
   electric typewriters--not a computer in sight. The officers didn't
   cuff Par to the desk. Par was in the heart of a police station and
   there was no way he was going anywhere.
   
   While the officer handling Par was away from his desk for ten minutes,
   Par felt bored. So he began flipping through the folders with
   information on other cases on the officer's desk. They were heavy duty
   fraud cases--mafia and drug-money laundering--cases which carried
   reference to FBI involvement. These people looked hairy.
   
   That day, Par had a quick appearance in court, just long enough to be
   given protective custody in the Manhattan detention complex known as
   the Tombs while he waited for the authorities from California to come
   and pick him up.
   
   Par spent almost a week in the Tombs. By day three, he was climbing
   the walls. It was like being buried alive.
   
   During that week, Par had almost no contact with other human beings--a
   terrible punishment for someone with so much need for a continual flow
   of new information. He never left his cell. His jailer slid trays of
   food into his cell and took them away.
   
   On day six, Par went nuts. He threw a fit, began screaming and banging
   on the door. He yelled at the guard. Told him none too nicely that he
   wanted to `get the fuck outta here'. The guard said he would see if he
   could get Par transferred to Rikers Island, New York's notorious jail.
   Par didn't care if he was transferred to the moon, as long as he got
   out of solitary confinement.
   
   Except for the serial killer, the north infirmary at Rikers Island was
   a considerable improvement on the Tombs. Par was only locked in his
   cell at night. During the day he was free to roam inside the infirmary
   area with other prisoners. Some of them were there because the
   authorities didn't want to put them in with the hardened criminals,
   and some of them were there because they were probably criminally
   insane.
   
   It was an eclectic bunch. A fireman turned jewellery heister. A
   Colombian drug lord. A chop-shop ringleader, who collected more than
   300 stolen cars, chopped them up, reassembled them as new and then
   sold them off. A man who killed a homosexual for coming onto him.
   `Faggot Killer', as he was known inside, hadn't meant to kill anyone:
   things had gotten a little out of hand; next thing he knew, he was
   facing ten to twelve on a murder rap.
   
   Par wasn't wild about the idea of hanging out with a murderer, but he
   was nervous about what could happened to a young man in jail. Forging
   a friendship with Faggot Killer would send the right message. Besides,
   the guy seemed to be OK. Well, as long as you didn't look at him the
   wrong way.
   
   On his first day, Par also met Kentucky, a wild-eyed man who
   introduced himself by thrusting a crumpled newspaper article into the
   hacker's hand and saying, `That's me'. The article, titled `Voices
   Told Him to Kill', described how police had apprehended a serial
   killer believed to be responsible for a dozen murders, maybe more.
   During his last murder, Kentucky told Par he had killed a woman--and
   then written the names of the aliens who had commanded him to do it on
   the walls of her apartment in her blood.
   
   The jewellery heister tried to warn Par to stay away from Kentucky,
   who continued to liaise with the aliens on a regular basis. But it was
   too late. Kentucky decided that he didn't like the young hacker. He
   started shouting at Par, picking a fight. Par stood there, stunned and
   confused. How should he deal with an aggravated serial killer? And
   what the hell was he doing in jail with a serial killer raving at him
   anyway? It was all too much.
   
   The jewellery heister rushed over to Kentucky and tried to calm him
   down, speaking in soothing tones. Kentucky glowered at Par, but he
   stopped yelling.
   
   A few days into his stay at Rikers, Faggot Killer invited Par to join
   in a game of Dungeons and Dragons. It beat watching TV talk shows all
   day, so Par agreed. He sat down at the metal picnic table where Faggot
   Killer had laid out the board.
   
   So it was that Par, the twenty-year-old computer hacker from
   California, the X.25 network whiz kid, came to play Dungeons and
   Dragons with a jewellery thief, a homophobic murderer and a mad serial
   killer in Rikers Island. Par found himself marvelling at the
   surrealism of the situation.
   
   Kentucky threw himself into the game. He seemed to get off on killing
   hobgoblins.
   
   `I'll take my halberd,' Kentucky began with a smile, `and I stab this
   goblin.' The next player began to make his move, but Kentucky
   interrupted. `I'm not done,' he said slowly, as a demonic grin spread
   across his face. `And I slice it. And cut it. It bleeds everywhere.'
   Kentucky's face tensed with pleasure.
   
   The other three players shifted uncomfortably in their seats. Par
   looked at Faggot Killer with nervous eyes.
   
   `And I thrust a knife into its heart,' Kentucky continued, the volume
   of his voice rising with excitement. `Blood, blood, everywhere blood.
   And I take the knife and hack him. And I hack and hack and hack.'
   
   Kentucky jumped up from the table and began shouting, thrusting one
   arm downward through the air with an imaginary dagger, `And I hack and
   I hack and I hack!'
   
   Then Kentucky went suddenly still. Everyone at the table froze. No-one
   dared move for fear of driving him over the edge. Par's stomach had
   jumped into his throat. He tried to gauge how many seconds it would
   take to extricate himself from the picnic table and make a break for
   the far side of the room.
   
   In a daze, Kentucky walked away from the table, leaned his forehead
   against the wall and began mumbling quietly. The jewellery heister
   slowly followed and spoke to him briefly in hushed tones before
   returning to the table.
   
   One of the guards had heard the ruckus and came up to the table.
   
   `Is that guy OK?' he asked the jewellery heister while pointing to
   Kentucky.
   
   Not even if you used that term loosely, Par thought.
   
   `Leave him alone,' the heister told the guard. `He's talking to the
   aliens.'
   
   `Right.' The guard turned around and left.
   
   Every day, a nurse brought around special medicine for Kentucky. In
   fact, Kentucky was zonked out most of the time on a cup of horrible,
   smelly liquid. Sometimes, though, Kentucky secreted his medicine away
   and traded it with another prisoner who wanted to get zonked out for a
   day or so.
   
   Those were bad days, the days when Kentucky had sold his medication.
   It was on one of those days that he tried to kill Par.
   
   Par sat on a metal bench, talking to other prisoners, when suddenly he
   felt an arm wrap around his neck. He tried to turn around, but
   couldn't.
   
   `Here. I'll show you how I killed this one guy,' Kentucky whispered to
   Par.
   
   `No--No--' Par started to say, but Kentucky's biceps began pressing
   against Par's Adam's apple. It was a vice-like grip.
   
   `Yeah. Like this. I did it like this,' Kentucky said as he tensed his
   muscle and pulled backward.
   
   `No! Really, you don't need to. It's OK,' Par gasped. No air. His arms
   flailing in front of him.
   
   I'm done for, Par thought. My life is over. Hacker Murdered by Serial
   Killer in Rikers Island. `Aliens Told Me to Do It.'
   
   The omnipresent jewellery heister came up to Kentucky and started
   cooing in his ear to let Par go. Then, just when Par thought he was
   about to pass out, the jewellery heister pulled Kentucky off him.
   
   Par reminded himself to always sit with his back against the wall.
   
   Finally, after almost a month behind bars, Par was informed that an
   officer from the Monterey County sheriff's office was coming to take
   him back to California. Par had agreed to be extradited to California
   after seeing the inside of New York's jails. Dealing with the federal
   prosecutor in New York had also helped make up his mind.
   
   The US Attorney's Office in New York gave Richard Rosen, who had taken
   the case on again, a real headache. They didn't play ball. They played
   `Queen for a Day'.
   
   The way they negotiated reminded Rosen of an old American television
   game of that name. The show's host pulled some innocent soul off the
   street, seated her on a garish throne, asked her questions and then
   gave her prizes. The US Attorney's Office in New York wanted to seat
   Par on a throne, of sorts, to ask him lots of questions. At the end of
   the unfettered interrogation, they would hand out prizes. Prison
   terms. Fines. Convictions. As they saw fit. No guaranteed sentences.
   They would decide what leniency, if any, he would get at the end of
   the game.
   
   Par knew what they were looking for: evidence against the MOD boys. He
   wasn't having a bar of that. The situation stank, so Par decided not to
   fight the extradition to California. Anything had to be better than New
   York, with its crazy jail inmates and arrogant federal prosecutors.
   
   The officer from the Monterey sheriff's office picked Par up on 17
   December 1991.
   
   Par spent the next few weeks in jail in California, but this time he
   wasn't in any sort of protective custody. He had to share a cell with
   Mexican drug dealers and other mafia, but at least he knew his way
   around these people. And unlike the some of the people at Rikers, they
   weren't stark raving lunatics.
   
   Richard Rosen took the case back, despite Par's having skipped town
   the first time, which Par thought was pretty good of the lawyer. But
   Par had no idea how good it would be for him until it came to his
   court date.
   
   Par called Rosen from the jail, to talk about the case. Rosen had some
   big news for him.
   
   `Plead guilty. You're going to plead guilty to everything,' he told
   Par.
   
   Par thought Rosen had lost his marbles.
   
   `No. We can win this case if you plead guilty,' Rosen assured him.
   
   Par sat dumbfounded at the other end of the phone.
   
   `Trust me,' the lawyer said.
   
   The meticulous Richard Rosen had found a devastating weapon.
   
   On 23 December 1991, Par pleaded guilty to two charges in Monterey
   County Juvenile Court. He admitted everything. The whole nine yards.
   Yes, I am The Parmaster. Yes, I broke into computers. Yes, I took
   thousands of credit card details from a Citibank machine. Yes, yes,
   yes.
   
   In some way, the experience was cathartic, but only because Par knew
   Rosen had a brilliant ace up his sleeve.
   
   Rosen had rushed the case to be sure it would be heard in juvenile
   court, where Par would get a more lenient sentence. But just because
   Rosen was in a hurry didn't mean he was sloppy. When he went through
   Par's file with a fine-toothed comb he discovered the official papers
   declared Par's birthday to be 15 January 1971. In fact, Par's birthday
   was some days earlier, but the DA's office didn't know that.
   
   Under California law, a juvenile court has jurisdiction over citizens
   under the age of 21. You can only be tried and sentenced in a juvenile
   court if you committed the crimes in question while under the age of
   eighteen and you are still under the age of 21 when you plead and are
   sentenced.
   
   Par was due to be sentenced on 13 January but on 8 January Rosen
   applied for the case to be thrown out. When Deputy DA David Schott
   asked why, Rosen dropped his bomb.
   
   Par had already turned 21 and the juvenile court had no authority to
   pass sentence over him. Further, in California, a case cannot be moved
   into an adult court if the defendant has already entered a plea in a
   juvenile one. Because Par had already done that, his case couldn't be
   moved. The matter was considered `dealt with' in the eyes of the law.
   
   The Deputy DA was flabbergasted. He spluttered and spewed. The DA's
   office had dropped the original charges from a felony to a
   misdemeanour. They had come to the table. How could this happen? Par
   was a fugitive. He had been on the run for more than two years from
   the frigging Secret Service, for Christ's sake. There was no way--NO
   WAY--he was going to walk out of that courtroom scot-free.
   
   The court asked Par to prove his birthday. A quick driver's licence
   search at the department of motor vehicles showed Par and his lawyer
   were telling the truth. So Par walked free.
   
   When he stepped outside the courthouse, Par turned his face toward the
   sun. After almost two months in three different jails on two sides of
   the continent, the sun felt magnificent. Walking around felt
   wonderful. Just wandering down the street made him happy.
   
   However, Par never really got over being on the run.
   
   From the time he walked free from the County Jail in Salinas,
   California, he continued to move around the country, picking up
   temporary work here and there. But he found it hard to settle in one
   place. Worst of all, strange things began happening to him. Well, they
   had always happened to him, but they were getting stranger by the
   month. His perception of reality was changing.
   
   There was the incident in the motel room. As Par sat in the Las Vegas
   Travelodge on one if his cross-country treks, he perceived someone
   moving around in the room below his. Par strained to hear. It seemed
   like the man was talking to him. What was the man trying to tell him?
   Par couldn't quite catch the words, but the more he listened, the more
   Par was sure he had a message for him which he didn't want anyone else
   to hear. It was very frustrating. No matter how hard he tried, no
   matter how he put his ear down to the floor or against the wall, Par
   couldn't make it out.
   
   The surreal experiences continued. As Par described it, on a trip down
   to Mexico, he began feeling quite strange, so he went to the US
   consulate late one afternoon to get some help. But everyone in the
   consulate behaved bizarrely.
   
   They asked him for some identification, and he gave them his wallet.
   They took his Social Security card and his California identification
   card and told him to wait. Par believed they were going to pull up
   information about him on a computer out the back. While waiting, his
   legs began to tremble and a continuous shiver rolled up and down his
   spine. It wasn't a smooth, fluid shiver, it was jerky. He felt like he
   was sitting at the epicentre of an earthquake and it frightened him.
   The consulate staff just stared
   at him.
   
   Finally Par stopped shaking. The other staff member returned and asked
   him to leave.
   
   `No-one can help you here,' he told Par.
   
   Why was the consular official talking to him like that? What did he
   mean--Par had to leave? What was he really trying to say? Par couldn't
   understand him. Another consular officer came around to Par, carrying
   handcuffs. Why was everyone behaving in such a weird way? That
   computer. Maybe they had found some special message next to his name
   on that computer.
   
   Par tried to explain the situation, but the consulate staff didn't
   seem to understand. He told them about how he had been on the run from
   the Secret Service for two and a half years, but that just got him
   queer looks. Blank faces. No comprehende. The more he explained, the
   blanker the faces became.
   
   The consular officials told him that the office was closing for the
   day. He would have to leave the building. But Par suspected that was
   just an excuse. A few minutes later, a Mexican policeman showed up. He
   talked with one of the consular officials, who subsequently handed him
   what Par perceived to be a slip of paper wrapped around a wad of peso
   notes.
   
   Two more policemen came into the consulate. One of them turned to Par
   and said, `Leave!' but Par didn't answer. So the Mexican police
   grabbed Par by the arms and legs and carried him out of the consulate.
   Par felt agitated and confused and, as they crossed the threshold out
   of the consulate, he screamed.
   
   They put him in a police car and took him to a jail, where they kept
   him overnight.
   
   The next day, they released Par and he wandered the city aimlessly
   before ending up back at the US consulate. The same consular officer
   came up to him and asked how he was feeling.
   
   Par said, `OK.'
   
   Then Par asked if the official could help him get back to the border,
   and he said he could. A few minutes later a white van picked up Par
   and took him to the border crossing. When they arrived, Par asked the
   driver if he could have $2 so he could buy a ticket for the train. The
   driver gave it to him.
   
   Par boarded the train with no idea of where he was headed.

				    [ ]
   
   Theorem visited Par in California twice in 1992 and the relationship
   continued to blossom. Par tried to find work so he could pay her back
   the $20000 she had lent him during his years on the run and during his
   court case, but it was hard going. People didn't seem to want to hire
   him.
   
   `You don't have any computer skills,' they told him. He calmly
   explained that, yes, he did indeed have computer skills.
   
   `Well, which university did you get your degree from?' they asked.
   
   No, he hadn't got his skills at any university.
   
   `Well, which companies did you get your work experience from?'
   
   No, he hadn't learned his skills while working for a company.
   
   `Well, what did you do from 1989 to 1992?' the temp agency staffer
   inevitably asked in an exasperated voice.
   
   `I ... ah ... travelled around the country.' What else was Par going
   to say? How could he possibly answer that question?
   
   If he was lucky, the agency might land him a data-entry job at $8 per
   hour. If he was less fortunate, he might end up doing clerical work
   for less than that.
   
   By 1993, things had become a little rocky with Theorem. After four and
   a half years together, they broke up. The distance was too great, in
   every sense. Theorem wanted a more stable life--maybe not a
   traditional Swiss family with three children and a pretty chalet in
   the Alps, but something more than Par's transient life on the road.
   
   The separation was excruciatingly painful for both of them.
   Conversation was strained for weeks after the decision. Theorem kept
   thinking she had made a mistake. She kept wanting to ask Par to come
   back. But she didn't.
   
   Par drowned himself in alcohol. Shots of tequila, one after the other.
   Scull it. Slam the glass down. Fill it to the top. Throw back another.
   After a while, he passed out. Then he was violently ill for days, but
   somehow he didn't mind. It was cleansing to be so ill.
   
   Somewhere along the way, Rosen managed to get Par's things returned
   from the Secret Service raids. He passed the outdated computer and
   other equipment back to Par, along with disks, print-outs and notes.
   
   Par gathered up every shred of evidence from his case, along with a
   bottle of Jack Daniels, and made a bonfire. He shredded print-outs,
   doused them in lighter fluid and set them alight. He fed the disks
   into the fire and watched them melt in the flames. He flipped through
   the pages and pages of notes and official reports and let them pull
   out particular memories. Then he crumpled up each one and tossed it in
   the fire. He even sprinkled a little Jack Daniels across the top for
   good measure.
   
   As he pulled the pages from a Secret Service report, making them into
   tight paper balls, something caught his eye and made him wonder. Many
   hackers around the world had been busted in a series of raids
   following the first Thanksgiving raid at Par's house back in 1988.
   Erik Bloodaxe, the MOD boys, the LOD boys, The Atlanta Three, Pad and
   Gandalf, the Australians--they had all been either busted or raided
   during 1989, 1990 and 1991.
   
   How were the raids connected? Were the law-enforcement agencies on
   three different continents really organised enough to coordinate
   worldwide attacks on hackers?
   
   The Secret Service report gave him a clue. It said that in December
   1988, two informants had called Secret Service special agents in
   separate divisions with information about Par. The informants--both
   hackers--told the Secret Service that Par was not the `Citibank
   hacker' the agency was looking for. They said the real `Citibank
   hacker' was named Phoenix.
   
   Phoenix from Australia.

     _________________________________________________________________

			Chapter 5 -- The Holy Grail
     _________________________________________________________________

     So we came and conquered and found
     riches of Commons and Kings
     
   -- from `River Runs Red', on Blue Sky Mining by Midnight Oil
   
   There it was, in black and white. Two articles by Helen Meredith in
   The Australian in January 1989.2 The whole Australian computer
   underground was buzzing with the news.
   
   The first article appeared on 14 January:
   
     Citibank hackers score $500,000
     
     An elite group of Australian hackers has lifted more than
     $US500,000 ($580,000) out of America's Citibank in one of the more
     daring hacking crimes in Australia's history.
     
     Australian federal authorities were reported late yesterday to be
     working with American authorities to pin down the Australian
     connection involving hackers in Melbourne and Sydney.
     
     These are the elite `freekers' of white collar crime ...
     
     The Australian connection is reported to have used a telephone in
     the foyer of Telecom's headquarters at 199 William Street in
     Melbourne to send a 2600-hertz signal giving them access to a trunk
     line and ultimately to a managerial access code for Citibank.
     
     Sources said last night the hackers had lifted $US563,000 from the
     US bank and transferred it into several accounts. The money has now
     been withdrawn ...
     
     Meanwhile, Victorian police were reported yesterday to be
     systematically searching the homes of dozens of suspects in a
     crackdown on computer hackers ...
     
     An informed source said Criminal Investigation Bureau officers
     armed with search warrants were now searching through the
     belongings of the hacking community and expected to find hundreds
     of thousands of dollars of goods.
     
     An informed source said Criminal Investigation Bureau officers
     armed with search warrants were now searching through the
     belongings of the hacking community and expected to find hundreds
     of thousands of dollars of goods.
     
     The second article was published ten days later:
     
     Hackers list card hauls on boards
     
     Authorities remain sceptical of the latest reports of an
     international hacking and phreaking ring and its Australian
     connection.
     
     Yesterday, however, evidence continued to stream into the Melbourne
     based bulletin boards under suspicion ...
     
     In the latest round of bulletin board activity, a message from a
     United States hacker known as Captain Cash provided the Australian
     connection with the latest news on Australian credit cards,
     provided by local hackers, and their illegal use by US hackers to
     the value of $US362 018 ($416112).
     
     The information was taken from a computer bulletin board system
     known as Pacific Island and used actively by the Australian
     connection.
     
     The message read: `OK on the 5353 series which we are closing
     today--Mastercard $109 400.50. On the 4564 series--Visa which I'll
     leave open for a week
     
     $209417.90. And on good old don't leave home without someone
     else's: $43 200.
     
     `Making a grand total of
     
     $362018.40!
     
     `Let's hear it for our Aussie friends!
     
     `I hear they are doing just as well!
     
     `They are sending more numbers on the 23rd! Great!
     
     `They will be getting 10%
     
     as usual...a nice bonus of
     
     $36 200.00!'
     
     The bulletin board also contained advice for phreakers on using
     telephones in Telecom's 199 William Street headquarters and the
     green phones at Spencer Street Station in Melbourne--to make free
     international calls ...
     
     Phoenix, another local bulletin board user, listed prices for
     `EXTC'- tablets ...
     
     Late Friday, The Australian received evidence suggesting a break-in
     of the US Citibank network by Australian hackers known as The Realm
     ...
     
     The gang's US connection is believed to be based in Milwaukee and
     Houston. US Federal authorities have already raided US hackers
     involved in Citibank break-ins in the US.
     
     A covert operation of the Bureau of Criminal Intelligence has had
     the Australian connection under surveillance and last week took
     delivery of six months' of evidence from the Pacific Island board
     and associated boards going by the name of Zen and Megaworks ...
     
     The Australian hackers include a number of Melbourne people, some
     teenagers, suspected or already convicted of crimes including
     fraud, drug use and car theft. Most are considered to be at the
     least, digital voyeurs, at worst criminals with a possible big
     crime connection.
     
     The information received by The Australian amounts to a confession
     on the part of the Australian hackers to involvement in the
     break-in of the US Citibank network as well as advice on phreaking
     ... and bank access.
     
     The following is taken directly from the bulletin board ... It was
     stored in a private mailbox on the board and is from a hacker known
     as Ivan Trotsky to one who uses the name Killer Tomato:
     
     `OK this is what's been happening ...
     
     `While back a Sysop had a call from the Feds, they wanted Force's,
     Phoenix's, Nom's, Brett Macmillan's and my names in connection with
     some hacking The Realm had done and also with some carding meant to
     have been done too.
     
     `Then in the last few days I get info passed to me that the Hack
     that was done to the Citibank in the US which has led to arrests
     over there also had connections to Force and Electron ...'
     
     DPG monitoring service spokesman, Mr Stuart Gill, said he believed
     the Pacific Island material was only the tip of the iceberg.
     
     `They're far better organised than the police,' he said.
     
     `Unless everyone gets their act together and we legislate against
     it, we'll still be talking about the same things this time next
     year.'
     
     Yesterday, the South Australian police started an operation to put
     bulletin boards operating in that state under surveillance.
     
     And in Western Australia, both political parties agreed they would
     proceed with an inquiry into computer hacking, whoever was in
     government.
     
     The Victoria Police fraud squad last week announced it had set up a
     computer crime squad that would investigate complaints of computer
     fraud.
     
   The articles were painful reading for most in the computer
   underground.
   
   Who was this Captain Cash? Who was the Killer Tomato? Many believed
   they were either Stuart Gill, or that Gill had forged messages by them
   or others on Bowen's board. Was the underground rife with credit card
   frauders? No. They formed only a very small part of that community.
   Had the Melbourne hackers stolen half a million dollars from Citibank?
   Absolutely not. A subsequent police investigation determined this
   allegation to be a complete fabrication.
   
   How had six months' worth of messages from PI and Zen found their way
   into the hands of the Victoria Police Bureau of Criminal Intelligence?
   Members of the underground had their suspicions.
   
   To some, Stuart Gill's role in the underground appeared to be that of
   an information trader. He would feed a police agency information, and
   garner a little new material from it in exchange. He then amalgamated
   the new and old material and delivered the new package to another
   police agency, which provided him a little more material to add to the
   pot. Gill appeared to play the same game in the underground.
   
   A few members of the underground, particularly PI and Zen regulars
   Mentat and Brett MacMillan, suspected chicanery and began fighting a
   BBS-based war to prove their point. In early 1989, MacMillan posted a
   message stating that Hackwatch was not registered as a business
   trading name belonging to Stuart Gill at the Victorian Corporate
   Affairs office. Further, he stated, DPG Monitoring Services did not
   exist as an official registered business trading name either.
   MacMillan then stunned the underground by announcing that he had
   registered the name Hackwatch himself, presumably to stop Stuart
   Gill's media appearances as a Hackwatch spokesman.
   
   Many in the underground felt duped by Gill, but they weren't the only
   ones. Soon some journalists and police would feel the same way. Stuart
   Gill wasn't even his real name.
   
   What Gill really wanted, some citizens in the underground came to
   believe, was a public platform from which he could whip up hacker hype
   and then demand the introduction of tough new anti-hacking laws. In
   mid-1989, the Commonwealth Government did just that, enacting the
   first federal computer crime laws.
   
   It wasn't the journalists' fault. For example, in one case Helen
   Meredith had asked Gill for verification and he had referred her to
   Superintendent Tony Warren, of the Victoria Police, who had backed him
   up. A reporter couldn't ask for better verification than that.
   
   And why wouldn't Warren back Gill? A registered ISU informer, Gill
   also acted as a consultant, adviser, confidant and friend to various
   members of the Victoria Police. He was close to both Warren and,
   later, to Inspector Chris Cosgriff. From 1985 to 1987, Warren had
   worked at the Bureau of Criminal Intelligence (BCI). After that, he
   was transferred to the Internal Investigations Department (IID), where
   he worked with Cosgriff who joined IID in 1988.
   
   Over a six-month period in 1992, Tony Warren received more than 200
   phone calls from Stuart Gill--45 of them to his home number. Over an
   eighteen-month period in 1991-92, Chris Cosgriff made at least 76
   personal visits to Gill's home address and recorded 316 phone calls
   with him.3
   
   The Internal Security Unit (ISU) investigated corruption within the
   police force. If you had access to ISU, you knew everything that the
   Victoria Police officially knew about corruption within its ranks. Its
   information was highly sensitive, particularly since it could involve
   one police officer dobbing in another. However, a 1993 Victorian
   Ombudsman's report concluded that Cosgriff leaked a large amount of
   confidential ISU material to Gill, and that Warren's relationship with
   Gill was inappropriate.4
   
   When Craig Bowen (aka Thunderbird1) came to believe in 1989 that he
   had been duped by Gill, he retreated into a state of denial and
   depression. The PI community had trusted him. He entered his
   friendship with Gill a bright-eyed, innocent young man looking for
   adventure. He left the friendship betrayed and gun-shy.
   
   Sad-eyed and feeling dark on the world, Craig Bowen turned off PI and
   Zen forever.

				    [ ]
   
   Sitting at his computer sometime in the second half of 1989, Force
   stared at his screen without seeing anything, his mind a million miles
   away. The situation was bad, very bad, and lost in thought, he toyed
   with his mouse absent-mindedly, thinking about how to deal with this
   problem.
   
   The problem was that someone in Melbourne was going to be busted.
   
   Force wanted to discount the secret warning, to rack it up as just
   another in a long line of rumours which swept through the underground
   periodically, but he knew he couldn't do that. The warning was rock
   solid; it had come from Gavin.*
   
   The way Force told it, his friend Gavin worked as a contractor to
   Telecom by day and played at hacking at night. He was Force's little
   secret, who he kept from the other members of The Realm. Gavin was
   definitely not part of the hacker BBS scene. He was older, he didn't
   even have a handle and he hacked alone, or with Force, because he saw
   hacking in groups as risky.
   
   As a Telecom contractor, Gavin had the kind of access to computers and
   networks which most hackers could only dream about. He also had good
   contacts inside Telecom--the kind who might answer a few tactfully
   worded questions about telephone taps and line traces, or might know a
   bit about police investigations requiring Telecom's help.
   
   Force had met Gavin while buying some second-hand equipment through
   the Trading Post. They hit it off, became friends and soon began
   hacking together. Under the cover of darkness, they would creep into
   Gavin's office after everyone else had gone home and hack all night.
   At dawn, they tidied up and quietly left the building. Gavin went
   home, showered and returned to work as if nothing had happened.
   
   Gavin introduced Force to trashing. When they weren't spending the
   night in front of his terminal, Gavin crawled through Telecom's
   dumpsters looking for pearls of information on crumpled bits of office
   paper. Account names, passwords, dial-up modems, NUAs--people wrote
   all sorts of things down on scrap paper and then threw it out the next
   day when they didn't need it any more.
   
   According to Force, Gavin moved offices frequently, which made it
   easier to muddy the trail. Even better, he worked from offices which
   had dozens of employees making hundreds of calls each day. Gavin and
   Force's illicit activities were buried under a mound of daily
   legitimate transactions.
   
   The two hackers trusted each other; in fact Gavin was the only person
   to whom Force revealed the exact address of the CitiSaudi machine. Not
   even Phoenix, rising star of The Realm and Force's favoured protégé,
   was privy to all the secrets of Citibank uncovered during Force's
   network explorations.
   
   Force had shared some of this glittering prize with Phoenix, but not
   all of it. Just a few of the Citibank cards--token trophies--and
   general information about the Citibank network. Believing the
   temptation to collect vast numbers of cards and use them would be too
   great for the young Phoenix, Force tried to keep the exact location of
   the Citibank machine a secret. He knew that Phoenix might eventually
   find the Citibank system on his own, and there was little he could do
   to stop him. But Force was determined that he wouldn't help Phoenix
   get himself into trouble.
   
   The Citibank network had been a rich source of systems--something
   Force also kept to himself. The more he explored, the more he found in
   the network. Soon after his first discovery of the CitiSaudi system,
   he found a machine called CitiGreece which was just as willing to dump
   card details as its Saudi-American counterpart. Out of fifteen or so
   credit cards Force discovered on the system, only two appeared to be
   valid. He figured the others were test cards and that this must be a
   new site. Not long after the discovery of the CitiGreece machine, he
   discovered similar embryonic sites in two other countries.
   
   Force liked Phoenix and was impressed by the new hacker's enthusiasm
   and desire to learn about computer networks.
   
   Force introduced Phoenix to Minerva, just as Craig Bowen had done for
   Force some years before. Phoenix learned quickly and came back for
   more. He was hungry and, in Force's discerning opinion, very bright.
   Indeed, Force saw a great deal of himself in the young hacker. They
   were from a similarly comfortable, educated middle-class background.
   They were also both a little outside the mainstream. Force's family
   were migrants to Australia. Some of Phoenix's family lived in Israel,
   and his family was very religious.
   
   Phoenix attended one of the most Orthodox Jewish schools in Victoria,
   a place which described itself as a `modern orthodox Zionist'
   institution. Nearly half the subjects offered in year 9 were in Jewish
   Studies, all the boys wore yarmulkes and the school expected students
   to be fluent in Hebrew by the time they graduated.
   
   In his first years at the school, Phoenix had acquired the nickname
   `The Egg'. Over the following years he became a master at playing the
   game--jumping through hoops to please teachers. He learned that doing
   well in religious studies was a good way to ingratiate himself to
   teachers, as well as his parents and, in their eyes at least, he
   became the golden-haired boy.
   
   Anyone scratching below the surface, however, would find the shine of
   the golden-haired boy was merely gilt. Despite his success in school
   and his matriculation, Phoenix was having trouble. He had been
   profoundly affected by the bitter break-up and divorce of his parents
   when he was about fourteen.
   
   After the divorce, Phoenix was sent to boarding school in Israel for
   about six months. On his return to Melbourne, he lived with his
   younger sister and mother at his maternal grandmother's house. His
   brother, the middle child, lived with his father.
   
   School friends sometimes felt awkward visiting Phoenix at home. One of
   his best friends found it difficult dealing with Phoenix's mother,
   whose vivacity sometimes bordered on the neurotic and shrill. His
   grandmother was a chronic worrier, who pestered Phoenix about using
   the home phone line during thunderstorms for fear he would be
   electrocuted. The situation with Phoenix's father wasn't much better.
   A manager at Telecom, he seemed to waver between appearing
   disinterested or emotionally cold and breaking into violent outbursts
   of anger.
   
   But it was Phoenix's younger brother who seemed to be the problem
   child. He ran away from home at around seventeen and dealt in drugs
   before eventually finding his feet. Yet, unlike Phoenix, his brother's
   problems had been laid bare for all to see. Hitting rock bottom forced
   him to take stock of his life and come to terms with his situation.
   
   In contrast, Phoenix found less noticeable ways of expressing his
   rebellion. Among them was his enthusiasm for tools of power--the
   martial arts, weapons such as swords and staffs, and social
   engineering. During his final years of secondary school, while still
   living at his grandmother's home, Phoenix took up hacking. He hung
   around various Melbourne BBSes, and then he developed an on-line
   friendship with Force.
   
   Force watched Phoenix's hacking skills develop with interest and after
   a couple of months he invited him to join The Realm. It was the
   shortest initiation of any Realm member, and the vote to include the
   new hacker was unanimous. Phoenix proved to be a valuable member,
   collecting information about new systems and networks for The Realm's
   databases. At their peak of hacking activity, Force and Phoenix spoke
   on the phone almost every day.
   
   Phoenix's new-found acceptance contrasted with the position of
   Electron, who visited The Realm regularly for a few months in 1988. As
   Phoenix basked in the warmth of Force's approval, the
   eighteen-year-old Electron felt the chill of his increasing scorn.
   
   Force eventually turfed Electron and his friend, Powerspike, out of
   his exclusive Melbourne club of hackers. Well, that was how Force told
   it. He told the other members of The Realm that Electron had committed
   two major sins. The first was that he had been wasting resources by
   using accounts on OTC's Minerva system to connect to Altos, which
   meant the accounts would be immediately tracked and killed.
   
   Minerva admins such as Michael Rosenberg--sworn enemy of The
   Realm--recognised the Altos NUA. Rosenberg was OTC's best defence
   against hackers. He had spent so much time trying to weed them out of
   Minerva that he knew their habits by heart: hack, then zoom over to
   Altos for a chat with fellow hackers, then hack some more.
   
   Most accounts on Minerva were held by corporations. How many
   legitimate users from ANZ Bank would visit Altos? None. So when
   Rosenberg saw an account connecting to Altos, he silently observed
   what the hacker was doing--in case he bragged on the German chat
   board--then changed the password and notified the client, in an effort
   to lock the hacker out for good.
   
   Electron's second sin, according to Force, was that he had been
   withholding hacking information from the rest of the group. Force's
   stated view--though it didn't seem to apply to him personally--was one
   in, all in.
   
   It was a very public expulsion. Powerspike and Electron told each
   other they didn't really care. As they saw it, they might have visited
   The Realm BBS now and then but they certainly weren't members of The
   Realm. Electron joked with Powerspike, `Who would want to be a member
   of a no-talent outfit like The Realm?' Still, it must have hurt.
   Hackers in the period 1988-90 depended on each other for information.
   They honed their skills in a community which shared intelligence and
   they grew to rely on the pool of information.
   
   Months later, Force grudgingly allowing Electron to rejoin The Realm,
   but the relationship remained testy. When Electron finally logged in
   again, he found a file in the BBS entitled `Scanner stolen from the
   Electron'. Force had found a copy of Electron's VMS scanner on an
   overseas computer while Electron was in exile and had felt no qualms
   about pinching it for The Realm.
   
   Except that it wasn't a scanner. It was a VMS Trojan. And there was a
   big difference. It didn't scan for the addresses of computers on a
   network. It snagged passwords when people connected from their VMS
   computers to another machine over an X.25 network. Powerspike cracked
   up laughing when Electron told him. `Well,' he told Powerspike, `Mr
   Bigshot Force might know something about Prime computers, but he
   doesn't know a hell of a lot about VMS.'
   
   Despite Electron's general fall from grace, Phoenix talked to the
   outcast because they shared the obsession. Electron was on a steep
   learning curve and, like Phoenix, he was moving fast--much faster than
   any of the other Melbourne hackers.
   
   When Phoenix admitted talking to Electron regularly, Force tried to
   pull him away, but without luck. Some of the disapproval was born of
   Force's paternalistic attitude toward the Australian hacking scene. He
   considered himself to be a sort of godfather in the hacking community.
   But Force was also increasingly concerned at Phoenix's ever more
   flagrant taunting of computer security bigwigs and system admins. In
   one incident, Phoenix knew a couple of system admins and security
   people were waiting on a system to trap him by tracing his network
   connections. He responded by sneaking into the computer unnoticed and
   quietly logging off each admin. Force laughed about it at the time,
   but privately the story made him more than a little nervous.
   
   Phoenix enjoyed pitting himself against the pinnacles of the computer
   security industry. He wanted to prove he was better, and he frequently
   upset people because often he was. Strangely, though, Force's protégé
   also thought that if he told these experts about a few of the holes in
   their systems, he would somehow gain their approval. Maybe they would
   even give him inside information, like new penetration techniques,
   and, importantly, look after him if things got rough. Force wondered
   how Phoenix could hold two such conflicting thoughts in his mind at
   the same time without questioning the logic of either.
   
   It was against this backdrop that Gavin came to Force with his urgent
   warning in late 1989. Gavin had learned that the Australian Federal
   Police were getting complaints about hackers operating out of
   Melbourne. The Melbourne hacking community had become very noisy and
   was leaving footprints all over the place as its members traversed the
   world's data networks.
   
   There were other active hacking communities outside Australia--in the
   north of England, in Texas, in New York. But the Melbourne hackers
   weren't just noisy--they were noisy inside American computers. It
   wasn't just a case of American hackers breaking into American systems.
   This was about foreign nationals penetrating American computers. And
   there was something else which made the Australian hackers a target.
   The US Secret Service knew an Australian named Phoenix had been inside
   Citibank, one of the biggest financial institutions in the US.
   
   Gavin didn't have many details to give Force. All he knew was that an
   American law enforcement agency--probably the Secret Service--had been
   putting enormous pressure on the Australian government to bust these
   people.
   
   What Gavin didn't know was that the Secret Service wasn't the only
   source of pressure coming from the other side of the Pacific. The FBI
   had also approached the Australian Federal Police about the mysterious
   but noisy Australian hackers who kept breaking into American systems,5
   and the AFP had acted on the information.
   
   In late 1989, Detective Superintendent Ken Hunt of the AFP headed an
   investigation into the Melbourne hackers. It was believed to be the
   first major investigation of computer crime since the introduction of
   Australia's first federal anti-hacking laws. Like most law enforcement
   agencies around the world, the AFP were new players in the field of
   computer crime. Few officers had expertise in computers, let alone
   computer crime, so this case would prove to be an important proving
   ground.6
   
   When Gavin broke the news, Force acted immediately. He called Phoenix
   on the phone, insisting on meeting him in person as soon as possible.
   As their friendship had progressed, they had moved from talking
   on-line to telephone conversations and finally to spending time
   together in person. Force sat Phoenix down alone and gave him a stern
   warning. He didn't tell him how he got his information, but he made it
   clear the source was reliable.
   
   The word was that the police felt they had to bust someone. It had
   come to the point where an American law enforcement officer had
   reportedly told his Australian counterpart, `If you don't do something
   about it soon, we'll do something about it ourselves'. The American
   hadn't bothered to elaborate on just how they might do something about
   it, but it didn't matter.
   
   Phoenix looked suddenly pale. He had certainly been very noisy, and
   was breaking into systems virtually all the time now. Many of those
   systems were in the US.
   
   He certainly didn't want to end up like the West German hacker
   Hagbard, whose petrol-doused, charred remains had been discovered in a
   German forest in June 1989.
   
   An associate of Pengo's, Hagbard had been involved in a ring of German
   hackers who sold the information they found in American computers to a
   KGB agent in East Germany from 1986 to 1988.
   
   In March 1989, German police raided the homes and offices of the
   German hacking group and began arresting people. Like Pengo, Hagbard
   had secretly turned himself into the German authorities months before
   and given full details of the hacking ring's activities in the hope of
   gaining immunity from prosecution.
   
   American law enforcement agencies and prosecutors had not been
   enthusiastic about showing the hackers any leniency. Several US
   agencies, including the CIA and the FBI, had been chasing the German
   espionage ring and they wanted stiff sentences, preferably served in
   an American prison.
   
   German court proceedings were under way when Hagbard's body was found.
   Did he commit suicide or was he murdered? No-one knew for sure, but
   the news shook the computer underground around the world. Hackers
   discussed the issue in considerable depth. On the one hand, Hagbard
   had a long history of mental instability and drug use, having spent
   time in psychiatric hospitals and detoxification centres off and on
   since the beginning of 1987. On the other hand, if you were going to
   kill yourself, would you really want to die in the agony of a petrol
   fire? Or would you just take a few too many pills or a quick bullet?
   
   Whether it was murder or suicide, the death of Hagbard loomed large
   before Phoenix. Who were the American law enforcement agencies after
   in Australia? Did they want him?
   
   No. Force reassured him, they were after Electron. The problem for
   Phoenix was that he kept talking to Electron on the phone--in voice
   conversations. If Phoenix continued associating with Electron, he too
   would be scooped up in the AFP's net.
   
   The message to Phoenix was crystal clear.

   Stay away from Electron.

				    [ ]
   
   `Listen, you miserable scum-sucking pig.'
   
   `Huh?' Phoenix answered, only half paying attention.
   
   `Piece of shit machine. I did all this editing and the damn thing
   didn't save the changes,' Electron growled at the Commodore Amiga,
   with its 512 k of memory, sitting on the desk in his bedroom.
   
   It was January 1990 and both Phoenix and Electron were at home on
   holidays before the start of university.
   
   `Yeah. Wish I could get this thing working. Fucking hell. Work you!'
   Phoenix yelled. Electron could hear him typing at the other end of the
   phone while he talked. He had been struggling to get AUX, the Apple
   version of Unix, running on his Macintosh SE30 for days.
   
   It was difficult to have an uninterrupted conversation with Phoenix.
   If it wasn't his machine crashing, it was his grandmother asking him
   questions from the doorway of his room.
   
   `You wanna go through the list? How big is your file?' Phoenix asked,
   now more focused on the conversation.
   
   `Huh? Which file?'
   
   `The dictionary file. The words to feed into the password cracker,'
   Phoenix replied.
   
   Electron pulled up his list of dictionary words and looked
   at it. I'm going to have to cut this list down a bit, he thought. The
   dictionary was part of the password cracking program.
   The larger the dictionary, the longer it took the computer to crack a
   list of passwords. If he could weed out obscure words--words that
   people were unlikely to pick as passwords--then he could make his
   cracker run faster.
   
   An efficient password cracker was a valuable tool. Electron would feed
   his home computer a password file from a target computer, say from
   Melbourne University, then go to bed. About twelve hours later, he
   would check on his machine's progress.
   
   If he was lucky, he would find six or more accounts--user names and
   their passwords--waiting for him in a file. The process was completely
   automated. Electron could then log into Melbourne University using the
   cracked accounts, all of which could be used as jumping-off points for
   hacking into other systems for the price of a local telephone call.
   
   Cracking Unix passwords wasn't inordinately difficult,
   provided the different components of the program, such as the
   dictionary, had been set up properly. However, it was time-consuming.
   The principle was simple. Passwords, kept in password files with their
   corresponding user names, were encrypted. It was as impossible to
   reverse the encryption process as it was to unscramble an omelette.
   Instead, you needed to recreate the encryption process and compare the
   results.
   
   There were three basic steps. First, target a computer and get a copy
   of its password file. Second, take a list of commonly used passwords,
   such as users' names from the password file or words from a
   dictionary, and encrypt those into a second list. Third, put the two
   lists side by side and compare them. When you have a match, you have
   found the password.
   
   However, there was one important complication: salts. A salt changed
   the way a password was encrypted, subtly modifying the way the DES
   encryption algorithm worked. For example, the word `Underground'
   encrypts two different ways with two different salts: `kyvbExMcdAOVM'
   or `lhFaTmw4Ddrjw'. The first two characters represent the salt, the
   others represent the password. The computer chooses a salt randomly
   when it encrypts a user's password. Only one is used, and there are
   4096 different salts. All Unix computers use salts in their password
   encryption process.
   
   Salts were intended to make password cracking far more difficult, so a
   hacker couldn't just encrypt a dictionary once and then compare it to
   every list of encrypted passwords he came across in his hacking
   intrusions. The 4096 salts mean that a hacker would have to use 4096
   different dictionaries--each encrypted with a different salt--to
   discover any dictionary word passwords.
   
   On any one system penetrated by Electron, there might be only 25
   users, and therefore only 25 passwords, most likely using 25 different
   salts. Since the salt characters were stored immediately before the
   encrypted password, he could easily see which salt was being used for
   a particular password. He would therefore only have to encrypt a
   dictionary 25 different times.
   
   Still, even encrypting a large dictionary 25 times using different
   salts took up too much hard-drive space for a basic home computer. And
   that was just the dictionary. The most sophisticated cracking programs
   also produced `intelligent guesses' of passwords. For example, the
   program might take the user's name and try it in both upper- and
   lower-case letters. It might also add a `1' at the end. In short, the
   program would create new guesses by permutating, shuffling, reversing
   and recombining basic information such as a user's name into new
   `words'.
   
   `It's 24000 words. Too damn big,' Electron said. Paring down a
   dictionary was a game of trade-offs. The fewer words in a cracking
   dictionary, the less time it was likely to take a computer to break
   the encrypted passwords. A smaller dictionary, however, also meant
   fewer guesses and so a reduced chance of cracking the password of any
   given account.
   
   `Hmm. Mine's 24328. We better pare it down together.'
   
   `Yeah. OK. Pick a letter.'
   
   `C. Let's start with the Cs.'
   
   `Why C?'
   
   `C. For my grandmother's cat, Cocoa.'
   
   `Yeah. OK. Here goes. Cab, Cabal. Cabala. Cabbala.' Electron paused.
   `What the fuck is a Cabbala?'
   
   `Dunno. Yeah. I've got those. Not Cabbala. OK, Cabaret. Cabbage. Fuck,
   I hate cabbage. Who'd pick Cabbage as their password?'
   
   `A Pom,' Electron answered.
   
   `Yeah,' Phoenix laughed before continuing.
   
   Phoenix sometimes stopped to think about Force's warning, but usually
   he just pushed it to one side when it crept, unwelcomed, into his
   thoughts. Still, it worried him. Force took it seriously enough. Not
   only had he stopped associating with Electron, he appeared to have
   gone very, very quiet.
   
   In fact, Force had found a new love: music. He was writing and
   performing his own songs. By early 1990 he seemed so busy with his
   music that he had essentially put The Realm on ice. Its members took
   to congregating on a machine owned by another Realm member, Nom, for a
   month or so.
   
   Somehow, however, Phoenix knew that wasn't all of the story. A hacker
   didn't pick up and walk away from hacking just like that. Especially
   not Force. Force had been obsessed with hacking. It just didn't make
   sense. There had to be something more. Phoenix comforted himself with
   the knowledge that he had followed Force's advice and had stayed away
   from Electron. Well, for a while anyway.
   
   He had backed right off, watched and waited, but nothing happened.
   Electron was as active in the underground as ever but he hadn't been
   busted. Nothing had changed. Maybe Force's information had been wrong.
   Surely the feds would have busted Electron by now if they were going
   to do anything. So Phoenix began to rebuild his relationship with
   Electron. It was just too tempting. Phoenix was determined not to let
   Force's ego impede his own progress.
   
   By January 1990, Electron was hacking almost all the time. The only
   time he wasn't hacking was when he was sleeping, and even then he
   often dreamed of hacking. He and Phoenix were sailing past all the
   other Melbourne hackers. Electron had grown beyond Powerspike's
   expertise just as Phoenix had accelerated past Force. They were moving
   away from X.25 networks and into the embryonic Internet, which was
   just as illegal since the universities guarded computer
   accounts--Internet access--very closely.
   
   Even Nom, with his growing expertise in the Unix operating system
   which formed the basis of many new Internet sites, wasn't up to
   Electron's standard. He didn't have the same level of commitment to
   hacking, the same obsession necessary to be a truly cutting-edge
   hacker. In many ways, the relationship between Nom and Phoenix
   mirrored the relationship between Electron and Powerspike: the support
   act to the main band.
   
   Electron didn't consider Phoenix a close friend, but he was a kindred
   spirit. In fact he didn't trust Phoenix, who had a big mouth, a big
   ego and a tight friendship with Force--all strikes against him. But
   Phoenix was intelligent and he wanted to learn. Most of all, he had
   the obsession. Phoenix contributed to a flow of information which
   stimulated Electron intellectually, even if more information flowed
   toward Phoenix than from him.
   
   Within a month, Phoenix and Electron were in regular contact, and
   during the summer holidays they were talking on the phone--voice--all
   the time, sometimes three or four times a day. Hack then talk. Compare
   notes. Hack some more. Check in again, ask a few questions. Then back
   to hacking.
   
   The actual hacking was generally a solo act. For a social animal like
   Phoenix, it was a lonely pursuit. While many hackers revelled in the
   intense isolation, some, such as Phoenix, also needed to check in with
   fellow humanity once in a while. Not just any humanity--those who
   understood and shared in the obsession.
   
   `Caboodle. Caboose, `Electron went on, `Cabriolet. What the hell is a
   Cabriolet? Do you know?'
   
   `Yeah,' Phoenix answered, then rushed on. `OK. Cacao. Cache. Cachet
   ...'
   
   `Tell us. What is it?' Electron cut Phoenix off.
   
   `Cachinnation. Cachou ...'
   
   `Do you know?' Electron asked again, slightly irritated. As usual,
   Phoenix was claiming to know things he probably didn't.
   
   `Hmm? Uh, yeah,' Phoenix answered weakly. `Cackle. Cacophony ...'
   
   Electron knew that particular Phoenix `yeah'--the one which said `yes'
   but meant `no, and I don't want to own up to it either so let's drop
   it'.
   
   Electron made it a habit not to believe most of the things Phoenix
   told him. Unless there was some solid proof, Electron figured it was
   just hot air. He didn't actually like Phoenix much as a person, and
   found talking to him difficult at times. He preferred the company of
   his fellow hacker Powerspike.
   
   Powerspike was both bright and creative. Electron clicked with him.
   They often joked about the other's bad taste in music. Powerspike
   liked heavy metal, and Electron liked indie music. They shared a
   healthy disrespect for authority. Not just the authority of places
   they hacked into, like the US Naval Research Laboratories or NASA, but
   the authority of The Realm. When it came to politics, they both leaned
   to the left. However, their interest tended more toward
   anarchy--opposing symbols of the military-industrial complex--than to
   joining a political party.
   
   After their expulsion from The Realm, Electron had been a little
   isolated for a time. The tragedy of his personal life had contributed
   to the isolation. At the age of eight, he had seen his mother die of
   lung cancer. He hadn't witnessed the worst parts of her dying over two
   years, as she had spent some time in a German cancer clinic hoping for
   a reprieve. She had, however, come home to die, and Electron had
   watched her fade away.
   
   When the phone call from hospital came one night, Electron could tell
   what had happened from the serious tones of the adults. He burst into
   tears. He could hear his father answering questions on the phone. Yes,
   the boy had taken it hard. No, his sister seemed to be OK. Two years
   younger than Electron, she was too young to understand.
   
   Electron had never been particularly close to his sister. He viewed
   her as an unfeeling, shallow person--someone who simply skimmed along
   the surface of life. But after their mother's death, their father
   began to favour Electron's sister, perhaps because of her resemblance
   to his late wife. This drove a deeper, more subtle wedge between
   brother and sister.
   
   Electron's father, a painter who taught art at a local high school,
   was profoundly affected by his wife's death. Despite some barriers of
   social class and money, theirs had been a marriage of great affection
   and love and they made a happy home. Electron's father's paintings
   hung on almost every wall in the house, but after his wife's death he
   put down his brushes and never took them up again. He didn't talk
   about it. Once, Electron asked him why he didn't paint any more. He
   looked away and told Electron that he had `lost the motivation'.
   
   Electron's grandmother moved into the home to help her son care for
   his two children, but she developed Alzheimer's disease. The children
   ended up caring for her. As a teenager, Electron thought it was
   maddening caring for someone who couldn't even remember your name.
   Eventually, she moved into a nursing home.
   
   In August 1989, Electron's father arrived home from the doctor's
   office. He had been mildly ill for some time, but refused to take time
   off work to visit a doctor. He was proud of having taken only one
   day's sick leave in the last five years. Finally, in the holidays, he
   had seen a doctor who had conducted numerous tests. The results had
   come in.
   
   Electron's father had bowel cancer and the disease had spread. It
   could not be cured. He had two years to live at the most.
   
   Electron was nineteen years old at the time, and his early love of the
   computer, and particularly the modem, had already turned into a
   passion. Several years earlier his father, keen to encourage his
   fascination with the new machines, used to bring one of the school's
   Apple IIes home over weekends and holidays. Electron spent hours at
   the borrowed machine. When he wasn't playing on the computer, he read,
   plucking one of his father's spy novels from the over-crowded
   bookcases, or his own favourite book, The Lord of The Rings.
   
   Computer programming had, however, captured the imagination of the
   young Electron years before he used his first computer. At the age of
   eleven he was using books to write simple programs on paper--mostly
   games--despite the fact that he had never actually touched a keyboard.
   
   His school may have had a few computers, but its administrators had
   little understanding of what to do with them. In year 9, Electron had
   met with the school's career counsellor, hoping to learn about career
   options working with computers.
   
   `I think maybe I'd like to do a course in computer programming ...'
   His voice trailed off, hesitantly.
   
   `Why would you want to do that?' she said. `Can't you think of
   anything better than that?'
   
   `Uhm ...' Electron was at a loss. He didn't know what to do. That was
   why he had come to her. He cast around for something which seemed a
   more mainstream career option but which might also let him work on
   computers. `Well, accounting maybe?'
   
   `Oh yes, that's much better,' she said.
   
   `You can probably even get into a university, and study accounting
   there. I'm sure you will enjoy it,' she added, smiling as she closed
   his file.
   
   The borrowed computers were, in Electron's opinion, one of the few
   good things about school. He did reasonably well at school, but only
   because it didn't take much effort. Teachers consistently told his
   father that Electron was underachieving and that he distracted the
   other students in class. For the most part, the criticism was just
   low-level noise. Occasionally, however, Electron had more serious
   run-ins with his teachers. Some thought he was gifted. Others thought
   the freckle-faced, Irish-looking boy who helped his friends set fire
   to textbooks at the back of the class was nothing but a smart alec.
   
   When he was sixteen, Electron bought his own computer. He used it to
   crack software protection, just as Par had done. The Apple was soon
   replaced by a more powerful Amiga with a 20 megabyte IBM compatible
   sidecar. The computers lived, in succession, on one of the two desks
   in his bedroom. The second desk, for his school work, was usually
   piled high with untouched assignments.
   
   The most striking aspect of Electron's room was the ream after ream of
   dot matrix computer print-out which littered the floor. Standing at
   almost any point in the simply furnished room, someone could reach out
   and grab at least one pile of print-outs, most of which contained
   either usernames and passwords or printed computer program code. In
   between the piles of print-outs, were T-shirts, jeans, sneakers and
   books on the floor. It was impossible to walk across Electron's room
   without stepping on something.
   
   The turning point for Electron was the purchase of a second-hand 300
   baud modem in 1986. Overnight, the modem transformed Electron's love
   of the computer into an obsession. During the semester immediately
   before the modem's arrival, Electron's report card showed six As and
   one B. The following semester he earned six Bs and only one A.
   
   Electron had moved onto bigger and better things than school. He
   quickly became a regular user of underground BBSes and began hacking.
   He was enthralled by an article he discovered describing how several
   hackers claimed to have moved a satellite around in space simply by
   hacking computers. From that moment on, Electron decided he wanted to
   hack--to find out if the article was true.
   
   Before he graduated from school in 1987, Electron had hacked NASA, an
   achievement which saw him dancing around the dining room table in the
   middle of the night chanting, `I got into NASA! I got into NASA!' He
   hadn't moved any satellites, but getting into the space agency was as
   thrilling as flying to the moon.
   
   By 1989, he had been hacking regularly for years, much to the chagrin
   of his sister, who claimed her social life suffered because the
   family's sole phone line was always tied up by the modem.
   
   For Phoenix, Electron was a partner in hacking, and to a lesser degree
   a mentor. Electron had a lot to offer, by that time even more than The
   Realm.
   
   `Cactus, Cad, Cadaver, Caddis, Cadence, Cadet, Caesura. What the fuck
   is a Caesura?' Phoenix kept ploughing through the Cs.
   
   `Dunno. Kill that,' Electron answered, distracted.
   
   `Caesura. Well, fuck. I know I'd wanna use that as a password.'
   Phoenix laughed. `What the hell kind of word is Caduceus?'
   
   `A dead one. Kill all those. Who makes up these dictionaries?'
   Electron said.
   
   `Yeah.'
   
   `Caisson, Calabash. Kill those. Kill, kill, kill,' Electron said
   gleefully.
   
   `Hang on. How come I don't have Calabash in my list?' Phoenix feigned
   indignation.
   
   Electron laughed.
   
   `Hey,' Phoenix said, `we should put in words like "Qwerty" and
   "ABCDEF" and "ASDFGH".'
   
   `Did that already.' Electron had already put together a list of other
   common passwords, such as the `words' made when a user typed the six
   letters in the first alphabet row on a keyboard.
   
   Phoenix started on the list again. `OK the COs. Commend, Comment,
   Commerce, Commercial, Commercialism, Commercially. Kill those last
   three.'
   
   `Huh? Why kill Commercial?'
   
   `Let's just kill all the words with more than eight characters,'
   Phoenix said.
   
   `No. That's not a good idea.'
   
   `How come? The computer's only going to read the first eight
   characters and encrypt those. So we should kill all the rest.'
   
   Sometimes Phoenix just didn't get it. But Electron didn't rub it in.
   He kept it low-key, so as not to bruise Phoenix's ego. Often Electron
   sensed Phoenix sought approval from the older hacker, but it was a
   subtle, perhaps even unconscious search.
   
   `Nah,' Electron began, `See, someone might use the whole word,
   Commerce or Commercial. The first eight letters of these words are not
   the same. The eighth character in Commerce is "e", but in Commercial
   it's "i".'
   
   There was a short silence.
   
   `Yeah,' Electron went on, `but you could kill all the words
   like Commercially, and Commercialism, that come after Commercial.
   See?'
   
   `Yeah. OK. I see,' Phoenix said.
   
   `But don't just kill every word longer than eight characters,'
   Electron added.
   
   `Hmm. OK. Yeah, all right.' Phoenix seemed a bit out of sorts. `Hey,'
   he brightened a bit, `it's been a whole ten minutes since my machine
   crashed.'
   
   `Yeah?' Electron tried to sound interested.
   
   `Yeah. You know,' Phoenix changed the subject to his favourite topic,
   `what we really need is Deszip. Gotta get that.' Deszip was a computer
   program which could be used for password cracking.
   
   `And Zardoz. We need Zardoz,' Electron added. Zardoz was a restricted
   electronic publication detailing computer security holes.
   
   `Yeah. Gotta try to get into Spaf's machine. Spaf'll have it for
   sure.' Eugene Spafford, Associate Professor of Computer Science at
   Purdue University in the US, was one of the best known computer
   security experts on the Internet in 1990.
   
   `Yeah.'
   
   And so began their hunt for the holy grail.

				    [ ]
   
   Deszip and Zardoz glittered side by side as the most coveted prizes in
   the world of the international Unix hacker.
   
   Cracking passwords took time and computer resources. Even a moderately
   powerful university machine would grunt and groan under the weight of
   the calculations if it was asked to do. But the Deszip program could
   change that, lifting the load until it was, by comparison,
   feather-light. It worked at breathtaking speed and a hacker using
   Deszip could crack encrypted passwords up to 25 times faster.
   
   Zardoz, a worldwide security mailing list, was also precious, but for
   a different reason. Although the mailing list's formal name was
   Security Digest, everyone in the underground simply called it Zardoz,
   after the computer from which the mailouts originated. Zardoz also
   happened to be the name of a science fiction cult film starring Sean
   Connery. Run by Neil Gorsuch, the Zardoz mailing list contained
   articles, or postings, from various members of the computer security
   industry. The postings discussed newly discovered bugs--problems with
   a computer system which could be exploited to break into or gain root
   access on a machine. The beauty of the bugs outlined in Zardoz was
   that they worked on any computer system using the programs or
   operating systems it described. Any university, any military system,
   any research institute which ran the software documented in Zardoz was
   vulnerable. Zardoz was a giant key ring, full of pass keys made to fit
   virtually every lock.
   
   True, system administrators who read a particular Zardoz posting might
   take steps to close up that security hole. But as the hacking
   community knew well, it was a long time between a Zardoz posting and a
   shortage of systems with that hole. Often a bug worked on many
   computers for months--sometimes years--after being announced on
   Zardoz.
   
   Why? Many admins had never heard of the bug when it was first
   announced. Zardoz was an exclusive club, and most admins simply
   weren't members. You couldn't just walk in off the street and sign up
   for Zardoz. You had to be vetted by peers in the computer security
   industry. You had to administer a legitimate computer system,
   preferably with a large institution such as a university or a research
   body such as CSIRO. Figuratively speaking, the established members of
   the Zardoz mailing list peered down their noses at you and determined
   if you were worthy of inclusion in Club Zardoz. Only they decided if
   you were trustworthy enough to share in the great security secrets of
   the world's computer systems.
   
   In 1989, the white hats, as hackers called the professional security
   gurus, were highly paranoid about Zardoz getting into the wrong hands.
   So much so, in fact, that many postings to Zardoz were fine examples
   of the art of obliqueness. A computer security expert would hint at a
   new bug in his posting without actually coming out and explaining it
   in what is commonly referred to as a `cookbook' explanation.
   
   This led to a raging debate within the comp-sec industry. In one
   corner, the cookbook purists said that bulletins such as Zardoz were
   only going to be helpful if people were frank with each other. They
   wanted people posting to Zardoz to provide detailed, step-by-step
   explanations on how to exploit a particular security hole. Hackers
   would always find out about bugs one way or another and the best way
   to keep them out of your system was to secure it properly in the first
   place. They wanted full disclosure.
   
   In the other corner, the hard-line, command-and-control computer
   security types argued that posting an announcement to Zardoz posed the
   gravest of security risks. What if Zardoz fell into the wrong hands?
   Why, any sixteen-year-old hacker would have step-by-step directions
   showing how to break into thousands of individual computers! If you
   had to reveal a security flaw--and the jury was still out in their
   minds as to whether that was such a good idea--it should be done only
   in the most oblique terms.
   
   What the hard-liners failed to understand was that world-class hackers
   like Electron could read the most oblique, carefully crafted Zardoz
   postings and, within a matter of days if not hours, work out exactly
   how to exploit the security hole hinted at in the text. After which
   they could just as easily have written a cookbook version of the
   security bug.
   
   Most good hackers had come across one or two issues of Zardoz in their
   travels, often while rummaging though the system administrator's mail
   on a prestigious institution's computer. But no-one from the elite of
   the Altos underground had a full archive of all the back issues. The
   hacker who possessed that would have details of every major security
   hole discovered by the world's best computer security minds since at
   least 1988.
   
   Like Zardoz, Deszip was well guarded. It was written by computer
   security expert Dr Matthew Bishop, who worked at NASA's Research
   Institute for Advanced Computer Science before taking up a teaching
   position at Dartmouth, an Ivy League college in New Hampshire. The
   United States government deemed Deszip's very fast encryption
   algorithms to be so important, they were classified as armaments. It
   was illegal to export them from the US.
   
   Of course, few hackers in 1990 had the sophistication to use weapons
   such as Zardoz and Deszip properly. Indeed, few even knew they
   existed. But Electron and Phoenix knew, along with a tiny handful of
   others, including Pad and Gandalf from Britain. Congregating on Altos
   in Germany, they worked with a select group of others carefully
   targeting sites likely to contain parts of their holy grail. They were
   methodical and highly strategic, piecing information together with
   exquisite, almost forensic, skill. While the common rabble of other
   hackers were thumping their heads against walls in brute-force attacks
   on random machines, these hackers spent their time hunting for
   strategic pressure points--the Achilles' heels of the computer
   security community.
   
   They had developed an informal hit list of machines, most of which
   belonged to high-level computer security gurus. Finding one or two
   early issues of Zardoz, Electron had combed through their postings
   looking not just on the surface--for the security bugs--but also
   paying careful attention to the names and addresses of the people
   writing articles. Authors who appeared frequently in Zardoz, or had
   something intelligent to say, went on the hit list. It was those
   people who were most likely to keep copies of Deszip or an archive of
   Zardoz on their machines.
   
   Electron had searched across the world for information about Deszip
   and DES (Data Encryption Standard), the original encryption program
   later used in Deszip. He hunted through computers at the University of
   New York, the US Naval Research Laboratories in Washington DC,
   Helsinki University of Technology, Rutgers University in New Jersey,
   Melbourne University and Tampere University in Finland, but the search
   bore little fruit. He found a copy of CDES, a public domain encryption
   program which used the DES algorithm, but not Deszip. CDES could be
   used to encrypt files but not to crack passwords.
   
   The two Australian hackers had, however, enjoyed a small taste of
   Deszip. In 1989 they had broken into a computer at Dartmouth College
   called Bear. They discovered Deszip carefully tucked away in a corner
   of Bear and had spirited a copy of the program away to a safer machine
   at another institution.
   
   It turned out to be a hollow victory. That copy of Deszip had been
   encrypted with Crypt, a program based on the German Enigma machine
   used in World War II. Without the passphrase--the key to unlock the
   encryption--it was impossible to read Deszip. All they could do was
   stare, frustrated, at the file name Deszip labelling a treasure just
   out of reach.
   
   Undaunted, the hackers decided to keep the encrypted file just in case
   they ever came across the passphrase somewhere--in an email letter,
   for example--in one of the dozens of new computers they now hacked
   regularly. Relabelling the encrypted Deszip file with a more innocuous
   name, they stored the copy in a dark corner of another machine.
   Thinking it wise to buy a little insurance as well, they gave a second
   copy of the encrypted Deszip to Gandalf, who stored it on a machine in
   the UK in case the Australians' copy disappeared unexpectedly.

				    [ ]
   
   In January 1990, Electron turned his attention to getting Zardoz.
   After carefully reviewing an old copy of Zardoz, he had discovered a
   system admin in Melbourne on the list. The subscriber could well have
   the entire Zardoz archive on his machine, and that machine was so
   close--less than half an hour's drive from Electron's home. All
   Electron had to do was to break into the CSIRO.
   
   The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, or
   CSIRO, is a government owned and operated research body with many
   offices around Australia. Electron only wanted to get into one: the
   Division of Information Technology at 55 Barry Street, Carlton, just
   around the corner from the University of Melbourne.
   
   Rummaging through a Melbourne University computer, Electron had
   already found one copy of the Zardoz archive, belonging to a system
   admin. He gathered it up and quietly began downloading it to his
   computer, but as his machine slowly siphoned off the Zardoz copy, his
   link to the university abruptly went dead. The admin had discovered
   the hacker and quickly killed the connection. All of which left
   Electron back at square one--until he found another copy of Zardoz on
   the CSIRO machine.
   
   It was nearly 3 a.m. on 1 February 1990, but Electron wasn't tired.
   His head was buzzing. He had just successfully penetrated an account
   called Worsley on the CSIRO computer called
   DITMELA, using the sendmail bug. Electron assumed
   DITMELA stood for Division of Information Technology, Melbourne,
   computer `A'.
   
   Electron began sifting through Andrew Worsley's directories that day.
   He knew Zardoz was in there somewhere, since he had seen it before.
   After probing the computer, experimenting with different security
   holes hoping one would let him inside, Electron managed to slip in
   unnoticed. It was mid-afternoon, a bad time to hack a computer since
   someone at work would likely spot the intruder before long. So
   Electron told himself this was just a reconnaissance mission. Find out
   if Zardoz was on the machine, then get out of there fast and come back
   later--preferably in the middle of the night--to pull Zardoz out.
   
   When he found a complete collection of Zardoz in Worsley's directory,
   Electron was tempted to try a grab and run. The problem was that, with
   his slow modem, he couldn't run very quickly. Downloading Zardoz would
   take several hours. Quashing his overwhelming desire to reach out and
   grab Zardoz then and there, he slipped out of the machine noiselessly.
   
   Early next morning, an excited and impatient Electron crept back into
   DITMELA and headed straight for Worsley's directory. Zardoz was still
   there. And a sweet irony. Electron was using a security bug he had
   found on an early issue of Zardoz to break into the computer which
   would surrender the entire archive to him.
   
   Getting Zardoz out of the CSIRO machine was going to be a little
   difficult. It was a big archive and at 300 baud--30 characters per
   second--Electron's modem would take five hours to siphon off an entire
   copy. Using the CAT command, Electron made copies of all the Zardoz
   issues and bundled them up into one 500 k file. He called the new file
   .t and stored it in the temporary directory on DITMELA.
   
   Then he considered what to do next. He would mail the Zardoz bundle to
   another account outside the CSIRO computer, for safe-keeping. But
   after that he had to make a choice: try to download the thing himself
   or hang up, call Phoenix and ask him to download it.
   
   Using his 2400 baud modem, Phoenix would be able to download the
   Zardoz bundle eight times faster than Electron could. On the other
   hand, Electron didn't particularly want to give Phoenix access to the
   CSIRO machine. They had both been targeting the machine, but he hadn't
   told Phoenix that he had actually managed to get in. It wasn't that he
   planned on withholding Zardoz when he got it. Quite the contrary,
   Electron wanted Phoenix to read the security file so they could bounce
   ideas off each other. When it came to accounts, however, Phoenix had a
   way of messing things up. He talked too much. He was simply not
   discreet.
   
   While Electron considered his decision, his fingers kept working at
   the keyboard. He typed quickly, mailing copies of the Zardoz bundle to
   two hacked student accounts at Melbourne University. With the
   passwords to both accounts, he could get in whenever he wanted and he
   wasn't taking any chances with this precious cargo. Two accounts were
   safer than one--a main account and a back-up in case someone changed
   the password on the first one.
   
   Then, as the DITMELA machine was still in the process of mailing the
   Zardoz bundle off to the back-up sites, Electron's connection suddenly
   died.
   
   The CSIRO machine had hung up on him, which probably meant one thing.
   The admin had logged him off. Electron was furious. What the hell was
   a system administrator doing on a computer at this hour? The admin was
   supposed to be asleep! That's why Electron logged on when he did. He
   had seen Zardoz on the CSIRO machine the day before but he had been so
   patient refusing to touch it because the risk of discovery was too
   great. And now this.
   
   The only hope was to call Phoenix and get him to login to the
   Melbourne Uni accounts to see if the mail had arrived safely. If so,
   he could download it with his faster modem before the CSIRO admin had
   time to warn the Melbourne Uni admin, who would change the passwords.
   
   Electron got on the phone to Phoenix. They had long since stopped
   caring about what time of day they rang each other. 10 p.m. 2 a.m.
   4.15 a.m. 6.45 a.m.
   
   `Yeah.' Electron greeted Phoenix in the usual way.
   
   `Yup,' Phoenix responded.
   
   Electron told Phoenix what happened and gave him the two accounts at
   Melbourne University where he had mailed the Zardoz bundle.
   
   Phoenix hung up and rang back a few minutes later. Both accounts were
   dead. Someone from Melbourne University had gone in and changed the
   passwords within 30 minutes of Electron being booted off the CSIRO
   computer. Both hackers were disturbed by the implications of this
   event. It meant someone--in fact probably several people--were onto
   them. But their desperation to get Zardoz overcame their fear.
   
   Electron had one more account on the CSIRO computer. He didn't want to
   give it to Phoenix, but he didn't have a choice. Still, the whole
   venture was filled with uncertainty. Who knew if the Zardoz bundle was
   still there? Surely an admin who bothered to kick Electron out would
   move Zardoz to somewhere inaccessible. There was, however, a single
   chance.
   
   When Electron read off the password and username, he told Phoenix to
   copy the Zardoz bundle to a few other machines on the Internet instead
   of trying to download it to his own computer. It would be much
   quicker, and the CSIRO admin wouldn't dare break into someone else's
   computers to delete the copied file. Choosing overseas sites would
   make it even harder for the admin to reach the admins of those
   machines and warn them in time. Then, once Zardoz was safely tucked
   away in a few back-up sites, Phoenix could download it over the
   Internet from one of those with less risk of being booted off the
   machine halfway through the process.
   
   Sitting at his home in Kelvin Grove, Thornbury, just two suburbs north
   of the CSIRO machine, Ian Mathieson watched the hacker break into his
   computer again. Awoken by a phone call at 2.30 a.m. telling him there
   was a suspected hacker in his computer, Mathieson immediately logged
   in to his work system, DITMELA, via his home computer and modem. The
   call, from David Hornsby of the Melbourne University Computer Science
   Department, was no false alarm.
   
   After watching the unknown hacker, who had logged in through a
   Melbourne University machine terminal server, for about twenty
   minutes, Mathieson booted the hacker off his system. Afterwards he
   noticed that the DITMELA computer was still trying to execute a
   command issued by the hacker. He looked a little closer, and
   discovered DITMELA was trying to deliver mail to two Melbourne
   University accounts.
   
   The mail, however, hadn't been completely delivered. It was still
   sitting in the mail spool, a temporary holding pen for undelivered
   mail. Curious as to what the hacker would want so much from his
   system, Mathieson moved the file into a subdirectory to look at it. He
   was horrified to find the entire Zardoz archive, and he knew exactly
   what it meant. These were no ordinary hackers--they were precision
   fliers. Fortunately, Mathieson
   consoled himself, he had stopped the mail before it had been sent out
   and secured it.
   
   Unfortunately, however, Mathieson had missed Electron's original
   file--the bundle of Zardoz copies. When Electron had mailed the file,
   he had copied it, leaving the original intact. They were still sitting
   on DITMELA under the unassuming name .t. Mailing a file didn't delete
   it--the computer only sent a copy of the original. Mathieson was an
   intelligent man, a medical doctor with a master's degree in computer
   science, but he had forgotten to check the temporary directory, one of
   the few places a hacker could store files on a Unix system if he
   didn't have root privileges.
   
   At exactly 3.30 a.m. Phoenix logged into DITMELA from the University
   of Texas. He quickly looked in the temporary directory. The .t file
   was there, just as Electron had said it would be. The hacker quickly
   began transferring it back to the University of Texas.
   
   He was feeling good. It looked like the Australians were going to get
   the entire Zardoz collection after all. Everything was going extremely
   well--until the transfer suddenly died. Phoenix had forgotten to check
   that there was enough disk space available on the University of Texas
   account to download the sizeable Zardoz bundle. Now, as he was logged
   into a very hot machine, a machine where the admin could well be
   watching his every move, he discovered there wasn't enough room for
   the Zardoz file.
   
   Aware that every second spent on-line to DITMELA posed a serious risk,
   Phoenix logged off the CSIRO machine immediately. Still connected to
   the Texas computer, he fiddled around with it, deleting other files
   and making enough room to pull the whole 500 k Zardoz file across.
   
   At 3.37 a.m. Phoenix entered DITMELA again. This time, he vowed,
   nothing would go wrong. He started up the file transfer and waited.
   Less than ten minutes later, he logged off the CSIRO computer and
   nervously checked the University of Texas system. It was there.
   Zardoz, in all its glory. And it was his! Phoenix was ecstatic.
   
   He wasn't done yet and there was no time for complacency. Swiftly, he
   began compressing and encrypting Zardoz. He
   compressed it because a smaller file was less obvious on the Texas
   machine and was faster to send to a back-up machine. He encrypted it
   so no-one nosing around the file would be able to see what was in it.
   He wasn't just worried about system admins; the Texas system was
   riddled with hackers, in part because it was home to his friend,
   Legion of Doom hacker Erik Bloodaxe, a
   student at the university.
   
   After Phoenix was satisfied Zardoz was safe, he rang Electron just
   before 4 a.m. with the good news. By 8.15, Phoenix had downloaded
   Zardoz from the Texas computer onto his own machine. By 1.15 p.m.,
   Electron had downloaded it from Phoenix's machine to his own.

				    [ ]
   
   Zardoz had been a difficult conquest, but Deszip would prove to be
   even more so. While dozens of security experts possessed complete
   Zardoz archives, far fewer people had Deszip. And, at least
   officially, all of them were in the US.
   
   The US government banned the export of cryptography algorithms. To
   send a copy of Deszip, or DES or indeed any other encryption program
   outside the US was a crime. It was illegal because the US State
   Department's Office of Defense Trade Controls considered any
   encryption program to be a weapon. ITAR, the International Traffic in
   Arms Regulations stemming from the US Arms Export Control Act 1977,
   restricted publication of and trad in `defense articles'. It didn't
   matter whether you flew to Europe with a disk in your pocket, or you
   sent the material over the Internet. If you violated ITAR, you faced
   the prospect of prison.
   
   Occasionally, American computer programmers discreetly slipped copies
   of encryption programs to specialists in their field outside the US.
   Once the program was outside the US, it was fair game--there was
   nothing US authorities could do about someone in Norway sending Deszip
   to a colleague in Australia. But even so, the comp-sec and
   cryptography communities outside the US still held programs such as
   Deszip very tightly within their own inner sanctums.
   
   All of which meant that Electron and Phoenix would almost certainly
   have to target a site in the US. Electron continued to compile a hit
   list, based on the Zardoz mailing list, which he gave to Phoenix. The
   two hackers then began searching the growing Internet for computers
   belonging to the targets.
   
   It was an impressive hit list. Matthew Bishop, author of Deszip.
   Russell Brand, of the Lawrence Livermore National Labs, a research
   laboratory funded by the US Department of Energy. Dan Farmer, an
   author of the computer program COPS, a popular security-testing
   program which included a password cracking program. There were others.
   And, at the top of the list, Eugene Spafford, or Spaf, as the hackers
   called him.
   
   By 1990, the computer underground viewed Spaf not just as security
   guru, but also as an anti-hacker zealot. Spaf was based at Purdue
   University, a hotbed of computer security experts. Bishop had earned
   his PhD at Purdue and Dan Farmer was still there. Spaf was also one of
   the founders of usenet, the Internet newsgroups service. While working
   as a computer scientist at the university, he had made a name for
   himself by, among other things, writing a technical analysis of the
   RTM worm. The worm, authored by Cornell University student Robert T.
   Morris Jr in 1988, proved to be a boon for Spaf's career.
   
   Prior to the RTM worm, Spaf had been working in software engineering.
   After the worm, he became a computer ethicist and a very public
   spokesman for the conservatives in the computer security industry.
   Spaf went on tour across the US, lecturing the public and the media on
   worms, viruses and the ethics of hacking. During the Morris case,
   hacking became a hot topic in the United States, and Spaf fed the
   flames. When Judge Howard G. Munson refused to sentence Morris to
   prison, instead ordering him to complete 400 hours community service,
   pay a $10000 fine and submit to three years probation, Spaf publicly
   railed against the decision. The media reported that he had called on
   the computer industry to boycott any company which chose to employ
   Robert T. Morris Jr.
   
   Targeting Spaf therefore served a dual purpose for the Australian
   hackers. He was undoubtedly a repository of treasures such as Deszip,
   and he was also a tall poppy.
   
   One night, Electron and Phoenix decided to break into Spaf's machine
   at Purdue to steal a copy of Deszip. Phoenix would do the actual
   hacking, since he had the fast modem, but he would talk to Electron
   simultaneously on the other phone line. Electron would guide him at
   each step. That way, when Phoenix hit a snag, he wouldn't have to
   retreat to regroup and risk discovery.
   
   Both hackers had managed to break into another computer at Purdue,
   called Medusa. But Spaf had a separate machine, Uther, which was
   connected to Medusa.
   
   Phoenix poked and prodded at Uther, trying to open a hole wide enough
   for him to crawl through. At Electron's suggestion, he tried to use
   the CHFN bug. The CHFN command lets users change the information
   provided--such as their name, work address or office phone
   number--when someone `fingers' their accounts. The bug had appeared in
   one of the Zardoz files and Phoenix and Electron had already used it
   to break into several other machines.
   
   Electron wanted to use the CHFN bug because, if the attack was
   successful, Phoenix would be able to make a root account for himself
   on Spaf's machine. That would be the ultimate slap in the face to a
   high-profile computer security guru.
   
   But things weren't going well for Phoenix. The frustrated Australian
   hacker kept telling Electron that the bug should work, but it
   wouldn't, and he couldn't figure out why. The problem, Electron
   finally concluded, was that Spaf's machine was a Sequent. The CHFN bug
   depended on a particular Unix password file structure, but Sequents
   used a different structure. It didn't help that Phoenix didn't know
   that much about Sequents--they were one of Gandalf's specialties.
   
   After a few exasperating hours struggling to make the CHFN bug work,
   Phoenix gave up and turned to another security flaw suggested by
   Electron: the FTP bug. Phoenix ran through the bug in his mind.
   Normally, someone used FTP, or file transfer protocol, to transfer
   files over a network, such as the Internet, from one computer to
   another. FTPing to another machine was a bit like telnetting, but the
   user didn't need a password to login and the commands he could execute
   once in the other computer were usually very limited.
   
   If it worked, the FTP bug would allow Phoenix to slip in an extra
   command during the FTP login process. That command would force Spaf's
   machine to allow Phoenix to login as anyone he wanted--and what he
   wanted was to login as someone who had root privileges. The `root'
   account might be a little obvious
   if anyone was watching, and it didn't always have remote
   access anyway. So he chose `daemon', another commonly root-privileged
   account, instead.
   
   It was a shot in the dark. Phoenix was fairly sure Spaf would have
   secured his machine against such an obvious attack, but Electron urged
   him to give it a try anyway. The FTP bug had been announced throughout
   the computer security community long ago, appearing in an early issue
   of Zardoz. Phoenix hesitated, but he had run out of ideas, and time.
   
   Phoenix typed:
   
   FTP -i uther.purdue.edu
   
   quote user anonymous
   
   quote cd ~daemon
   
   quote pass anything
   
   The few seconds it took for his commands to course from his suburban
   home in Melbourne and race deep into the Midwest felt like a lifetime.
   He wanted Spaf's machine, wanted Deszip, and wanted this attack to
   work. If he could just get Deszip, he felt the Australians would be
   unstoppable.
   
   Spaf's machine opened its door as politely as a doorman at the Ritz
   Carlton. Phoenix smiled at his computer. He was in.
   
   It was like being in Aladdin's cave. Phoenix just sat there, stunned
   at the bounty which lay before him. It was his, all his. Spaf had
   megabytes of security files in his directories. Source code for the
   RTM Internet worm. Source code for the WANK worm. Everything. Phoenix
   wanted to plunge his hands in each treasure chest and scoop out greedy
   handfuls, but he resisted the urge. He had a more important--a more
   strategic--mission to accomplish first.
   
   He prowled through the directories, hunting everywhere for Deszip.
   Like a burglar scouring the house for the family silver, he pawed
   through directory after directory. Surely, Spaf had to have Deszip. If
   anyone besides Matthew Bishop was going to have a copy, he would. And
   finally, there it was. Deszip. Just waiting for Phoenix.
   
   Then Phoenix noticed something else. Another file. Curiosity got the
   better of him and he zoomed in to have a quick look. This one
   contained a passphrase--the passphrase. The phrase the Australians
   needed to decrypt the original copy of Deszip they had stolen from the
   Bear computer at Dartmouth three months earlier. Phoenix couldn't
   believe the passphrase. It was so simple, so obvious. But he caught
   himself. This was no time to cry over spilled milk. He had to get
   Deszip out of the machine quickly, before anyone noticed he was there.
   
   But as Phoenix began typing in commands, his screen appeared to freeze
   up. He checked. It wasn't his computer. Something was wrong at the
   other end. He was still logged into Spaf's machine. The connection
   hadn't been killed. But when he typed commands, the computer in West
   Lafayette, Indiana, didn't respond. Spaf's machine just sat there,
   deaf and dumb.
   
   Phoenix stared at his computer, trying to figure out what was
   happening. Why wouldn't Spaf's machine answer? There were two
   possibilities. Either the network--the connection between the first
   machine he penetrated at Purdue and Spaf's own machine--had gone down
   accidentally. Or someone had pulled the plug.
   
   Why pull the plug? If they knew he was in there, why not just kick him
   out of the machine? Better still, why not kick him out of Purdue all
   together? Maybe they wanted to keep him on-line to trace which machine
   he was coming from, eventually winding backwards from system to
   system, following his trail.
   
   Phoenix was in a dilemma. If the connection had crashed by accident,
   he wanted to stay put and wait for the network to come back up again.
   The FTP hole in Spaf's machine was an incredible piece of luck.
   Chances were that someone would find
   evidence of his break-in after he left and plug it. On the
   other hand, he didn't want the people at Purdue tracing his
   connections.
   
   He waited a few more minutes, trying to hedge his bets. Feeling nervy
   as the extended silence emanating from Spaf's machine wore on, Phoenix
   decided to jump. With the lost treasures of Aladdin's cave fading in
   his mind's eye like a mirage, Phoenix killed his connection.
   
   Electron and Phoenix talked on the phone, moodily contemplating their
   losses. It was a blow, but Electron reminded himself that getting
   Deszip was never going to be easy. At least they had the passphrase to
   unlock the encrypted Deszip taken from Dartmouth.
   
   Soon, however, they discovered a problem. There had to be one,
   Electron thought. They couldn't just have something go off without a
   hitch for a change. That would be too easy. The problem this time was
   that when they went searching for their copy from Dartmouth, which had
   been stored several months before, it had vanished. The Dartmouth
   system admin must have deleted it.
   
   It was maddening. The frustration was unbearable. Each time they had
   Deszip just within their grasp, it slipped away and
   disappeared. Yet each time they lost their grip, it only deepened
   their desire to capture the elusive prize. Deszip was fast becoming an
   all-consuming obsession for Phoenix and Electron.
   
   Their one last hope was the second copy of the encrypted Dartmouth
   Deszip file they had given to Gandalf, but that hope did not burn
   brightly. After all, if the Australians' copy had been deleted, there
   was every likelihood that the Brit's copy had suffered the same fate.
   Gandalf's copy hadn't been stored on his own computer. He had put it
   on some dark corner of a machine in Britain.
   
   Electron and Phoenix logged onto Altos and waited for Pad or Gandalf
   to show up.
   
   Phoenix typed .s for a list of who was on-line. He saw that Pad was
   logged on:
   
   No Chan User
   
   0 Guest
   
   1 Phoenix
   
   2 Pad
   
   Guest 0 was Electron. He usually logged on as Guest, partly because he
   was so paranoid about being busted and because he believed operators
   monitored his connections if they knew it was Electron logging in.
   They seemed to take great joy in sniffing the password to his own
   account on Altos. Then, when he had logged off, they logged in and
   changed his password so he couldn't get back under the name Electron.
   Nothing was more annoying. Phoenix typed, `Hey, Pad. How's it going?'
   
   Pad wrote back, `Feeny! Heya.'
   
   `Do you and Gand still have that encrypted copy of Deszip we gave you
   a few months ago?'
   
   `Encrypted copy ... hmm. Thinking.' Pad paused. He and Gandalf hacked
   dozens of computer systems regularly. Sometimes it was difficult to
   recall just where they had stored things.
   
   `Yeah, I know what you mean. I don't know. It was on a system on
   JANET,' Pad said. Britain's Joint Academic Network was the equivalent
   of Australia's AARNET, an early Internet based largely on a backbone
   of universities and research centres.
   
   `I can't remember which system it was on,' Pad continued.
   
   If the Brits couldn't recall the institution, let alone the machine
   where they had hidden Deszip, it was time to give up
   all hope. JANET comprised hundreds, maybe thousands, of machines. It
   was far too big a place to randomly hunt around for a file which
   Gandalf would no doubt have tried to disguise in the first place.
   
   `But the file was encrypted, and you didn't have the password,' Pad
   wrote. `How come you want it?'
   
   `Because we found the password. <smile>' That was the
   etiquette on Altos. If you wanted to suggest an action, you put it in
   < >.
   
   `Gr8!' Pad answered.
   
   That was Pad and Gandalf's on-line style. The number eight was the
   British hackers' hallmark, since their group was called 8lgm, and they
   used it instead of letters. Words like `great', `mate' and `later'
   became `gr8', `m8' and `l8r'.
   
   When people logged into Altos they could name a `place' of origin for
   others to see. Of course, if you were logging from a country which had
   laws against hacking, you wouldn't give your real country. You'd just
   pick a place at random. Some people logged in from places like
   Argentina, or Israel. Pad and Gandalf logged in from 8lgm.
   
   `I'll try to find Gandalf and ask him if he knows where we stashed the
   copy,' Pad wrote to Phoenix.
   
   `Good. Thanks.'
   
   While Phoenix and Electron waited on-line for Pad to return, Par
   showed up on-line and joined their conversation. Par didn't know who
   Guest 0 was, but Guest certainly knew who Par was. Time hadn't healed
   Electron's old wounds when it came to Par. Electron didn't really
   admit to himself the bad blood was still there over Theorem. He told
   himself that he couldn't be bothered with Par, that Par was just a
   phreaker, not a real hacker, that Par was lame.
   
   Phoenix typed, `Hey, Par. How's it going?'
   
   `Feenster!' Par replied. `What's happening?'
   
   `Lots and lots.'
   
   Par turned his attention to the mystery Guest 0. He didn't want to
   discuss private things with someone who might be a security guy
   hanging around the chat channel like a bad smell.
   
   `Guest, do you have a name?' Par asked.
   
   `Yeah. It's "Guest--#0".'
   
   `You got any other names?'
   
   There was a long pause.
   
   Electron typed, `I guess not.'
   
   `Any other names besides dickhead that is?'
   
   Electron sent a `whisper'--a private message--to Phoenix telling him
   not to tell Par his identity.
   
   `OK. Sure,' Phoenix whispered back. To show he would play along with
   whatever Electron had in mind, Phoenix added a sideways smiley face at
   the end: `:-)'.
   
   Par didn't know Electron and Phoenix were whispering to each other. He
   was still waiting to find out the identity of Guest. `Well, speak up,
   Guest. Figured out who you are yet?'
   
   Electron knew Par was on the run at the time. Indeed, Par had been on
   the run from the US Secret Service for more than six months by the
   beginning of 1990. He also knew Par was highly paranoid.
   
   Electron took aim and fired.
   
   `Hey, Par. You should eat more. You're looking underFED these days.'
   
   Par was suddenly silent. Electron sat at his computer, quietly
   laughing to himself, halfway across the world from Par. Well, he
   thought, that ought to freak out Par a bit. Nothing like a subtle hint
   at law enforcement to drive him nuts.
   
   `Did you see THAT?' Par whispered to Phoenix. `UnderFED. What did he
   mean?'
   
   `I dunno,' Phoenix whispered back. Then he forwarded a copy of Par's
   private message on to Electron. He knew it would make him laugh.
   
   Par was clearly worried. `Who the fuck are you?' he whispered to
   Electron but Guest 0 didn't answer.
   
   With growing anxiety, Par whispered to Phoenix, `Who IS this guy? Do
   you know him?'
   
   Phoenix didn't answer.
   
   `Because, well, it's weird. Didn't you see? FED was in caps. What the
   fuck does that mean? Is he a fed? Is he trying to give me a message
   from the feds?'
   
   Sitting at his terminal, on the other side of Melbourne from Electron,
   Phoenix was also laughing. He liked Par, but the American was an easy
   target. Par had become so paranoid since he went on the run across the
   US, and Electron knew just the right buttons to push.
   
   `I don't know,' Phoenix whispered to Par. `I'm sure he's not really a
   fed.'
   
   `Well, I am wondering about that comment,' Par whispered back.
   `UnderFED. Hmm. Maybe he knows something. Maybe it's some kind of
   warning. Shit, maybe the Secret Service knows where I am.'
   
   `You think?' Phoenix whispered to Par. `It might be a warning of some
   kind?' It was too funny.
   
   `Can you check his originating NUA?' Par wanted to know what network
   address the mystery guest was coming from. It might give him a clue as
   to the stranger's identity.
   
   Phoenix could barely contain himself. He kept forwarding the private
   messages on to Electron. Par was clearly becoming more agitated.
   
   `I wish he would just tell me WHO he was,' Par whispered. `Shit. It is
   very fucking weird. UnderFED. It's spinning me out.'
   
   Then Par logged off.
   
   Electron typed, `I guess Par had to go. <Grin>' Then, chuckling to
   himself, he waited for news on Gandalf's Deszip copy.
   
   If Pad and Gandalf hadn't kept their copy of Deszip, the Australians
   would be back to square one, beginning with a hunt for a system which
   even had Deszip. It was a daunting task and by the time Pad and
   Gandalf finally logged back into Altos, Phoenix and Electron had
   become quite anxious.
   
   `How did you go?' Phoenix asked. `Do you still have Deszip?'
   
   `Well, at first I thought I had forgotten which system I left it on
   ...'
   
   Electron jumped in, `And then?'
   
   `Then I remembered.'
   
   `Good news?' Phoenix exclaimed.
   
   `Well, no. Not exactly,' Gandalf said. `The account is dead.'
   
   Electron felt like someone had thrown a bucket of cold water on him.
   `Dead? Dead how?' he asked.
   
   `Dead like someone changed the password. Not sure why. I'll have to
   re-hack the system to get to the file.'
   
   `Fuck, this Deszip is frustrating,' Electron wrote.
   
   `This is getting ridiculous,' Phoenix added.
   
   `I don't even know if the copy is still in there,' Gandalf replied. `I
   hid it, but who knows? Been a few months. Admins might have deleted
   it.'
   
   `You want some help hacking the system again, Gand?' Phoenix asked.
   
   `Nah, It'll be easy. It's a Sequent. Just have to hang around until
   the ops go home.'
   
   If an op was logged on and saw Gandalf hunting around, he or she might
   kick Gandalf off and investigate the file which so interested the
   hacker. Then they would lose Deszip all over again.
   
   `I hope we get it,' Pad chipped in. `Would be gr8!'
   
   `Gr8 indeed. Feen, you've got the key to the encryption?' Gandalf
   asked.
   
   `Yeah.'
   
   `How many characters is it?' It was Gandalf's subtle way of asking for
   the key itself.
   
   Phoenix wasn't sure what to do. He wanted to give the British hackers
   the key, but he was torn. He needed Pad and Gandalf's help to get the
   copy of Deszip, if it was still around. But he knew Electron was
   watching the conversation, and Electron was always so paranoid. He
   disliked giving out any information, let alone giving it over Altos,
   where the conversations were possibly logged by security people.
   
   `Should I give him the key?' Phoenix whispered to Electron.
   
   Gandalf was waiting. To fend him off, Phoenix said, `It's 9 chars.'
   Chars was short for characters. On Altos the rule was to abbreviate
   where ever possible.
   
   `What is the first char?'
   
   `Yeah. Tell him,' Electron whispered to Phoenix.
   
   `Well, the key is ...'
   
   `You're going to spew when you find out, Gand,' Electron interrupted.
   
   `Yes ... go on,' Gandalf said. `I am listening.'
   
   `You won't believe it. <spew spew spew> The key is ... Dartmouth.'
   
   `WHAT???? WHAT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!' Gandalf exclaimed.
   `No!!! IT's NOT TRUE! Bollox! You are KIDDING?'
   
   The British hacker was thumping himself on the head. The name of the
   frigging university! What a stupid password!
   
   Phoenix gave an on-line chuckle. `Hehe. Yeah. So hard to guess. We
   could have had Deszip for all these months ...'
   
   `Jesus. I hope it's still on that JANET system,' Gandalf said. Now
   that he actually had the password, finding the file became even more
   urgent.
   
   `Pray. Pray. Pray,' Phoenix said. `Yeah, you should have seen the
   licence text on Deszip--it was by NASA.'
   
   `You've seen it? You saw Deszip's source code?'
   
   `No,' Phoenix answered. `When I went back to the BEAR machine to check
   if Deszip was still there, the program was gone. But the licence
   agreement and other stuff was there. Should have read the licence ...
   truly amazing. It basically went on and on about how the people who
   wrote it didn't want people like us to get a hold of it. Hehe.'
   
   Electron was growing impatient. `Yeah. So, Gand, when you gonna go
   check that JANET system?'
   
   `Now. Fingers crossed, m8! See ya l8r ...' Then he was gone.
   
   The waiting was driving Electron nuts. He kept thinking about Deszip,
   about how he could have had it months and months ago. That program was
   such a prize. He was salivating at the thought of getting it after all
   this time pursuing it around the globe, chasing its trail from system
   to system, never quite getting close enough to grab it.
   
   When Gandalf showed up again, Pad, Phoenix and Electron were all over
   him in an instant.
   
   `WE FUCKING GOT IT GUYS!!!!!' Gandalf exclaimed.
   
   `Good job m8!' Pad said.
   
   `YES!' Electron added. `Have you decrypted it yet?'
   
   `Not yet. Crypt isn't on that machine. We can either copy Crypt onto
   that machine or copy the file onto another computer which already has
   Crypt on it,' Gandalf said.
   
   `Let's move it. Quick ... quick ... this damn thing has a habit of
   disappearing,' Electron said.
   
   `Yeah, this is the last copy ... the only one I got.'
   
   `OK. Think ... think ... where can we copy it to?' Electron said.
   
   `Texas!' Gandalf wanted to copy it to a computer at the University of
   Texas at Austin, home of the LOD hacker Erik Bloodaxe.
   
   Irrepressible, Gandalf came on like a steam roller if he liked
   you--and cut you down in a flash if he didn't. His rough-and-tumble
   working-class humour particularly appealed to Electron. Gandalf seemed
   able to zero in on the things which worried you most--something so
   deep or serious it was often unsaid. Then he would blurt it out in
   such crass, blunt terms you couldn't help laughing. It was his way of
   being in your face in the friendliest possible manner.
   
   `Yeah! Blame everything on Erik!' Phoenix joked. `No, seriously. That
   place is crawling with security now, all after Erik. They are into
   everything.'
   
   Phoenix had heard all about the security purge at the university from
   Erik. The Australian called Erik all the time, mostly by charging the
   calls to stolen AT&T cards. Erik hadn't been raided by the Secret
   Service yet, but he had been tipped off and was expecting a visit any
   day.
   
   `It probably won't decrypt anyway,' Electron said.
   
   `Oh, phuck off!' Gandalf shot back. `Come on! I need a site NOW!'
   
   `Thinking ...' Phoenix said. `Gotta be some place with room--how big
   is it?'
   
   `It's 900 k compressed--probably 3 meg when we uncompress it. Come on,
   hurry up! How about a university?'
   
   `Princeton, Yale could do either of those.' Electron suggested. `What
   about MIT--you hacked an account there recently, Gand?'
   
   `No.'
   
   All four hackers racked their minds for a safe haven. The world was
   their oyster, as British and Australian hackers held a real-time
   conversation in Germany about whether to hide their treasure in
   Austin, Texas; Princeton, New Jersey; Boston, Massachusetts; or New
   Haven, Connecticut.
   
   `We only need somewhere to stash it for a little while, until we can
   download it,' Gandalf said. `Got to be some machine where we've got
   root. And it's got to have anon FTP.'
   
   Anon FTP, or anonymous file transfer protocol, on a host machine would
   allow Gandalf to shoot the file from his JANET machine across the
   Internet into the host. Most importantly, Gandalf could do so without
   an account on the target machine. He could simply login as
   `anonymous', a method of access which had more limitations than simply
   logging in with a normal account. He would, however, still be able to
   upload the file.
   
   `OK. OK, I have an idea,' Phoenix said. `Lemme go check
   it out.'
   
   Phoenix dropped out of Altos and connected to the University of Texas.
   The physical location of a site didn't matter. His head was spinning
   and it was the only place he could think of. But he didn't try to
   connect to Happy, the machine he often used which Erik had told him
   about. He headed to one of the other university computers, called
   Walt.
   
   The network was overloaded. Phoenix was left dangling, waiting to
   connect for minutes on end. The lines were congested. He logged back
   into Altos and told Pad and Electron. Gandalf was nowhere to be seen.
   
   `Damn,' Electron said. Then, `OK, I might have an idea.'
   
   `No, wait!' Phoenix cut in. `I just thought of a site! And I have root
   too! But it's on NASA ...'
   
   `Oh that's OK. I'm sure they won't mind a bit. <grin>'
   
   `I'll go make sure it's still OK. Back in a bit,' Phoenix typed.
   
   Phoenix jumped out of Altos and headed toward NASA. He telnetted into
   a NASA computer called CSAB at the Langley Research Center in Hampton,
   Virginia. He had been in and out of NASA quite a few times and had
   recently made himself a root account on CSAB. First, he had to check
   the account was still alive, then he had to make sure the system
   administrator wasn't logged in.
   
   Whizzing past the official warning sign about unauthorised access in
   US government computers on the login screen, Phoenix typed in his user
   name and password.
   
   It worked. He was in. And he had root privileges.
   
   He quickly looked around on the system. The administrator was on-line.
   Damn.
   
   Phoenix fled the NASA computer and sprinted back into Altos. Gandalf
   was there, along with the other two, waiting for him.
   
   `Well?' Electron asked.
   
   `OK. All right. The NASA machine will work. It has anon FTP. And I
   still have root. We'll use that.'
   
   Gandalf jumped in. `Hang on--does it have Crypt?'
   
   `Argh! Forget to check. I think it must.'
   
   `Better check it, m8!'
   
   `Yeah, OK.'
   
   Phoenix felt exasperated, rushing around trying to find sites that
   worked. He logged out of Altos and coursed his way back into the NASA
   machine. The admin was still logged on, but Phoenix was running out of
   time. He had to find out if the computer had Crypt on it. It did.
   
   Phoenix rushed back to Altos. `Back again. We're in business.'
   
   `Yes!' Electron said, but he quickly jumped in with a word of warning.
   `Don't say the exact machine at NASA or the account out loud. Whisper
   it to Gandalf. I think the ops are listening in on my connection.'
   
   `Well,' Phoenix typed slowly, `there's only one problem. The admin is
   logged on.'
   
   `Arghhh!' Electron shouted.
   
   `Just do it,' Pad said. `No time to worry.'
   
   Phoenix whispered the Internet IP address of the NASA machine to
   Gandalf.
   
   `OK, m8, I'll anon FTP it to NASA. I'll come back here and tell you
   the new filename. Then you go in and decrypt it and uncompress the
   file. W8 for me here.'
   
   Ten minutes later, Gandalf returned. `Mission accomplished. The file
   is there!'
   
   `Now, go go Pheeny!' Electron said.
   
   `Gand, whisper the filename to me,' Phoenix said.
   
   `The file's called "d" and it's in the pub directory,' Gandalf
   whispered.
   
   `OK, folks. Here we go!' Phoenix said as he logged off.
   
   Phoenix dashed to the NASA computer, logged in and looked for the file
   named `d'. He couldn't find it. He couldn't even find the pub
   directory. He began hunting around the rest of the file system. Where
   was the damn thing?
   
   Uh oh. Phoenix noticed the system administrator, Sharon Beskenis, was
   still logged in. She was connected from Phoebe, another NASA machine.
   There was only one other user besides himself logged into the CSAB
   machine, someone called Carrie. As if that wasn't bad enough, Phoenix
   realised his username stood out a like a sore thumb. If the admin
   looked at who was on-line she would see herself, Carrie and a user
   called `friend', an account he had created for himself. How many
   legitimate accounts on NASA computers had that name?
   
   Worse, Phoenix noticed that he had forgotten to cover his login trail.
   `Friend' was telnetting into the NASA computer from the University of
   Texas. No, no, he thought, that would definitely have to go. He
   disconnected from NASA, bounced back to the university and then logged
   in to NASA again. Good grief. Now the damn NASA machine showed two
   people logged in as `friend'. The computer hadn't properly killed his
   previous login. Stress.
   
   Phoenix tried frantically to clear out his first login by killing its
   process number. The NASA computer responded that there was no such
   process number. Increasingly nervous, Phoenix figured he must have
   typed in the wrong number. Unhinged, he grabbed one of the other
   process numbers and killed that.
   
   Christ! That was the admin's process number. Phoenix had just
   disconnected Sharon from her own machine. Things were not going well.
   
   Now he was under serious pressure. He didn't dare logout, because
   Sharon would no doubt find his `friend' account, kill it and close up
   the security hole he had originally used to get in. Even if she didn't
   find Deszip on her own machine, he might not be able to get back in
   again to retrieve it.
   
   After another frenzied minute hunting around the machine, Phoenix
   finally unearthed Gandalf's copy of Deszip. Now, the moment of truth.
   
   He tried the passphrase. It worked! All he had to do
   was uncompress Deszip and get it out of there. He typed, `uncompress
   deszip.tar.z', but he didn't like how the NASA computer answered his
   command:
   
   corrupt input
   
   Something was wrong, terribly wrong. The file appeared to be partially
   destroyed. It was too painful a possibility to contemplate. Even if
   only a small part of the main Deszip program had been damaged, none of
   it would be useable.
   
   Rubbing sweat from his palms, Phoenix hoped that maybe the file had
   just been damaged as he attempted to uncompress it. He had kept the
   original, so he went back to that and tried decrypting and
   uncompressing it again. The NASA computer gave him the same ugly
   response. Urgently, he tried yet again, but this time attempted to
   uncompress the file in a different way. Same problem.
   
   Phoenix was at his wits' end. This was too much. The most he could
   hope was that the file had somehow become corrupted in the transfer
   from Gandalf's JANET machine. He logged out of NASA and returned to
   Altos. The other three were waiting impatiently for him.
   
   Electron, still logged in as the mystery Guest, leaped in. `Did it
   work?'
   
   `No. Decrypted OK, but the file was corrupted when I tried to
   decompress it.'
   
   `Arghhhhhhhhh!!!!!!!' Gandalf exclaimed.
   
   `Fuckfuckfuck,' Electron wrote. `Doomed to fail.'
   
   `Sigh Sigh Sigh,' Pad typed.
   
   Gandalf and Electron quizzed Phoenix in detail about each command he
   had used, but in the end there seemed only one hope. Move a copy of
   the decryption program to the JANET computer in the UK and try
   decrypting and uncompressing Deszip there.
   
   Phoenix gave Gandalf a copy of Crypt and the British hacker went to
   work on the JANET computer. A little later he rendezvoused on Altos
   again.
   
   Phoenix was beside himself by this stage. `Gand! Work???'
   
   `Well, I decrypted it using the program you gave me ...'
   
   `And And And???' Electron was practically jumping out of his seat at
   his computer.
   
   `Tried to uncompress it. It was taking a LONG time. Kept
   going--expanded to 8 megabytes.'
   
   `Oh NO. Bad Bad Bad,' Phoenix moaned. `Should only be 3 meg. If it's
   making a million files, it's fucked.'
   
   `Christ,' Pad typed. `Too painful.'
   
   `I got the makefile--licensing agreement text etc., but the Deszip
   program itself was corrupted,' Gandalf concluded.
   
   `I don't understand what is wrong with it. <Sob>' Phoenix wrote.
   
   `AgonyAgonyAgony,' Electron groaned. `It'll never never never work.'
   
   `Can we get a copy anywhere else?' Gandalf asked.
   
   `That FTP bug has been fixed at Purdue,' Pad answered. `Can't use that
   to get in again.'
   
   Disappointment permeated the atmosphere on Altos.
   
   There were, of course, other possible repositories for Deszip. Phoenix
   and Electron had already penetrated a computer at Lawrence Livermore
   National Labs in California. They had procured root on the gamm5
   machine and planned to use it as a launchpad for penetrating security
   expert Russell Brand's computer at LLNL, called Wuthel. They were sure
   Brand had Deszip on his computer.
   
   It would require a good deal of effort, and possibly another
   roller-coaster ride of desire, expectation and possible
   disappointment. For now, the four hackers resolved to sign off,
   licking their wounds at their defeat in the quest for Deszip.
   
   `Well, I'm off. See you l8r,' Pad said.
   
   `Yeah, me too,' Electron added.
   
   `Yeah, OK. L8r, m8s!' Gandalf said.
   
   Then, just for fun, he added in typical Gandalf style, `See you in
   jail!'

     _________________________________________________________________

		  Chapter 6 -- Page 1 The New York Times
     _________________________________________________________________

     Read about it
     Just another incredible scene
     There's no doubt about it 
     
   -- from `Read About It', on 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 by Midnight
   Oil
   
   Pad had an important warning for the Australian hackers: the computer
   security community was closing in on them. It was the end of February
   1990, not long after Phoenix and Electron had captured Zardoz and just
   missed out on Deszip. Pad didn't scream or shout the warning, that
   wasn't his style. But Electron took in the import of the warning loud
   and clear.
   
   `Feen, they know you did over Spaf's machine,' Pad told Phoenix. `They
   know it's been you in other systems also. They've got your handle.'
   
   Eugene Spafford was the kind of computer security expert who loses a
   lot of face when a hacker gets into his machine, and a wounded bull is
   a dangerous enemy.
   
   The security people had been able to connect and link up a series of
   break-ins with the hacker who called himself Phoenix because his style
   was so distinctive. For example, whenever he was creating a root
   shell--root access--for himself, he would always save it in the same
   filename and in the same location on the
   computer. In some instances, he even created accounts called `Phoenix'
   for himself. It was this consistency of style which had made things so
   much easier for admins to trace his movements.
   
   In his typical understated fashion, Pad suggested a change of style.
   And maybe, he added, it wasn't such a bad idea for the Australians to
   tone down their activities a bit. The undercurrent of the message was
   serious.
   
   `They said that some security people had contacted Australian law
   enforcement, who were supposed to be "dealing with it",' Pad said.
   
   `Do they know my real name?' Phoenix asked, worried. Electron was also
   watching this conversation with some concern.
   
   `Don't know. Got it from Shatter. He's not always reliable,
   but ...'
   
   Pad was trying to soften the news by playing down Shatter's importance
   as a source. He didn't trust his fellow British hacker but Shatter had
   some good, if mysterious, connections. An enigmatic figure who seemed
   to keep one foot in the computer underworld and the other in the
   upright computer security industry, Shatter leaked information to Pad
   and Gandalf, and occasionally to the Australians.
   
   While the two British hackers sometimes discounted Shatter's advice,
   they also took the time to talk to him. Once, Electron had intercepted
   email showing Pengo had turned to Shatter for advice about his
   situation after the raid in Germany. With some spare time prior to his
   trial, Pengo asked Shatter whether it was safe to travel to the US on
   a summer holiday in 1989. Shatter asked for Pengo's birthdate and
   other details. Then he returned with an unequivocal answer: Under no
   circumstances was Pengo to travel to the US.
   
   Subsequently, it was reported that officials in the US Justice
   Department had been examining ways to secretly coax Pengo onto
   American soil, where they could seize him. They would then force him
   to face trial in their own courts.
   
   Had Shatter known this? Or had he just told Pengo not to go to the US
   because it was good commonsense? No-one was quite sure, but people
   took note of what Shatter told them.
   
   `Shatter definitely got the info right about Spaf's machine. 100%
   right,' Pad continued. `He knew exactly how you hacked it. I couldn't
   believe it. Be careful if you're still hacking m8, especially on the
   Inet.' The `Inet' was shorthand for the Internet.
   
   The Altos hackers went quiet.
   
   `It's not just you,' Pad tried to reassure the Australians. `Two
   security people from the US are coming to the UK to try and find out
   something about someone named Gandalf. Oh, and Gand's mate, who might
   be called Patrick.'
   
   Pad had indeed based his handle on the name Patrick, or Paddy, but
   that wasn't his real name. No intelligent hacker would use his real
   name for his handle. Paddy was the name of one of his favourite
   university lecturers, an Irishman who laughed a good deal. Like Par's
   name, Pad's handle had coincidentally echoed a second meaning when the
   British hacker moved into exploring X.25 networks. An X.25 PAD is a
   packet assembler disassembler, the interface between the X.25 network
   and a modem or terminal server. Similarly, Gandalf, while being first
   and foremost the wizard from The Lord of The Rings, also happened to
   be a terminal server brand name.
   
   Despite the gravity of the news that the security community was
   closing the net around them, none of the hackers lost their wicked
   sense of humour.
   
   `You know,' Pad went on, `Spaf was out of the country when his machine
   got hacked.'
   
   `Was he? Where?' asked Gandalf, who had just joined the conversation.
   
   `In Europe.'
   
   Electron couldn't resist. `Where was Spaf, Gandalf asks as he hears a
   knock on his door ...'
   
   `Haha,' Gandalf laughed.
   
   `<knock> <knock>' Electron went on, hamming it up.
   
   `Oh! Hello there, Mr Spafford,' Gandalf typed, playing along.
   
   `Hello, I'm Gene and I'm mean!'
   
   Alone in their separate homes on different corners of the globe, the
   four hackers chuckled to themselves.
   
   `Hello, and is this the man called Patrick?' Pad jumped in.
   
   `Well, Mr Spafford, it seems you're a right fucking idiot for not
   patching your FTP!' Gandalf proclaimed.
   
   `Not to mention the CHFN bug--saved by a Sequent! Or you'd be very
   fucking embarrassed,' Phoenix added.
   
   Phoenix was laughing too, but he was a little nervous about Pad's
   warning and he turned the conversation back to a serious note.
   
   `So, Pad, what else did Shatter tell you?' Phoenix asked
   anxiously.
   
   `Not much. Except that some of the security investigations might be
   partly because of UCB.'
   
   UCB was the University of California at Berkeley. Phoenix had been
   visiting machines at both Berkeley and LLNL so much recently that the
   admins seemed to have not only noticed him, but they had pinpointed
   his handle. One day he had telnetted into dewey.soe.berkeley.edu--the
   Dewey machine as it was known--and had been startled to find the
   following message of the day staring him in the face:
   
   Phoenix,
   
   Get out of Dewey NOW!
   
   Also, do not use any of the `soe' machines.
   
   Thank you,
   
   Daniel Berger
   
   Phoenix did a double take when he saw this public warning. Having been
   in and out of the system so many times, he just zoomed past the words
   on the login screen. Then, in a delayed reaction, he realised the
   login message was addressed to him.
   
   Ignoring the warning, he proceeded to get root on the Berkeley machine
   and look through Berger's files. Then he sat back, thinking about the
   best way to deal with the problem. Finally, he decided to send the
   admin a note saying he was leaving the system for good.
   
   Within days, Phoenix was back in the Dewey machine, weaving in and out
   of it as if nothing had happened. After all, he had broken into the
   system, and managed to get root through his own wit. He had earned the
   right to be in the computer. He might send the admin a note to put him
   at ease, but Phoenix wasn't going to give up accessing Berkeley's
   computers just because it upset Daniel Berger.
   
   `See,' Pad continued, `I think the UCB people kept stuff on their
   systems that wasn't supposed to be there. Secret things.'
   
   Classified military material wasn't supposed to be stored
   on non-classified network computers. However, Pad guessed that
   sometimes researchers broke rules and took short cuts because they
   were busy thinking about their research and not the security
   implications.
   
   `Some of the stuff might have been illegal,' Pad told his captive
   audience. `And then they find out some of you guys have been in there
   ...'
   
   `Shit,' Phoenix said.
   
   `So, well, if it APPEARED like someone was inside trying to get at
   those secrets ...' Pad paused. `Then you can guess what happened. It
   seems they really want to get whoever was inside their machines.'
   
   There was momentary silence while the other hackers digested all that
   Pad had told them. As a personality on Altos, Pad remained ever so
   slightly withdrawn from the other hackers, even the Australians whom
   he considered mates. This reserved quality gave his warning a certain
   sobriety, which seeped into the very fabric of Altos that day.
   
   Eventually, Electron responded to Pad's warning by typing a comment
   directed at Phoenix: `I told you talking to security guys is nothing
   but trouble.'
   
   It irritated Electron more and more that Phoenix felt compelled to
   talk to white hats in the security industry. In Electron's view,
   drawing attention to yourself was just a bad idea all around and he
   was increasingly annoyed at watching Phoenix feed his ego. He had made
   veiled references to Phoenix's bragging on Altos many times, saying
   things like `I wish people wouldn't talk to security guys'.
   
   Phoenix responded to Electron on-line somewhat piously. `Well, I will
   never talk to security guys seriously again.'
   
   Electron had heard it all before. It was like listening to an
   alcoholic swear he would never touch another drink. Bidding the others
   goodbye, Electron logged off. He didn't care to listen to Phoenix any
   more.
   
   Others did, however. Hundreds of kilometres away, in a special room
   secreted away inside a bland building in Canberra, Sergeant Michael
   Costello and Constable William Apro had been methodically capturing
   each and every electronic boast as it poured from Phoenix's phone. The
   two officers recorded the data transmissions passing in and out of his
   computer. They then played this recording into their own modem and
   computer and created a text file they could save and use as evidence
   in court.
   
   Both police officers had travelled north from Melbourne, where they
   worked with the AFP's Computer Crime Unit. Settling into their
   temporary desks with their PC and laptop, the officers began their
   secret eavesdropping work on 1 February 1990.
   
   It was the first time the AFP had done a datatap. They were happy to
   bide their time, to methodically record Phoenix hacking into Berkeley,
   into Texas, into NASA, into a dozen computers around the world. The
   phone tap warrant was good for 60 days, which was more than enough
   time to secrete away a mountain of damning evidence against the
   egotistical Realm hacker. Time was on their side.
   
   The officers worked the Operation Dabble job in shifts. Constable Apro
   arrived at the Telecommunications Intelligence Branch of the AFP at 8
   p.m. Precisely ten hours later, at 6 the next morning, Sergeant
   Costello relieved Apro, who knocked off for a good sleep. Apro
   returned again at 8 p.m. to begin the night shift.
   
   They were there all the time. Twenty-four hours a day. Seven days a
   week. Waiting and listening.
   
   It was too funny. Erik Bloodaxe in Austin, Texas, couldn't stop
   laughing. In Melbourne, Phoenix's side hurt from laughing so much.
   
   Phoenix loved to talk on the phone. He often called Erik, sometimes
   every day, and they spoke for ages. Phoenix didn't worry about cost;
   he wasn't paying for it. The call would appear on some poor sod's bill
   and he could sort it out with the phone company.
   
   Sometimes Erik worried a little about whether Phoenix wasn't going to
   get himself in a jam making all these international calls. Not that he
   didn't like talking to the Australian; it was a hoot. Still, the
   concern sat there, unsettled, in the back of his mind. A few times he
   asked Phoenix about it.
   
   `No prob. Hey, AT&T isn't an Australian company,' Phoenix would say.
   `They can't do anything to me.' And Erik had let it rest at that.
   
   For his part, Erik didn't dare call Phoenix, especially not since his
   little visit from the US Secret Service. On 1 March 1990, they burst
   into his home, with guns drawn, in a dawn raid. The agents searched
   everywhere, tearing the student house apart, but they didn't find
   anything incriminating. They did take Erik's $59 keyboard terminal
   with its chintzy little 300 baud modem, but they didn't get his main
   computer, because Erik knew they were coming.
   
   The Secret Service had subpoenaed his academic records, and Erik had
   heard about it before the raid. So when the Secret Service arrived,
   Erik's stuff just wasn't there. It hadn't been there for a few weeks,
   but for Erik, they had been hard weeks. The hacker found himself
   suffering withdrawal symptoms, so he bought the cheapest home computer
   and modem he could find to tide him over.
   
   That equipment was the only computer gear the Secret Service
   discovered, and they were not happy special agents. But without
   evidence, their hands were tied. No charges were laid.
   
   Still, Erik thought he was probably being watched. The last thing he
   wanted was for Phoenix's number to appear on his home phone bill. So
   he let Phoenix call him, which the Australian did all the time. They
   often talked for hours when Erik was working nights. It was a slack
   job, just changing the back-up tapes on various computers and making
   sure they didn't jam. Perfect for a student. It left Erik hours of
   free time.
   
   Erik frequently reminded Phoenix that his phone was probably tapped,
   but Phoenix just laughed. `Yeah, well don't worry about it, mate. What
   are they going to do? Come and get me?'
   
   After Erik put a hold on his own hacking activities, he lived
   vicariously, listening to Phoenix's exploits. The Australian called
   him with a technical problem or an interesting system, and then they
   discussed various strategies for getting into the machine. However,
   unlike Electron's talks with Phoenix, conversations with Erik weren't
   only about hacking. They chatted about life, about what Australia was
   like, about girls, about what was in the newspaper that day. It was
   easy to talk to Erik. He had a big ego, like most hackers, but it was
   inoffensive, largely couched in his self-effacing humour.
   
   Phoenix often made Erik laugh. Like the time he got Clifford Stoll, an
   astronomer, who wrote The Cuckoo's Egg. The book described his pursuit
   of a German hacker who had broken into the computer system Stoll
   managed at Lawrence Berkeley Labs near San Francisco. The hacker had
   been part of the same hacking ring as Pengo. Stoll took a hard line on
   hacking, a position which did not win him popularity in the
   underground. Both Phoenix and Erik had read Stoll's book, and one day
   they were sitting around chatting about it.
   
   `You know, it's really stupid that Cliffy put his email address in his
   book,' Phoenix said. `Hmm, why don't I go check?'
   
   Sure enough, Phoenix called Erik back about a day later. `Well, I got
   root on Cliffy's machine,' he began slowly, then he burst out
   laughing. `And I changed the message of the day. Now it reads, "It
   looks like the Cuckoo's got egg on his face"!'
   
   It was uproariously funny. Stoll, the most famous hacker-catcher in
   the world, had been japed! It was the funniest thing Erik had heard in
   weeks.
   
   But it was not nearly so amusing as what Erik told Phoenix later about
   the New York Times. The paper had published an article on 19 March
   suggesting a hacker had written some sort of virus or worm which was
   breaking into dozens of computers.
   
   `Listen to this,' Erik had said, reading Phoenix the lead paragraph,
   `"A computer intruder has written a program that has entered dozens of
   computers in a nationwide network in recent weeks, automatically
   stealing electronic documents containing users' passwords and erasing
   files to help conceal itself."'
   
   Phoenix was falling off his chair he was laughing so hard. A program?
   Which was automatically doing this? No. It wasn't an automated
   program, it was the Australians! It was the Realm hackers! God, this
   was funny.
   
   `Wait--there's more! It says, "Another rogue program shows a
   widespread vulnerability". I laughed my ass off,' Erik said,
   struggling to get the words out.
   
   `A rogue program! Who wrote the article?'
   
   `A John Markoff,' Erik answered, wiping his eyes. `I called him up.'
   
   `You did? What did you say?' Phoenix tried to gather himself together.
   
   `"John," I said, "You know that article you wrote on page 12 of the
   Times? It's wrong! There's no rogue program attacking the Internet."
   He goes, "What is it then?" "It's not a virus or a worm," I said.
   "It's PEOPLE."'
   
   Erik started laughing uncontrollably again.
   
   `Then Markoff sounds really stunned, and he goes, "People?" And I
   said, "Yeah, people." Then he said, "How do you know?" And I said,
   "Because, John, I KNOW."'
   
   Phoenix erupted in laughter again. The Times reporter obviously had
   worms on his mind, since the author of the famous Internet worm,
   Robert T. Morris Jr, had just been tried and convicted in the US. He
   was due to be sentenced in May.
   
   US investigators had tracked the hacker's connections, looping through
   site after site in a burrowing manner which they assumed belonged to a
   worm. The idea of penetrating so many sites all in such a short time
   clearly baffled the investigators, who concluded it must be a program
   rather than human beings launching the attacks.
   
   `Yeah,' Erik continued, `And then Markoff said, "Can you get me to
   talk to them?" And I said I'd see what I could do.'
   
   `Yeah,' Phoenix said. `Go tell him, yes. Yeah, I gotta talk to this
   idiot. I'll set him straight.'
   
   Page one, the New York Times, 21 March 1990: `Caller Says he Broke
   Computers' Barriers to Taunt the Experts', by John Markoff.
   
   True, the article was below the crease--on the bottom half of the
   page--but at least it was in column 1, the place a reader turns to
   first.
   
   Phoenix was chuffed. He'd made the front page of the New York Times.
   
   `The man identified himself only as an Australian named Dave,' the
   article said. Phoenix chuckled softly. Dave Lissek was the pseudonym
   he'd used. Of course, he wasn't the only one using the name Dave. When
   Erik first met the Australians on Altos, he marvelled at how they all
   called themselves Dave. I'm Dave, he's Dave, we're all Dave, they told
   him. It was just easier that way, they said.
   
   The article revealed that `Dave' had attacked Spaf's and Stoll's
   machines, and that the Smithsonian Astronomical Observatory at Harvard
   University--where Stoll now worked--had pulled its computers off the
   Internet as a result of the break in. Markoff had even included the
   `egg on his face' story Phoenix had described to him.
   
   Phoenix laughed at how well he had thumbed his nose at Cliffy Stoll.
   This article would show him up all right. It felt so good, seeing
   himself in print that way. He did that. That was him there in black in
   white, for all the world to see. He had outsmarted the world's best
   known hacker-catcher, and he had smeared the insult across the front
   page of the most prestigious newspaper in America.
   
   And Markoff reported that he had been in Spaf's system too! Phoenix
   glowed happily. Better still, Markoff had quoted `Dave' on the
   subject: `The caller said ... "It used to be the security guys chasing
   the hackers. Now it's the hackers chasing the security people."'
   
   The article went on: `Among the institutions believed to have been
   penetrated by the intruder are the Los Alamos National Laboratories,
   Harvard, Digital Equipment Corporation, Boston University and the
   University of Texas.' Yes, that list sounded about right. Well, for
   the Australians as a group anyway. Even if Phoenix hadn't masterminded
   or even penetrated some of those himself, he was happy to take the
   credit in the Times.
   
   This was a red-letter day for Phoenix.
   
   Electron, however, was furious. How could Phoenix be so stupid? He
   knew that Phoenix had an ego, that he talked too much, and that his
   tendency to brag had grown worse over time, fed by the skyrocketing
   success of the Australian hackers. Electron knew all of that, but he
   still couldn't quite believe that Phoenix had gone so far as to strut
   and preen like a show pony for the New York Times.
   
   To think that he had associated with Phoenix. Electron was disgusted.
   He had never trusted Phoenix--a caution now proved wise. But he had
   spent hours with him on the phone, with most of the information
   flowing in one direction. But not only did Phoenix show no discretion
   at all in dealing with the paper, he bragged about doing things that
   Electron had done! If Phoenix had to talk--and clearly he should have
   kept his mouth shut--he should have at least been honest about the
   systems for which he could claim credit.
   
   Electron had tried with Phoenix. Electron had suggested that he stop
   talking to the security guys. He had continually urged caution and
   discretion. He had even subtly withdrawn each time Phoenix suggested
   one of his hair-brained schemes to show off to a security bigwig.
   Electron had done this in the hope that Phoenix might get the hint.
   Maybe, if Phoenix couldn't hear someone shouting advice at him, he
   might at least listen to someone whispering it. But no. Phoenix was
   far too thick for that.
   
   The Internet--indeed, all hacking--was out of bounds for weeks, if not
   months. There was no chance the Australian authorities would let a
   front-page story in the Times go by un-heeded. The Americans would be
   all over them. In one selfish act of hubris, Phoenix had ruined the
   party for everyone else.
   
   Electron unplugged his modem and took it to his father. During exams,
   he had often asked his father to hide it. He didn't have the
   self-discipline needed to stay away on his own and there was no other
   way Electron could keep himself from jacking in--plugging his modem
   into the wall. His father had become an expert at hiding the device,
   but Electron usually still managed to find it after a few days,
   tearing the house apart until he emerged, triumphant, with the modem
   held high above his head. Even when his father began hiding the modem
   outside the family home it would only postpone the inevitable.
   
   This time, however, Electron vowed he would stop hacking until the
   fallout had cleared--he had to. So he handed the modem to his father,
   with strict instructions, and then tried to distract himself by
   cleaning up his hard drive and disks. His hacking files had to go too.
   So much damning evidence of his activities. He deleted some files and
   took others on disks to store at a friend's house. Deleting files
   caused Electron considerable pain, but there was no other way. Phoenix
   had backed him into a corner.
   
   Brimming with excitement, Phoenix rang Electron on a sunny March
   afternoon.
   
   `Guess what?' Phoenix was jumping around like an eager puppy at the
   other end of the line. `We made the nightly news right across the US!'
   
   `Uhuh,' Electron responded, unimpressed.
   
   `This is not a joke!' We were on cable news all day too. I called Erik
   and he told me.'
   
   `Mmm,' Electron said.
   
   `You know, we did a lot of things right. Like Harvard. We got into
   every system at Harvard. It was a good move. Harvard gave us the fame
   we needed.'
   
   Electron couldn't believe what he was hearing. He didn't need any
   fame--and he certainly didn't need to be busted. The
   conversation--like Phoenix himself--was really beginning to annoy him.
   
   `Hey, and they know your name,' Phoenix said coyly.
   
   That got a reaction. Electron gulped his anger.
   
   `Haha! Just joshing!' Phoenix practically shouted. `Don't worry! They
   didn't really mention anyone's name.'
   
   `Good,' Electron answered curtly. His irritation stewed
   quietly.
   
   `So, do you reckon we'll make the cover of Time or Newsweek?'
   
   Good grief! Didn't Phoenix ever give up? As if it wasn't enough to
   appear on the 6 o'clock national news in a country crawling with
   over-zealous law enforcement agencies. Or to make the New York Times.
   He had to have the weeklies too.
   
   Phoenix was revelling in his own publicity. He felt like he was on top
   of the world, and he wanted to shout about it. Electron had felt the
   same wave of excitement from hacking many high-profile targets and
   matching wits with the best, but he was happy to stand on the peak by
   himself, or with people like Pad and Gandalf, and enjoy the view
   quietly. He was happy to know he had been the best on the frontier of
   a computer underground which was fresh, experimental and, most of all,
   international. He didn't need to call up newspaper reporters or gloat
   about it in Clifford Stoll's face.
   
   `Well, what do you reckon?' Phoenix asked impatiently.
   
   `No,' Electron answered.
   
   `No? You don't think we will?' Phoenix sounded disappointed.
   
   `No.'
   
   `Well, I'll demand it!' Phoenix said laughing, `Fuck it, we want the
   cover of Newsweek, nothing less.' Then, more seriously, `I'm trying to
   work out what really big target would clinch it for us.'
   
   `Yeah, OK, whatever,' Electron replied, distancing himself again.
   
   But Electron was thinking, Phoenix, you are a fool. Didn't he see the
   warning signs? Pad's warning, all the busts in the US, reports that
   the Americans were hunting down the Brits. As a result of these news
   reports of which Phoenix was so proud, bosses across the world would
   be calling their computer managers into their offices and breathing
   down their necks about their own computer security.
   
   The brazen hackers had deeply offended the computer security industry,
   spurring it into action. In the process, some in the industry had also
   seen an opportunity to raise its own public profile. The security
   experts had talked to the law enforcement agencies, who were now
   clearly sharing information across national borders and closing in
   fast. The conspirators in
   the global electronic village were at the point of maximum
   overreach.
   
   `We could hack Spaf again,' Phoenix volunteered.
   
   `The general public couldn't give a fuck about Eugene Spafford,'
   Electron said, trying to dampen Phoenix's bizarre enthusiasm. He was
   all for thumbing one's nose at authority, but this was not the way to
   do it.
   
   `It'd be so funny in court, though. The lawyer would call Spaf and
   say, "So, Mr Spafford, is it true that you are a world-renowned
   computer security expert?" When he said, "Yes" I'd jump up and go, "I
   object, your honour, this guy doesn't know jackshit, 'cause I hacked
   his machine and it was a breeze!"'
   
   `Mmm.'
   
   `Hey, if we don't get busted in the next two weeks, it will be a
   miracle,' Phoenix continued happily.
   
   `I hope not.'
   
   `This is a lot of fun!' Phoenix shouted sarcastically. `We're gonna
   get busted! We're gonna get busted!'
   
   Electron's jaw fell to the ground. Phoenix was mad. Only a lunatic
   would behave this way. Mumbling something about how tired he was,
   Electron said goodbye and hung up.

   At 5.50 a.m. on 2 April 1990, Electron dragged himself out of bed and
   made his way to the bathroom. Part way through his visit, the light
   suddenly went out.
   
   How strange. Electron opened his eyes wide in the early morning
   dimness. He returned to his bedroom and began putting on some jeans
   before going to investigate the problem.
   
   Suddenly, two men in street clothes yanked his window open and jumped
   through into the room shouting, `GET DOWN ON THE FLOOR!'
   
   Who were these people? Half-naked, Electron stood in the middle of his
   room, stunned and immobile. He had suspected the police might pay him
   a visit, but didn't they normally wear uniforms? Didn't they announce
   themselves?
   
   The two men grabbed Electron, threw him face down onto the floor and
   pulled his arms behind his back. They jammed handcuffs on his
   wrists--hard--cutting his skin. Then someone kicked him in the
   stomach.
   
   `Are there any firearms in the house?' one of the men asked.
   
   Electron couldn't answer because he couldn't breathe. The kick had
   winded him. He felt someone pull him up from the floor and prop him in
   a chair. Lights went on everywhere and he could see six or seven
   people moving around in the hallway. They must have come into the
   house another way. The ones in the hallway were all wearing bibs with
   three large letters emblazoned across the front: AFP.
   
   As Electron slowly gathered his wits, he realised why the cops had
   asked about firearms. He had once joked to Phoenix on the phone about
   how he was practising with his dad's .22 for when the feds came
   around. Obviously the feds had been tapping his phone.
   
   While his father talked with one of the officers in the other room and
   read the warrant, Electron saw the police pack up his computer
   gear--worth some $3000--and carry it out of the house. The only thing
   they didn't discover was the modem. His father had become so expert at
   hiding it that not even the Australian Federal Police could find it.
   
   Several other officers began searching Electron's bedroom, which was
   no small feat, given the state it was in. The floor was covered in a
   thick layer of junk. Half crumpled music band posters, lots of
   scribbled notes with passwords and NUAs, pens, T-shirts both clean and
   dirty, jeans, sneakers, accounting books, cassettes, magazines, the
   occasional dirty cup. By the time the police had sifted through it all
   the room was tidier than when they started.
   
   As they moved into another room at the end of the raid, Electron bent
   down to pick up one of his posters which had fallen onto the floor. It
   was a Police Drug Identification Chart--a gift from a friend's
   father--and there, smack dab in the middle, was a genuine AFP
   footprint. Now it was a collector's item. Electron smiled to himself
   and carefully tucked the poster away.
   
   When he went out to the living room, he saw a policemen holding a
   couple of shovels and he wanted to laugh again. Electron had also once
   told Phoenix that all his sensitive hacking disks were buried in the
   backyard. Now the police were going to dig it up in search of
   something which had been destroyed a few days before. It was too
   funny.
   
   The police found little evidence of Electron's hacking at his house,
   but that didn't really matter. They already had almost everything they
   needed.
   
   Later that morning, the police put the 20-year-old Electron into an
   unmarked car and drove him to the AFP's imposing-looking headquarters
   at 383 Latrobe Street for questioning.
   
   In the afternoon, when Electron had a break from the endless
   questions, he walked out to the hallway. The boyish-faced Phoenix,
   aged eighteen, and fellow Realm member Nom, 21, were walking with
   police at the other end of the hall. They were too far apart to talk,
   but Electron smiled. Nom looked worried. Phoenix looked annoyed.
   
   Electron was too intimidated to insist on having a lawyer. What was
   the point in asking for one anyway? It was clear the police had
   information they could only have obtained from
   tapping his phone. They also showed him logs taken from Melbourne
   University, which had been traced back to his phone. Electron figured
   the game was up, so he might as well tell them the whole story--or at
   least as much of it as he had told Phoenix on the phone.
   
   Two officers conducted the interview. The lead interviewer was
   Detective Constable Glenn Proebstl, which seemed to be pronounced
   `probe stool'--an unfortunate name, Electron thought. Proebstl was
   accompanied by Constable Natasha Elliott, who occasionally added a few
   questions at the end of various interview topics but otherwise kept to
   herself. Although he had decided to answer their questions truthfully,
   Electron thought that neither of them knew much about computers and
   found himself struggling to understand what they were trying to ask.
   
   Electron had to begin with the basics. He explained what the FINGER
   command was--how you could type `finger' followed by a username, and
   then the computer would provide basic information about the user's
   name and other details.
   
   `So, what is the methodology behind it ... finger ... then, it's
   normally ... what is the normal command after that to try and get the
   password out?' Constable Elliott finally completed her convoluted
   attempt at a question.
   
   The only problem was that Electron had no idea what she was talking
   about.
   
   `Well, um, I mean there is none. I mean you don't use finger like that
   ...'
   
   `Right. OK,' Constable Elliott got down to business. `Well, have you
   ever used that system before?'
   
   `Uhm, which system?' Electron had been explaining commands for so long
   he had forgotten if they were still talking about how he hacked the
   Lawrence Livermore computer or some other site.
   
   `The finger ... The finger system?'
   
   Huh? Electron wasn't quite sure how to answer that question. There was
   no such thing. Finger was a command, not a computer.
   
   `Uh, yes,' he said.
   
   The interview went the same way, jolting awkwardly through computer
   technology which he understood far better than either officer.
   Finally, at the end of a long day, Detective Constable Proebstl asked
   Electron:
   
   `In your own words, tell me what fascination you find with accessing
   computers overseas?'
   
   `Well, basically, it's not for any kind of personal gain or anything,'
   Electron said slowly. It was a surprisingly difficult question to
   answer. Not because he didn't know the answer, but because it was a
   difficult answer to describe to someone who had never hacked a
   computer. `It's just the kick of getting in to a system. I mean, once
   you are in, you very often get bored and even though you can still
   access the system, you may never call back.
   
   `Because once you've gotten in, it's a challenge over and you don't
   really care much about it,' Electron continued, struggling. `It's a
   hot challenge thing, trying to do things that other people are also
   trying to do but can't.
   
   `So, I mean, I guess it is a sort of ego thing. It's knowing that you
   can do stuff that other people cannot, and well, it is the
   challenge and the ego boost you get from doing something well ...
   where other people try and fail.'
   
   A few more questions and the day-long interview finally
   finished. The police then took Electron to the Fitzroy police
   station. He guessed it was the nearest location with a JP they could
   find willing to process a bail application at that hour.
   
   In front of the ugly brick building, Electron noticed a small group of
   people gathered on the footpath in the dusky light. As the police car
   pulled up, the group swung into a frenzy of activity, fidgeting in
   over-the-shoulder briefcases, pulling out notebooks and pens, scooping
   up big microphones with fuzzy shag covers, turning on TV camera
   lights.
   
   Oh NO! Electron wasn't prepared for this at all.
   
   Flanked by police, Electron stepped out of the police car and blinked
   in the glare of photographers' camera flashes and TV camera
   searchlights. The hacker tried to ignore them, walking as briskly as
   his captors would allow. Sound recordists and reporters tagged beside
   him, keeping pace, while the TV cameramen and photographers weaved in
   front of him. Finally he escaped into the safety of the watchhouse.
   
   First there was paperwork, followed by the visit to the JP. While
   shuffling through his papers, the JP gave Electron a big speech about
   how defendants often claimed to have been beaten by the police.
   Sitting in the dingy meeting room, Electron felt somewhat confused by
   the purpose of this tangential commentary. However, the JP's next
   question cleared things up: `Have you had any problems with your
   treatment by the police which you would like to record at this time?'
   
   Electron thought about the brutal kick he had suffered while lying on
   his bedroom floor, then he looked up and found Detective Constable
   Proebstl staring him in the eye. A slight smile passed across the
   detective's face.
   
   `No,' Electron answered.
   
   The JP proceeded to launch into another speech which Electron found
   even stranger. There was another defendant in the lock-up at the
   moment, a dangerous criminal who had a disease the JP knew about, and
   the JP could decide to lock Electron up with that criminal instead of
   granting him bail.
   
   Was this meant to be helpful warning, or just the gratification of
   some kind of sadistic tendency? Electron was baffled but he didn't
   have to consider the situation for long. The JP granted bail.
   Electron's father came to the watchhouse, collected his son and signed
   the papers for a $1000 surety--to be paid if Electron skipped town.
   That night Electron watched as his name appeared on the late night
   news.
   
   At home over the next few weeks, Electron struggled to come to terms
   with the fact that he would have to give up hacking forever. He still
   had his modem, but no computer. Even if he had a machine, he realised
   it was far too dangerous to even contemplate hacking again.
   
   So he took up drugs instead.

				    [ ]
   
   Electron's father waited until the very last days of his illness, in
   March 1991, before he went into hospital. He knew that once he went
   in, he would not be coming out again.
   
   There was so much to do before that trip, so many things to organise.
   The house, the life insurance paperwork, the will, the funeral, the
   instructions for the family friend who promised to watch over both
   children when he was gone. And, of course, the children themselves.
   
   He looked at his two children and worried. Despite their ages of 21
   and 19, they were in many ways still very sheltered. He realised that
   Electron's anti-establishment attitude and his sister's emotional
   remoteness would remain unresolved difficulties at the time of his
   death. As the cancer progressed, Electron's father tried to tell both
   children how much he cared for them. He might have been somewhat
   emotionally remote himself in the past, but with so little time left,
   he wanted to set the record straight.
   
   On the issue of Electron's problems with the police, however,
   Electron's father maintained a hands-off approach. Electron had only
   talked to his father about his hacking exploits occasionally, usually
   when he had achieved what he considered to be a very noteworthy hack.
   His father's view was always the same. Hacking is illegal, he told his
   son, and the police will probably eventually catch you. Then you will
   have to deal with the problem yourself. He didn't lecture his son, or
   forbid Electron from hacking. On this issue he considered his son old
   enough to make his own choices and live with the consequences.
   
   True to his word, Electron's father had shown little sympathy for his
   son's legal predicament after the police raid. He remained neutral on
   the subject, saying only, `I told you something like this would happen
   and now it is your responsibility'.
   
   Electron's hacking case progressed slowly over the year, as did his
   university accounting studies. In March 1991, he faced committal
   proceedings and had to decide whether to fight his committal.
   
   He faced fifteen charges, most of which were for obtaining
   unauthorised access to computers in the US and Australia. A few were
   aggravated offences, for obtaining access to data of a commercial
   nature. On one count each, the DPP (the Office of the Commonwealth
   Director of Public Prosecutions) said he altered and erased data.
   Those two counts were the result of his inserting backdoors for
   himself, not because he did damage to any files. The evidence was
   reasonably strong: telephone intercepts and datataps on Phoenix's
   phone which showed him talking to Electron about hacking; logs of
   Electron's own sessions in Melbourne University's systems which were
   traced back to his home phone; and Electron's own confession to the
   police.
   
   This was the first major computer hacking case in Australia under the
   new legislation. It was a test case--the test case for computer
   hacking in Australia--and the DPP was going in hard. The case had
   generated seventeen volumes of evidence, totalling some 25000 pages,
   and Crown prosecutor Lisa West planned to call up to twenty expert
   witnesses from Australia, Europe and the US.
   
   Those witnesses had some tales to tell about the Australian hackers,
   who had caused havoc in systems around the world. Phoenix had
   accidentally deleted a Texas-based company's inventory of assets--the
   only copy in existence according to Execucom Systems Corporation. The
   hackers had also baffled security personnel at the US Naval Research
   Labs. They had bragged to the New York Times. And they forced NASA to
   cut off its computer network for 24 hours. 
   
   AFP Detective Sergeant Ken Day had flown halfway around the world to
   obtain a witness statement from none other than NASA Langley computer
   manager Sharon Beskenis--the admin Phoenix had accidentally kicked off
   her own system when he was trying to get Deszip. Beskenis had been
   more than happy to oblige and on 24 July 1990 she signed a statement
   in Virginia, witnessed by Day. Her statement said that, as a result of
   the hackers' intrusion, `the entire NASA computer system was
   disconnected from any external communications with the rest of the
   world' for about 24 hours on 22 February 1990.
   
   In short, Electron thought, there didn't seem to be much chance of
   winning at the committal hearing. Nom seemed to feel the same way. He
   faced two counts, both `knowingly concerned' with Phoenix obtaining
   unauthorised access. One was for NASA Langley, the other for
   CSIRO--the Zardoz file. Nom didn't fight his committal either,
   although Legal Aid's refusal
   to fund a lawyer for the procedure no doubt weighed in his
   decision.
   
   On 6 March 1991, Magistrate Robert Langton committed Electron and Nom
   to stand trial in the Victorian County Court.
   
   Phoenix, however, didn't agree with his fellow hackers' point of view.
   With financial help from his family, he had decided to fight his
   committal. He wasn't going to hand this case to the prosecution on a
   silver platter, and they would have to fight him every step of the
   way, dragging him forward from proceeding to proceeding. His
   barrister, Felicity Hampel, argued the court should throw out 47 of
   the 48 charges against her client on jurisdictional grounds. All but
   one charge--breaking into the CSIRO machine in order to steal
   Zardoz--related to hacking activities outside Australia. How could an
   Australian court claim jurisdiction over a hacked computer in Texas?
   
   Privately, Phoenix worried more about being extradited to the US than
   dealing with the Australian courts, but publicly he was going into the
   committal with all guns blazing. It was a test case in many ways; not
   only the first major hacking case in Australia but also the first time
   a hacker had fought Australian committal proceedings for computer
   crimes.
   
   The prosecution agreed to drop one of the 48 counts, noting it was a
   duplicate charge, but the backdown was a pyrrhic victory for Phoenix.
   After a two-day committal hearing, Magistrate John Wilkinson decided
   Hampel's jurisdictional argument didn't hold water and on 14 August
   1991 he committed Phoenix to stand trial in the County Court.
   
   By the day of Electron's committal, in March, Electron's father had
   begun his final decline. The bowel cancer created a roller-coaster of
   good and bad days, but soon there were only bad days, and they were
   getting worse. On the last day of March, the doctors told him that it
   was finally time to make the trip to hospital. He stubbornly refused
   to go, fighting their advice, questioning their authority. They
   quietly urged him again. He protested. Finally, they insisted.
   
   Electron and his sister stayed with their father for hours that day,
   and the following one. Their father had other visitors to keep his
   spirits up, including his brother who fervently beseeched him to
   accept Jesus Christ as his personal saviour before he died. That way,
   he wouldn't burn in hell. Electron looked at his uncle, disbelieving.
   He couldn't believe his father was having to put up with such crap on
   his deathbed. Still, Electron chose to be discreet. Apart from an
   occasional rolling of the eyes, he kept his peace at his father's
   bedside.
   
   Perhaps, however, the fervent words did some good, for as Electron's
   father spoke about the funeral arrangements, he made a strange slip of
   the tongue. He said `wedding' instead of funeral, then paused,
   realising his mistake. Glancing slowly down at the intricate braided
   silver wedding band still on his finger, he smiled frailly and said,
   `I suppose, in a way, it will be like a wedding'.
   
   Electron and his sister went to hospital every day for four days, to
   sit by their father's bed.
   
   At 6 a.m. on the fifth day, the telephone rang. It was the family
   friend their father had asked to watch over them. Their father's life
   signs were very, very weak, fluttering on the edge of death.
   
   When Electron and his sister arrived at the hospital, the nurse's face
   said everything. They were too late. Their father had died ten minutes
   before they arrived. Electron broke down and wept. He hugged his
   sister, who, for a brief moment, seemed almost reachable. Driving them
   back to the house, the family friend stopped and bought them an
   answering machine.
   
   `You'll need this when everyone starts calling in,' she told them.
   `You might not want to talk to anyone for a while.'
   
   In the months after his bust in 1990 Electron began smoking marijuana
   regularly. At first, as with many other university students, it was a
   social thing. Some friends dropped by, they happened to have a few
   joints, and so everybody went out for a night on the town. When he was
   in serious hacking mode, he never smoked. A clear head was much too
   important. Besides, the high he got from hacking was a hundred times
   better than anything dope could ever do for him.
   
   When Phoenix appeared on the front page of the New York Times,
   Electron gave up hacking. And even if he had been tempted to return to
   it, he didn't have anything to hack with after the police took his
   only computer. Electron found himself casting around for something to
   distract him from his father's deteriorating condition and the void
   left by giving up hacking. His accounting studies didn't quite fit the
   bill. They had always seemed empty, but never more so than now.
   
   Smoking pot filled the void. So did tripping. Filled it very nicely.
   Besides, he told himself, it's harder to get caught smoking dope in
   your friends' houses than hacking in your own. The habit grew
   gradually. Soon, he was smoking dope at home. New friends began coming
   around, and they seemed to have drugs with them all the time--not just
   occasionally, and not just for fun.
   
   Electron and his sister had been left the family home and enough money
   to give them a modest income. Electron began spending this money on
   his new-found hobby. A couple of Electron's new friends moved into the
   house for a few months. His sister didn't like them dealing drugs out
   of the place, but Electron didn't care what was happening around him.
   He just sat in his room, listening to his stereo, smoking dope,
   dropping acid and watching the walls.
   
   The headphones blocked out everyone in the house, and, more
   importantly, what was going on inside Electron's own head. Billy
   Bragg. Faith No More. Cosmic Psychos. Celibate Rifles. Jane's
   Addiction. The Sex Pistols. The Ramones. Music gave Electron a
   pinpoint, a figurative dot of light on his forehead where he could
   focus his mind. Blot out the increasingly strange thoughts creeping
   through his consciousness.
   
   His father was alive. He was sure of it. He knew it, like he knew the
   sun would rise tomorrow. Yet he had seen his father lying, dead, in
   the hospital bed. It didn't make sense.
   
   So he took another hit from the bong, floated in slow motion to his
   bed, lay down, carefully slid the earphones over his head, closed his
   eyes and tried to concentrate on what the Red Hot Chilli Peppers were
   saying instead. When that wasn't enough, he ventured down the hallway,
   down to his new friends--the friends with the acid tabs. Then, eight
   more hours without having to worry about the strange thoughts.
   
   Soon people began acting strangely too. They would tell Electron
   things, but he had trouble understanding them. Pulling a milk carton
   from the fridge and sniffing it, Electron's sister might say, `Milk's
   gone off'. But Electron wasn't sure what she meant. He would look at
   her warily. Maybe she was trying to tell him something else, about
   spiders. Milking spiders for venom.
   
   When thoughts like these wafted through Electron's mind, they
   disturbed him, lingering like a sour smell. So he floated back to the
   safety of his room and listened to songs by Henry Rollins.
   
   After several months in this cloudy state of limbo, Electron awoke one
   day to find the Crisis Assessment Team--a mobile psychiatric team--in
   his bedroom. They asked him questions, then they tried to feed him
   little blue tablets. Electron didn't want to take the tablets. Were
   little blue pills placebos? He was sure they were. Or maybe they were
   something more sinister.
   
   Finally, the CAT workers convinced Electron to take the Stelazine
   tablet. But when they left, terrifying things began to happen.
   Electron's eyes rolled uncontrollably to the back of his head. His
   head twisted to the left. His mouth dropped open, very wide. Try as he
   might, he couldn't shut it, any more than he could turn his head
   straight. Electron saw himself in the mirror and he panicked. He
   looked like a character out of a horror
   picture.
   
   His new house-mates reacted to this strange new behaviour by trying to
   psychoanalyse Electron, which was less than helpful. They discussed
   him as if he wasn't even present. He felt like a ghost and, agitated
   and confused, he began telling his friends that he was going to kill
   himself. Someone called the CAT team again. This time they refused to
   leave unless he would guarantee not to attempt suicide.
   
   Electron refused. So they had him committed.
   
   Inside the locked psychiatric ward of Plenty Hospital (now known as
   NEMPS), Electron believed that, although he had gone crazy, he wasn't
   really in a hospital psychiatric ward. The place was just supposed to
   look like one. His father had set it
   all up.
   
   Electron refused to believe anything that anyone told him. It was all
   lies. They said one thing, but always meant another.
   
   He had proof. Electron read a list of patients' names on the wall and
   found one called Tanas. That name had a special meaning. It was an
   anagram for the word `Santa'. But Santa Claus was a myth, so the name
   Tanas appearing on the hospital list proved to him that he shouldn't
   listen to anything anyone told him.
   
   Electron ate his meals mostly in silence, trying to ignore the
   voluntary and involuntary patients who shared the dining hall. One
   lunchtime, a stranger sat down at Electron's table and started talking
   to him. Electron found it excruciatingly painful talking to other
   people, and he kept wishing the stranger would go away.
   
   The stranger talked about how good the drugs were in
   hospital.
   
   `Mm,' Electron said. `I used to do a lot of drugs.'
   
   `How much is a lot?'
   
   `I spent $28000 on dope alone in about four months.'
   
   `Wow,' the stranger said, impressed. `Of course, you don't have to pay
   for drugs. You can always get them for free. I do.'
   
   `You do?' Electron asked, somewhat perplexed.
   
   `Sure! All the time,' the stranger said grandly. `No problem. Just
   watch.'
   
   The stranger calmly put his fork down on the tray, carefully stood up
   and then began yelling at the top of his lungs. He waved his arms
   around frantically and shouted abuse at the other patients.
   
   Two nurses came running from the observation room. One of them tried
   to calm the stranger down while the other quickly measured out various
   pills and grabbed a cup of water. The stranger swallowed the pills,
   chased them with a swig of water and sat down quietly. The nurses
   retreated, glancing back over their shoulders.
   
   `See?' The stranger said. `Well, I'd better be on my way, before the
   pills kick in. See ya.'
   
   Electron watched, amazed, as the stranger picked up his bag, walked
   through the dining-hall door, and straight out the front door of the
   psychiatric ward.
   
   After a month, the psychiatrists reluctantly allowed Electron to leave
   the hospital in order to stay with his maternal grandmother in
   Queensland. He was required to see a psychiatrist regularly. He spent
   his first few days in Queensland believing he was Jesus Christ. But he
   didn't hold onto that one for long. After two weeks of patiently
   waiting and checking for signs of the imminent apocalypse, consistent
   with the second coming, he decided he was really the reincarnation of
   Buddha.
   
   In late February 1992, after three months of psychiatric care up
   north, Electron returned to Melbourne and his university studies, with
   a bag full of medication. Prozac, major tranquillisers, Lithium. The
   daily routine went smoothly for a while. Six Prozac--two in the
   morning, two at midday and two at night. Another anti-depressant to be
   taken at night. Also at night, the anti-side effect tablets to combat
   the involuntary eye-rolling, jaw-dropping and neck-twisting associated
   with the anti-depressants.
   
   All of it was designed to help him deal with what had by
   now become a long list of diagnoses. Cannabis psychosis.
   Schizophrenia. Manic depression. Unipolar effective disorder.
   Schizophrenaform. Amphetamine psychosis. Major effective disorder.
   Atypical psychosis. And his own personal favourite--facticious
   disorder, or faking it to get into hospital. But the medication wasn't
   helping much. Electron still felt wretched, and returning to a host of
   problems in Melbourne made things worse.
   
   Because of his illness, Electron had been largely out of the loop of
   legal proceedings. Sunny Queensland provided a welcome escape. Now he
   was back in Victoria facing a tedious university course in accounting,
   an ongoing battle with mental illness, federal charges which could see
   him locked up for ten years, and publicity surrounding the first major
   hacking case in Australia. It was going to be a hard winter.
   
   To make matters worse, Electron's medication interfered with his
   ability to study properly. The anti-side effect pills relaxed the
   muscles in his eyes, preventing them from focusing. The writing on the
   blackboard at the front of the lecture hall was nothing but a hazy
   blur. Taking notes was also a problem. The medication made his hands
   tremble, so he couldn't write properly. By the end of a lecture,
   Electron's notes were as unreadable as the blackboard. Frustrated,
   Electron stopped taking his medicine, started smoking dope again and
   soon felt a little better. When the dope wasn't enough, he turned to
   magic mushrooms and hallucinogenic cactus.
   
   The hacking case was dragging on and on. On 6 December 1991, just
   after he left psych hospital but before he flew to Queensland, the
   office of the DPP had formally filed an indictment containing fifteen
   charges against Electron, and three against Nom, in the Victorian
   County Court.
   
   Electron didn't talk to Phoenix much any more, but the DPP lawyers
   hadn't forgotten about him--far from it. They had much bigger plans
   for Phoenix, perhaps because he was fighting every step of the way.
   Phoenix was uncooperative with police in the interview on the day of
   the raid, frequently refusing to answer their questions. When they
   asked to fingerprint him, he refused and argued with them about it.
   This behaviour did not endear him to either the police or the DPP.
   
   On 5 May 1992, the DPP filed a final indictment with 40 charges
   against Phoenix in the County Court. The charges, in conjunction with
   those against Electron and Nom, formed part of a joint indictment
   totalling 58 counts.
   
   Electron worried about being sent to prison. Around the world, hackers
   were under siege--Par, Pengo, LOD and Erik Bloodaxe, MOD, The Realm
   hackers, Pad and Gandalf and, most recently, the International
   Subversives. Somebody seemed to be trying to make a point.
   Furthermore, Electron's charges had changed considerably--for the
   worse--from the original ones documented in April 1990.
   
   The DPP's final indictment bore little resemblance to the original
   charge sheet handed to the young hacker when he left the police
   station the day he was raided. The final indictment read like a
   veritable Who's Who of prestigious institutions around the world.
   Lawrence Livermore Labs, California. Two different computers at the US
   Naval Research Laboratories, Washington DC. Rutgers University, New
   Jersey. Tampere University of Technology, Finland. The University of
   Illinios. Three different computers at the University of Melbourne.
   Helsinki University of Technology, Finland. The University of New
   York. NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia. CSIRO, Carlton,
   Victoria.
   
   The charges which worried Electron most related to the
   US Naval Research Labs, CSIRO, Lawrence Livermore Labs
   and NASA. The last three weren't full hacking charges. The
   DPP alleged Electron had been `knowingly concerned' with Phoenix's
   access of these sites.
   
   Electron looked at the thirteen-page joint indictment and didn't know
   whether to laugh or cry. He had been a lot more than `knowingly
   concerned' with accessing those sites. In many cases, he had given
   Phoenix access to those computers in the first place. But Electron
   tried to tread quietly, carefully, through most systems, while Phoenix
   had noisily stomped around with all the grace of a buffalo--and left
   just as many footprints. Electron hardly wanted to face full charges
   for those or any other sites. He had broken into thousands of sites on
   the X.25 network, but he hadn't been charged with any of them. He
   couldn't help feeling a little like the gangster Al Capone being done
   for tax evasion.
   
   The proceedings were attracting considerable media attention. Electron
   suspected the AFP or the DPP were alerting the media to upcoming court
   appearances, perhaps in part to prove to the Americans that `something
   was being done'.
   
   This case had American pressure written all over it. Electron's
   barrister, Boris Kayser, said he suspected that `the
   Americans'--American institutions, companies or government
   agencies--were indirectly funding some of the prosecution's case by
   offering to pay for US witnesses to attend the trial. The Americans
   wanted to see the Australian hackers go down, and they were throwing
   all their best resources at the case to make sure it happened.
   
   There was one other thing--in some ways the most disturbing matter of
   all. In the course of the legal to-ing and fro-ing, Electron was told
   that it was the US Secret Service back in 1988 which had triggered the
   AFP investigation into The Realm hackers--an investigation which had
   led to Electron's bust and current legal problems. The Secret Service
   was after the hackers who broke into Citibank.
   
   As it happened, Electron had never touched Citibank. Credit cards
   couldn't interest him less. He found banks boring and, the way he
   looked at it, their computers were full of mundane numbers belonging
   to the world of accounting. He had already suffered through enough of
   those tedious types of numbers in his university course. Unless he
   wanted to steal from banks--something he would not do--there was no
   point in breaking into their computers.
   
   But the US Secret Service was very interested in banks--and in
   Phoenix. For they didn't just believe that Phoenix had been inside
   Citibank's computers. They believed he had masterminded the Citibank
   attack.
   
   And why did the US Secret Service think that? Because, Electron was
   told, Phoenix had gone around bragging about it in the underground. He
   hadn't just told people he had hacked into Citibank computers, he
   reportedly boasted that he had stolen some $50000 from the bank.
   
   Going through his legal brief, Electron had discovered something which
   seemed to confirm what he was being told. The warrant for the
   telephone tap on both of Phoenix's home phones mentioned a potential
   `serious loss to Citibank' as a justification for the warrant.
   Strangely, the typed words had been crossed out in the handwritten
   scrawl of the judge who approved the warrant. But they were still
   legible. No wonder the US Secret Service began chasing the case,
   Electron thought. Banks get upset when they think people have found a
   way to rip them off anonymously.
   
   Electron knew that Phoenix hadn't stolen any money from Citibank.
   Rather, he had been circulating fantastic stories about himself to
   puff up his image in the underground, and in the process had managed
   to get them all busted.
   
   In September 1992, Phoenix rang Electron suggesting they get together
   to discuss the case. Electron wondered why. Maybe he suspected
   something, sensing that the links binding them were weak, and becoming
   weaker by the month. That Electron's mental illness had changed his
   perception of the world. That his increasingly remote attitude to
   Phoenix suggested an underlying anger about the continual bragging.
   Whatever the reason, Phoenix's gnawing worry must have been confirmed
   when Electron put off meeting with him.
   
   Electron didn't want to meet with Phoenix because he didn't like him,
   and because he thought Phoenix was largely responsible for getting the
   Australian hackers into their current predicament.
   
   With these thoughts fermenting in his mind, Electron listened with
   interest a few months later when his solicitor, John McLoughlin,
   proposed an idea. In legal circles, it was nothing new. But it was new
   to Electron. He resolved to take up McLoughlin's advice.
   
   Electron decided to testify as a Crown witness against Phoenix.

     _________________________________________________________________

			Chapter 7 -- Judgement Day
     _________________________________________________________________

     Your dream world is just about to end
     
   -- from `Dreamworld', on Diesel and Dust by Midnight Oil
   
   In another corner of the globe, the British hackers Pad and Gandalf
   learned with horror that the Australian authorities had busted the
   three Realm hackers. Electron had simply disappeared one day. A short
   time later, Phoenix was gone too. Then the reports started rolling in
   from newspapers and from other Australian hackers on a German board
   similar to Altos, called Lutzifer.
   
   Something else worried Pad. In one of his hacking forays, he had
   discovered a file, apparently written by Eugene Spafford, which said
   he was concerned that some British hackers--read Pad and
   Gandalf--would create a new worm, based on the RTM worm, and release
   it into the Internet. The unnamed British hackers would then be able
   to cause maximum havoc on thousands of Internet sites.
   
   It was true that Gandalf and Pad had captured copies of various worm
   source codes. They fished around inside SPAN until they surfaced with
   a copy of the Father Christmas worm. And, after finally successfully
   hacking Russell Brand's machine at LLNL, they deftly lifted a complete
   copy of the WANK worm. In Brand's machine, they also found a
   description of how someone had broken into SPAN looking for the WANK
   worm code, but hadn't found it. `That was me breaking into SPAN to
   look around,' Gandalf laughed, relaying the tale to Pad.
   
   Despite their growing library of worm code, Pad had no intention of
   writing any such worm. They simply wanted the code to study what
   penetration methods the worms had used and perhaps to learn something
   new. The British hackers prided themselves on never having done
   anything destructive to systems they hacked. In places where they knew
   their activities had been discovered--such as at the Universities of
   Bath, Edinburgh, Oxford and Strathclyde--they wrote notes to the
   admins signed 8lgm. It wasn't only an ego thing--it was also a way of
   telling the admins that they weren't going to do anything nasty to the
   system.
   
   At one university, the admins thought 8lgm was some kind
   of weird variation on a Belgian word and that the hackers who visited
   their systems night after night were from Belgium. At another uni, the
   admins made a different guess at the meaning. In the morning, when
   they came into work and saw that the hackers had been playing in their
   system all night, they would sigh to each other, `Our eight little
   green men are at it again'.
   
   At the University of Lancaster, the hackers wrote a message to the
   admins which said: `Don't do anything naughty. We have a good image
   around the world, so please don't tarnish it or start making up
   stories about us messing up systems. Don't hold your breath for us to
   hack you, but keep us in mind.' Wherever they went, their message was
   the same.
   
   Nonetheless Pad visualised a scenario where Spaf whipped up the
   computer security and law enforcement people into a frenzied panic and
   tried to pin all sorts of things on the British hackers, none of which
   they had done. The underground saw Spaf as being rabid in his attack
   on hackers, based largely on his response to the RTM worm. And Gandalf
   had hacked Spaf's machine.
   
   The crackdown on the Australians, combined with the discovery of the
   Spaf file, had a profound effect on Pad. Always cautious anyway, he
   decided to give up hacking. It was a difficult decision, and weaning
   himself from exploring systems night after night was no easy task.
   However, in the face of what had happened to Electron and Phoenix,
   continuing to hack didn't seem worth the risk.
   
   When Pad gave up hacking, he bought his own NUI so he could access
   places like Altos legitimately. The NUI was expensive--about
   [sterling]10 an hour--but he was never on for long. Leisurely chats of
   the type he once enjoyed in Altos were out of the question, but at
   least he could mail letters to his friends like Theorem and Gandalf.
   There would have been easier ways to maintain his friendship with
   Gandalf, who lived in Liverpool, only an hour's drive away. But it
   wouldn't be the same. Pad and Gandalf had never met, or even talked on
   the phone. They talked on-line, and via email. That was the way they
   related.
   
   Pad also had other reasons for giving up hacking. It was an expensive
   habit in Britain because British Telecom time-charged for local phone
   calls. In Australia, a hacker could stay on-line for hours, jumping
   from one computer to another through the data network, all for the
   cost of one local call. Like the Australians, Pad could launch his
   hacking sessions from a local uni or X.25 dial-up. However, an
   all-night hacking session based on a single phone call might still
   cost him [sterling]5 or more in timed-call charges--a considerable
   amount of money for an unemployed young man. As it was, Pad had
   already been forced to stop hacking for brief periods when he ran out
   of his dole money.
   
   Although Pad didn't think he could be prosecuted for hacking under
   British law in early 1990, he knew that Britain was about to enact its
   own computer crime legislation--the Computer Misuse Act 1990--in
   August. The 22-year-old hacker decided that it was better to quit
   while he was ahead.
   
   And he did, for a while at least. Until July 1990, when Gandalf, two
   years his junior, tempted him with one final hack before the new Act
   came into force. Just one last fling, Gandalf told him. After that
   last fling in July, Pad stopped hacking again.
   
   The Computer Misuse Act passed into law in August 1990, following two
   law commission reviews on the subject. The Scottish Law Commission
   issued a 1987 report proposing to make unauthorised data access
   illegal, but only if the hacker tried to `secure advantage, or cause
   damage to another person'--including reckless damage.2 Simple look-see
   hacking would not be a crime under the report's recommendations.
   However, in 1989 The Law Commission of England and Wales issued its
   own report proposing that simple unauthorised access should be a crime
   regardless of intent--a recommendation which was eventually included
   in the law.
   
   Late in 1989, Conservative MP Michael Colvin introduced a private
   member's bill into the British parliament. Lending her support to the
   bill, outspoken hacker-critic Emma Nicholson, another Conservative MP,
   fired public debate on the subject and ensured the bill passed through
   parliament successfully.
   
   In November 1990, Pad was talking on-line with Gandalf, and his friend
   suggested they have one more hack, just one more, for old time's sake.
   Well, thought Pad, one more--just a one-off thing--wouldn't hurt.
   
   Before long, Pad was hacking regularly again, and when Gandalf tried
   to give it up, Pad was there luring him to return to his favourite
   pastime. They were like two boys at school, getting each other into
   trouble--the kind of trouble which always comes in pairs. If Pad and
   Gandalf hadn't known each other, they probably would both have walked
   away from hacking forever in 1990.
   
   As they both got back into the swing of things, they tried to make
   light of the risk of getting caught. `Hey, you know,' Gandalf joked
   on-line more than once, `the first time we actually meet each other in
   person will probably be in a police station.'
   
   Completely irreverent and always upbeat, Gandalf proved to be a true
   friend. Pad had rarely met such a fellow traveller in the real world,
   let alone on-line. What others--particularly some American
   hackers--viewed as prickliness, Pad saw as the perfect sense of
   humour. To Pad, Gandalf was the best m8 a fellow could ever have.
   
   During the time Pad avoided hacking, Gandalf had befriended another,
   younger hacker named Wandii, also from the north of England. Wandii
   never played much of a part in the international computer underground,
   but he did spend a lot of time hacking European computers. Wandii and
   Pad got along pleasantly but they were never close. They were
   acquaintances, bound by ties to Gandalf in the underground.
   
   By the middle of June 1991, Pad, Gandalf and Wandii were peaking. At
   least one of them--and often more--had already broken into systems
   belonging to the European Community in Luxembourg, The Financial Times
   (owners of the FTSE 100 share index), the British Ministry of Defence,
   the Foreign Office, NASA, the investment bank SG Warburg in London,
   the American computer database software manufacturer Oracle, and more
   machines on the JANET network than they could remember. Pad had also
   penetrated a classified military network containing a NATO system.
   They moved through British Telecom's Packet Switched Stream Network
   (PSS), which was similar to the Tymnet X.25 network, with absolute
   ease.3
   
   Gandalf's motto was, `If it moves, hack it'.

				    [ ]
   
   On 27 June 1991, Pad was sitting in the front room of his parent's
   comfortable home in greater Manchester watching the last remnants of
   daylight disappear on one of the longest days of the year. He loved
   summer, loved waking up to streaks of sunlight sneaking through the
   cracks in his bedroom curtain. He often thought to himself, it doesn't
   get much better than this.
   
   Around 11 p.m. he flicked on his modem and his Atari 520 ST computer
   in the front sitting room. There were two Atari computers in the
   house--indicative of his deep enthusiasm for computers since neither
   his siblings nor his parents had any interest in programming. Most of
   the time, however, Pad left the older Atari alone. His elder brother,
   an aspiring chemist, used it for writing his PhD thesis.
   
   Before dialling out, Pad checked that no-one was on the house's single
   phone line. Finding it free, he went to check his email on Lutzifer. A
   few minutes after watching his machine connect to the German board, he
   heard a soft thud, followed by a creaking. Pad stopped typing, looked
   up from his machine and listened. He wondered if his brother, reading
   in their bedroom upstairs, or his parents, watching telly in the back
   lounge room, could hear the creaking.
   
   The sound became more pronounced and Pad swung around and looked
   toward the hallway. In a matter of seconds, the front door frame had
   been cracked open, prising the door away from its lock. The wood had
   been torn apart by some sort of car jack, pumped up until the door
   gave way.
   
   Suddenly, a group of men burst through from the front doorstep, dashed
   down the long hallway and shot up the carpeted stairs to Pad's
   bedroom.
   
   Still sitting at his computer downstairs, Pad swiftly flicked his
   modem, and then his computer, off--instantly killing his connection
   and everything on his screen. He turned back toward the door leading
   to the sitting room and strained to hear what was happening upstairs.
   If he wasn't so utterly surprised, he would almost have laughed. He
   realised that when the police had dashed up to his bedroom, they had
   been chasing every stereotype about hackers they had probably ever
   read. The boy. In his bedroom. Hunched over his computer. Late at
   night.
   
   They did find a young man in the bedroom, with a computer. But it was
   the wrong one, and for all intents and purposes the wrong computer. It
   took the police almost ten minutes of quizzing Pad's brother to work
   out their mistake.
   
   Hearing a commotion, Pad's parents had rushed into the hallway while
   Pad peered from the doorway of the front sitting room. A uniformed
   police officer ushered everyone back into the room, and began asking
   Pad questions.
   
   `Do you use computers? Do you use the name Pad on computers?' they
   asked.
   
   Pad concluded the game was up. He answered their questions truthfully.
   Hacking was not such a serious crime after all, he thought. It wasn't
   as if he had stolen money or anything. This would be a drama, but he
   was easy-going. He would roll with the punches, cop a slap on the
   wrist and soon the whole thing would be over and done with.
   
   The police took Pad to his bedroom and asked him questions as they
   searched the room. The bedroom had a comfortably lived-in look, with a
   few small piles of clothes in the corner, some shoes scattered across
   the floor, the curtains hanging crooked, and a collection of music
   posters--Jimi Hendrix and The Smiths--taped to the wall.
   
   A group of police hovered around his computer. One of them began to
   search through Pad's books on the shelves above the PC, checking each
   one as he pulled it down. A few well-loved Spike Milligan works. Some
   old chess books from when he was captain of the local chess team.
   Chemistry books, purchased by Pad long before he took any classes in
   the subject, just to satisfy his curiosity. Physics books. An
   oceanography textbook. A geology book bought after a visit to a cave
   excited his interest in the formation of rocks. Pad's mother, a
   nursing sister, and his father, an electronics engineer who tested
   gyros on aircraft, had always encouraged their children's interest in
   the sciences.
   
   The policeman returned those books to the shelves, only picking out
   the computer books, textbooks from programming and maths classes Pad
   had taken at a Manchester university. The officer carefully slid them
   inside plastic bags to be taken away as
   evidence.
   
   Then the police picked through Pad's music tapes--The Stone Roses,
   Pixies, New Order, The Smiths and lots of indie music from the
   flourishing Manchester music scene. No evidence of anything but an
   eclectic taste in music there.
   
   Another policeman opened Pad's wardrobe and peered inside. `Anything
   in here of interest?' he asked.
   
   `No,' Pad answered. `It's all over here.' He pointed to the box of
   computer disks.
   
   Pad didn't think there was much point in the police tearing the place
   to pieces, when they would ultimately find everything they wanted
   anyway. Nothing was hidden. Unlike the Australian hackers, Pad hadn't
   been expecting the police at all. Although part of the data on his
   hard drive was encrypted, there was plenty of incriminating evidence
   in the un-encrypted files.
   
   Pad couldn't hear exactly what his parents were talking about with the
   police in the other room, but he could tell they were calm. Why
   shouldn't they be? It wasn't as if their son had done anything
   terrible. He hadn't beaten someone up in a fist fight at a pub, or
   robbed anyone. He hadn't hit someone while drunk driving. No, they
   thought, he had just been fiddling around with computers. Maybe poking
   around where he shouldn't have been, but that was hardly a serious
   crime. They needn't worry. It wasn't as if he was going to prison or
   anything. The police would sort it all out. Maybe some sort of
   citation, and the matter would be over and done. Pad's mother even
   offered to make cups of tea for the police.
   
   One of the police struck up a conversation with Pad off to the side as
   he paused to drink his tea. He seemed to know that Pad was on the
   dole, and with a completely straight face, he said, `If you wanted a
   job, why didn't you just join the police?'
   
   Pad paused for a reality check. Here he was being raided by nearly a
   dozen law enforcement officers--including representatives from BT and
   Scotland Yard's computer crimes unit--for hacking hundreds of
   computers and this fellow wanted to know why he hadn't just become a
   copper?
   
   He tried not to laugh. Even if he hadn't been busted, there is no way
   he would ever have contemplated joining the police. Never in a million
   years. His family and friends, while showing a pleasant veneer of
   middle-class orderliness, were fundamentally anti-establishment. Many
   knew that Pad had been hacking, and which sites he had penetrated.
   Their attitude was: Hacking Big Brother? Good on you.
   
   His parents were torn, wanting to encourage Pad's interest in
   computers but also worrying their son spent an inordinate amount of
   time glued to the screen. Their mixed feelings mirrored Pad's own
   occasional concern.
   
   While deep in the throes of endless hacking nights, he would suddenly
   sit upright and ask himself, What am I doing here, fucking around on a
   computer all day and night? Where is this heading? What about the rest
   of life? Then he would disentangle himself from hacking for a few days
   or weeks. He would go down to the university pub to drink with his
   mostly male group of friends from his course.
   
   Tall, with short brown hair, a slender physique and a handsomely
   boyish face, the soft-spoken Pad would have been considered attractive
   by many intelligent girls. The problem was finding those sort of
   girls. He hadn't met many when he was studying at university--there
   were few women in his maths and computer classes. So he and his
   friends used to head down to the Manchester nightclubs for the social
   scene and the good music.
   
   Pad went downstairs with one of the officers and watched as the police
   unplugged his 1200 baud modem, then tucked it into a plastic bag. He
   had bought that modem when he was eighteen. The police unplugged
   cables, bundled them up and slipped them into labelled plastic bags.
   They gathered up his 20 megabyte hard drive and monitor. More plastic
   bags and labels.
   
   One of the officers called Pad over to the front door. The jack was
   still wedged across the mutilated door frame. The police had broken
   down the door instead of knocking because they wanted to catch the
   hacker in the act--on-line. The officer motioned for Pad to follow
   him.
   
   `Come on,' he said, leading the hacker into the night. `We're taking
   you to the station.'
   
   Pad spent the night in a cell at the Salford Crescent police
   station, alone. No rough crims, and no other hackers either.
   
   He settled into one of the metal cots lined against the perimeter of
   the cell, but sleep evaded him. Pad wondered if Gandalf had been
   raided as well. There was no sign of him, but then again, the police
   would hardly be stupid enough to lock up the two hackers together. He
   tossed and turned, trying to push thoughts from his head.
   
   Pad had fallen into hacking almost by accident. Compared to others in
   the underground, he had taken it up at a late age--around nineteen.
   Altos had been the catalyst. Visiting BBSes, he read a file describing
   not only what Altos was, but how to get there--complete with NUI.
   Unlike the Australian underground, the embryonic British underground
   had no shortage of NUIs. Someone had discovered a stack of BT NUIs and
   posted them on BBSes across England.
   
   Pad followed the directions in the BBS file and soon found himself in
   the German chat channel. Like Theorem, he marvelled at the brave new
   live world of Altos. It was wonderful, a big international party.
   After all, it wasn't every day he got to talk with Australians, Swiss,
   Germans, Italians and Americans. Before long, he had taken up hacking
   like so many other Altos regulars.
   
   Hacking as a concept had always intrigued him. As a teenager, the film
   War Games had dazzled him. The idea that computers could communicate
   with each over telephone lines enthralled the sixteen-year-old,
   filling his mind with new ideas. Sometime after that he saw a
   television report on a group of hackers who claimed that they had used
   their skills to move satellites around in space--the same story which
   had first caught Electron's imagination.
   
   Pad had grown up in Greater Manchester. More than a century before,
   the region had been a textile boom-town. But the thriving economy did
   not translate into great wealth for the masses. In the early 1840s,
   Friedrich Engels had worked in his father's cotton-milling factory in
   the area, and the suffering
   he saw in the region influenced his most famous work, The Communist
   Manifesto, published in 1848.
   
   Manchester wore the personality of a working-class town, a place where
   people often disliked the establishment and
   distrusted authority figures. The 1970s and 1980s had not been kind to
   most of Greater Manchester, with unemployment and urban decay
   disfiguring the once-proud textile hub. But this decay only appeared
   to strengthen an underlying resolve among many from the working
   classes to challenge the symbols of power.
   
   Pad didn't live in a public housing high-rise. He lived in a suburban
   middle-class area, in an old, working-class town removed from the
   dismal inner-city. But like many people from the north, he disliked
   pretensions. Indeed, he harboured a healthy degree of good-natured
   scepticism, perhaps stemming from a culture of mates whose favourite
   pastime was pulling each other's leg down at the pub.
   
   This scepticism was in full-gear as he watched the story of how
   hackers supposedly moved satellites around in space, but somehow the
   idea slipped through the checkpoints and captured his imagination,
   just as it had done with Electron. He felt a desire to find out for
   himself if it was true and he began pursuing hacking in enthusiastic
   bursts. At first it was any moderately interesting system. Then he
   moved to the big-name systems--computers belonging to large
   institutions. Eventually, working with the Australians, he learned to
   target computer security experts. That was, after all, where the
   treasure was stored.
   
   In the morning at the police station, a guard gave Pad something to
   eat which might have passed for food. Then he was escorted into an
   interview room with two plain-clothed officers and a BT
   representative.
   
   Did he want a lawyer? No. He had nothing to hide. Besides, the police
   had already seized evidence from his house, including unencrypted data
   logs of his hacking sessions. How could he argue against that? So he
   faced his stern inquisitors and answered their questions willingly.
   
   Suddenly things began to take a different turn when they began asking
   about the `damage' he had done inside the Greater London Polytechnic's
   computers. Damage? What damage? Pad certainly hadn't damaged anything.
   
   Yes, the police told him. The damage totalling almost a quarter of a
   million pounds.
   
   Pad gasped in horror. A quarter of a million pounds? He thought back
   to his many forays into the system. He had been a little mischievous,
   changing the welcome message to `Hi' and signing it 8lgm. He had made
   a few accounts for himself so he could log in at a later date. That
   seemed to be nothing special, however, since he and Gandalf had a
   habit of making accounts called 8lgm for themselves in JANET systems.
   He had also erased logs of his activities to cover his tracks, but
   again, this was not unusual, and he had certainly never deleted any
   computer users' files. The whole thing had just been a bit of fun, a
   bit of cat and mouse gaming with the system admins. There was nothing
   he could recall which would account for that kind of damage. Surely
   they had the wrong hacker?
   
   No, he was the right one all right. Eighty investigators from BT,
   Scotland Yard and other places had been chasing the 8lgm hackers for
   two years. They had phone traces, logs seized from his computer and
   logs from the hacked sites. They knew it was him.
   
   For the first time, the true gravity of the situation hit Pad. These
   people believed in some way that he had committed serious criminal
   damage, that he had even been malicious.
   
   After about two hours of questioning, they put Pad back in his cell.
   More questions tomorrow, they told him.
   
   Later that afternoon, an officer came in to tell Pad his mother and
   father were outside. He could meet with them in the visiting area.
   Talking through a glass barrier, Pad tried to reassure his worried
   parents. After five minutes, an officer told the family the visit was
   over. Amid hurried goodbyes under the impatient stare of the guard,
   Pad's parents told him they had brought something for him to read in
   his cell. It was the oceanography textbook.
   
   Back in his cell, he tried to read, but he couldn't concentrate. He
   kept replaying his visits to the London Polytechnic over and over in
   his mind, searching for how he might have inadvertently done
   [sterling]250000 worth of damage. Pad was a very good hacker; it
   wasn't as if he was some fourteen-year-old kid barging through systems
   like a bull in china shop. He knew how to get in and out of a system
   without hurting it.
   
   Shortly after 8 p.m., as Pad sat on his cot stewing over the police
   damage claims, sombre music seemed to fill his cell. Slowly at first,
   an almost imperceptible moaning, which subtly transformed into solemn
   but recognisable notes. It sounded like Welsh choir music, and it was
   coming from above him.
   
   Pad looked up at the ceiling. The music--all male voices-- stopped
   abruptly, then started again, repeating the same heavy, laboured
   notes. The hacker smiled. The local police choir was practising right
   above his cell.
   
   After another fitful night, Pad faced one more round of interviews.
   The police did most of the questioning, but they didn't seem to know
   much about computers--well, not nearly so much as any good hacker on
   Altos. Whenever either of the police asked a technical question, they
   looked over to the BT guy at the other end of the table as if to say,
   `Does this make any sense?' The BT guy would give a slight nod, then
   the police looked back at Pad for an answer. Most of the time, he was
   able to decipher what they thought they were trying to ask, and he
   answered accordingly.
   
   Then it was back to his cell while they processed his charge sheets.
   Alone again, Pad wondered once more if they had raided Gandalf. Like
   an answer from above, Pad heard telephone tones through the walls. The
   police seemed to be playing them over and over. That was when he knew
   they had Gandalf too.
   
   Gandalf had rigged up a tone dialler in his computer. It sounded as if
   the police were playing with it, trying to figure it out.
   
   So, Pad would finally meet Gandalf in person after two years. What
   would he look like? Would they have the same chemistry in person as
   on-line? Pad felt like he knew Gandalf, knew his essence, but meeting
   in person could be a bit tricky.
   
   Explaining that the paperwork, including the charge sheets, had
   finally been organised, a police officer unlocked Pad's cell door and
   led him to a foyer, telling him he would be meeting both Gandalf and
   Wandii. A large collection of police had formed a semi-circle around
   two other young men. In addition to Scotland Yard's Computer Crimes
   Unit and BT, at least seven other police forces were involved in the
   three raids, including those from Greater Manchester, Merseyside and
   West Yorkshire. The officers were curious about the hackers.
   
   For most of the two years of their investigation, the police didn't
   even know the hackers' real identities. After such a long, hard chase,
   the police had been forced to wait a little longer, since they wanted
   to nab each hacker while he was on-line. That meant hiding outside
   each hacker's home until he logged in somewhere. Any system would do
   and they didn't have to be talking to each other on-line--as long as
   the login was illegal. The police had sat patiently, and finally
   raided the hackers within hours of each other, so they didn't have
   time to warn one another.
   
   So, at the end of the long chase and a well-timed operation, the
   police wanted to have a look at the hackers up close.
   
   After the officer walked Pad up to the group, he introduced Gandalf.
   Tall, lean with brown hair and pale skin, he looked a little bit like
   Pad. The two hackers smiled shyly at each other, before one of the
   police pointed out Wandii, the seventeen-year-old schoolboy. Pad
   didn't get a good look at Wandii, because the police quickly lined the
   hackers up in a row, with Gandalf in the middle, to explain details to
   them. They were being charged under the Computer Misuse Act of 1990.
   Court dates would be set and they would be notified.
   
   When they were finally allowed to leave, Wandii seemed to disappear.
   Pad and Gandalf walked outside, found a couple of benches and lay
   down, basking in the sun and chatting while they waited for their
   rides home.
   
   Gandalf proved to be as easy to talk to in person as he was on-line.
   They exchanged phone numbers and shared notes on the police raids.
   Gandalf had insisted on meeting a lawyer before his interviews, but
   when the lawyer arrived he didn't have the slightest understanding of
   computer crime. He advised Gandalf to tell the police whatever they
   wanted to know, so the hacker did.
   
   The trial was being held in London. Pad wondered why, if all three
   hackers were from the north, the case was being tried in the south.
   After all, there was a court in Manchester which was high enough to
   deal with their crimes.
   
   Maybe it was because Scotland Yard was in London. Maybe they had
   started the paperwork down there. Maybe it was because they were being
   accused of hacking computers located within the jurisdiction of the
   Central Criminal Court--that court being the Old Bailey in London. But
   Pad's cynical side hazarded a different guess--a guess which seemed
   justified after a few procedural appearances in 1992 before the trial,
   which was set for 1993. For when Pad arrived at the Bow Street
   Magistrates Court for his committal in April 1992, he saw it packed
   out with the media, just as he had anticipated.
   
   A few hackers also fronted up to fly the flag of the underground. One
   of them--a stranger--came up to Pad after court, patted him on the
   back and exclaimed enthusiastically, `Well done, Paddy!' Startled, Pad
   just looked at him and then smiled. He had no idea how to respond to
   the stranger.
   
   Like the three Australian hackers, Pad, Gandalf and the little-known
   Wandii were serving as the test case for new hacking laws in their
   country. British law enforcement agencies had spent a fortune on the
   case--more than [sterling]500000 according to the newspapers--by the
   time the 8lgm case went to trial. This was going to be a show case,
   and the government agencies wanted taxpayers to know they were getting
   their money's worth.
   
   The hackers weren't being charged with breaking into computers. They
   were being charged with conspiracy, a more serious offence. While
   admitting the threesome did not hack for personal gain, the
   prosecution alleged the hackers had conspired to break into and modify
   computer systems. It was a strange approach to say the least,
   considering that none of the three hackers had ever met or even talked
   to the others before they were arrested.
   
   It was not so strange, however, when looking at the potential
   penalties. If the hackers had been charged with simply breaking into a
   machine, without intending any harm, the maximum penalty was six
   months jail and a fine of up to [sterling]5000. However, conspiracy,
   which was covered under a different section of the Act, could bring up
   to five years in jail and an unlimited amount in fines.
   
   The prosecution was taking a big gamble. It would be harder to prove
   conspiracy charges, which required demonstration of greater criminal
   intent than lesser charges. The potential pay-off was of course also
   much greater. If convicted, the defendants in Britain's most important
   hacking case to date would be going to prison.
   
   As with The Realm case, two hackers--Pad and Gandalf--planned to plead
   guilty while the third--in this case Wandii--planned to fight the
   charges every step of the way. Legal Aid was footing the bill for
   their lawyers, because the hackers were either not working or were
   working in such lowly paid, short-term jobs they qualified for free
   legal support.
   
   Wandii's lawyers told the media that this showcase was tantamount to a
   state trial. It was the first major hacking case under the new
   legislation which didn't involve disgruntled employees. While having
   no different legal status from a normal trial, the term state trial
   suggested a greater degree of official wrath--the kind usually
   reserved for cases of treason.
   
   On 22 February 1993, within two months of Electron's decision to turn
   Crown witness against Phoenix and Nom, the three 8lgm hackers stood in
   the dock at Southwark Crown Court in South London to enter pleas in
   their own case.
   
   In the dim winter light, Southwark couldn't look less appealing, but
   that didn't deter the crowds. The courtroom was going to be packed,
   just as Bow Street had been. Scotland Yard detectives were turning out
   in force. The crowd shuffled toward Room 12.
   
   The prosecution told the media they had about 800 computer disks full
   of evidence and court materials. If all the data had been printed out
   on A4 paper, the stack would tower more than 40 metres in the air,
   they said. Considering the massive amount of evidence being heaved,
   rolled and tugged through the building by teams of legal eagles, the
   choice of location--on the fifth floor--proved to be a challenge.
   
   Standing in the dock next to Wandii, Pad and Gandalf pleaded guilty to
   two computer conspiracy charges: conspiring to dishonestly obtain
   telecommunications services, and conspiring to cause unauthorised
   modification to computer material. Pad also pleaded guilty to a third
   charge: causing damage to a computer. This last charge related to the
   almost a quarter of
   a million pounds worth of `damage' to the Central London Polytechnic.
   Unlike the Australians' case, none of the British hackers faced
   charges about specific sites such as NASA.
   
   Pad and Gandalf pleaded guilty because they didn't think they had much
   choice. Their lawyers told them that, in light of the evidence,
   denying their guilt was simply not a realistic option. Better to throw
   yourself on the mercy of the court, they advised. As if to underline
   the point, Gandalf's lawyer had told him after a meeting at the end of
   1992, `I'd like to wish you a happy Christmas, but I don't think it's
   going to be one'.
   
   Wandii's lawyers disagreed. Standing beside his fellow hackers, Wandii
   pleaded not guilty to three conspiracy charges: plotting to gain
   unauthorised access to computers, conspiring to make unauthorised
   modifications to computer material, and conspiring to obtain
   telecommunications services dishonestly. His defence team was going to
   argue that he was addicted to computer hacking and that, as a result
   of this addiction, he was not able to form the criminal intent
   necessary to be convicted.
   
   Pad thought Wandii's case was on shaky ground. Addiction didn't seem a
   plausible defence to him, and he noticed Wandii looked very nervous in
   court just after his plea.
   
   Pad and Gandalf left London after their court appearance, returning to
   the north to prepare for their sentencing hearings, and to watch the
   progress of Wandii's case through the eyes of the media.
   
   They weren't disappointed. It was a star-studded show. The media
   revved itself up for a feeding frenzy and the prosecution team, headed
   by James Richardson, knew how to feed the pack. He zeroed in on
   Wandii, telling the court how the schoolboy `was tapping into offices
   at the EC in Luxembourg and even the experts were worried. He caused
   havoc at universities all around the world'.4 To do this, Wandii had
   used a simple BBC Micro computer, a Christmas present costing
   [sterling]200.
   
   The hacking didn't stop at European Community's computer, Richardson
   told the eager crowd of journalists. Wandii had hacked Lloyd's, The
   Financial Times and Leeds University. At The Financial Times machine,
   Wandii's adventures had upset the smooth operations of the FTSE 100
   share index, known in the City as `footsie'. The hacker installed a
   scanning program in the FT's network, resulting in one outgoing call
   made every second. The upshot of Wandii's intrusion: a [sterling]704
   bill, the deletion of an important file and a management decision to
   shut down a key system. With the precision of a banker, FT computer
   boss Tony Johnson told the court that the whole incident had cost his
   organisation [sterling]24871.
   
   But the FT hack paled next to the prosecution's real trump card: The
   European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer in
   Brussels. They had been left with a [sterling]10000 phone bill as a
   result of a scanner Wandii left on its machine,5 the court was told.
   The scanner had left a trail of 50000 calls, all documented on a
   980-page phone bill.
   
   The scanner resulted in the system going down for a day, EORTC
   information systems project manager Vincent Piedboeuf, told the jury.
   He went on to explain that the centre needed its system to run 24
   hours a day, so surgeons could register patients. The centre's
   database was the focal point for pharmaceutical companies, doctors and
   research centres--all coordinating their efforts in fighting the
   disease.
   
   For the media, the case was headline heaven. `Teenage computer hacker
   "caused worldwide chaos"' the Daily Telegraph screamed across page
   one. On page three, the Daily Mail jumped in with `Teenage hacker
   "caused chaos for kicks"'. Even The Times waded into the fray.
   Smaller, regional newspapers pulled the story across the countryside
   to the far reaches of the British Isles. The Herald in Glasgow told
   its readers `Teenage hacker "ran up [sterling]10000 telephone bill"'.
   Across the Irish Sea, the Irish Times caused a splash with its
   headline, `Teenage hacker broke EC computer security'.
   
   Also in the first week of the case, The Guardian announced Wandii had
   taken down the cancer centre database. By the time The Independent got
   hold of the story, Wandii hadn't just shut down the database, he had
   been reading the patients' most intimate medical details: `Teenager
   "hacked into cancer patient files"'. Not to be outdone, on day four of
   the trial, the Daily Mail had christened Wandii as a `computer
   genius'. By day five it labelled him as a `computer invader' who `cost
   FT [sterling]25000'.
   
   The list went on. Wandii, the press announced, had hacked the Tokyo
   Zoo and the White House. It was difficult to tell which was the more
   serious offence.
   
   Wandii's defence team had a few tricks of its own. Ian MacDonald, QC,
   junior counsel Alistair Kelman and solicitor Deborah Tripley put
   London University Professor James Griffith-Edwards, an authoritative
   spokesman on addictive and compulsive behaviours, on the stand as an
   expert witness. The chairman of the National Addiction Centre, the
   professor had been part of a team which wrote the World Health
   Organisation's definition of addiction. No-one was going to question
   his qualifications.
   
   The professor had examined Wandii and he announced his conclusion to
   the court: Wandii was obsessed by computers, he was unable to stop
   using them, and his infatuation made it impossible for him to choose
   freely. `He repeated 12 times in police interviews, "I'm just
   addicted. I wish I wasn't",' Griffith-Edwards told the court. Wandii
   was highly intelligent, but was unable to escape from the urge to beat
   computers' security systems at their own game. The hacker was obsessed
   by the intellectual challenge. `This is the core ... of what attracts
   the compulsive gambler,' the professor explained to the entranced jury
   of three women and nine men.
   
   But Wandii, this obsessive, addicted, gifted young man, had never had
   a girlfriend, Griffith-Edwards continued. In fact, he shyly admitted
   to the professor that he wouldn't even know how to ask a girl out. `He
   [Wandii] became profoundly embarrassed when asked to talk about his
   own feelings. He simply couldn't cope when asked what sort of person
   he was.'6
   
   People in the jury edged forward in their seats, concentrating
   intently on the distinguished professor. And why wouldn't they? This
   was amazing stuff. This erudite man had delved inside the mind of the
   young man of bizarre contrasts. A man so sophisticated that he could
   pry open computers belonging to some of Britain's and Europe's most
   prestigious institutions, and yet at the same time so simple that he
   had no idea how to ask a girl on a date. A man who was addicted not to
   booze, smack or speed, which the average person associates with
   addiction, but to a computer--a machine most people associated with
   kids' games and word processing programs.
   
   The defence proceeded to present vivid examples of Wandii's addiction.
   Wandii's mother, a single parent and lecturer in English, had terrible
   trouble trying to get her son away from his computer and modem. She
   tried hiding his modem. He found it. She tried again, hiding it at his
   grandmother's house. He burgled granny's home and retrieved it. His
   mother tried to get at his computer. He pushed her out of his attic
   room and down the stairs.
   
   Then he ran up a [sterling]700 phone bill as a result of his hacking.
   His mother switched off the electricity at the mains. Her son
   reconnected it. She installed a security calling-code on the phone to
   stop him calling out. He broke it. She worried he wouldn't go out and
   do normal teenage things. He continued to stay up all night--and
   sometimes all day--hacking. She returned from work to find him
   unconscious--sprawled across the living room floor and looking as
   though he was dead. But it wasn't death, only sheer exhaustion. He
   hacked until he passed out, then he woke up and hacked some more.
   
   The stories of Wandii's self-confessed addiction overwhelmed, appalled
   and eventually engendered pity in the courtroom audience. The media
   began calling him `the hermit hacker'.
   
   Wandii's defence team couldn't fight the prosecution's
   evidence head-on, so they took the prosecution's evidence and claimed
   it as their own. They showed the jury that Wandii hadn't just hacked
   the institutions named by the prosecution; he had hacked far, far more
   than that. He didn't just hack a lot--he hacked too much. Most of all,
   Wandii's defence team gave the jury a reason to acquit the
   innocent-faced young man sitting before them.
   
   During the trial, the media focused on Wandii, but didn't completely
   ignore the other two hackers. Computer Weekly hunted down where
   Gandalf was working and laid it bare on the front page. A member of
   `the UK's most notorious hacking gang', the journal announced, had
   been working on software which would be used at Barclay's Bank.7 The
   implication was clear. Gandalf was a terrible security risk and should
   never be allowed to do any work for a financial institution. The
   report irked the hackers, but they tried to concentrate on preparing
   for their sentencing hearing.
   
   From the beginning of their case, the hackers had problems obtaining
   certain evidence. Pad and Gandalf believed some of the material seized
   in the police raids would substantially help their case--such as
   messages from admins thanking them for pointing out security holes on
   their systems. This material had not been included in the
   prosecution's brief. When the defendants requested access to it, they
   were refused access on the grounds that there was classified data on
   the optical disk. They were told to go read the Attorney-General's
   guidelines on disclosure of information. The evidence of the hackers'
   forays into military and government systems was jumbled in with their
   intrusions into computers such as benign JANET systems, the defence
   team was told. It would take too much time to separate the two.
   
   Eventually, after some wrangling, Pad and Gandalf were told they could
   inspect and copy material--provided it was done under the supervision
   of the police. The hackers travelled to London, to Holborn police
   station, to gather supporting evidence for their case. However, it
   soon became clear that this time-consuming exercise would be
   impossible to manage on an ongoing basis. Finally, the Crown
   Prosecution Service relented, agreeing to release the material on disk
   to Pad's solicitor, on the proviso that no copies were made, it did
   not leave the law office, and it was returned at the end of the trial.
   
   As Wandii's case lurched from revelation to exaggeration, Pad and
   Gandalf busily continued to prepare for their own sentencing hearing.
   Every day, Gandalf travelled from Liverpool to Manchester to meet with
   his friend. They picked up a handful of newspapers at the local agent,
   and then headed up to Pad's lawyer's office. After a quick scan for
   articles covering the hacking case, the two hackers began sifting
   through the reluctantly released prosecution disks. They read through
   the material on computer, under the watchful eye of the law office's
   cashier--the most computer literate person in the firm.
   
   After fifteen days in the Southwark courtroom listening to fantastic
   stories from both sides about the boy sitting before them, the jury in
   Wandii's trial retired to consider the evidence. Before they left,
   Judge Harris gave them a stern warning: the argument that Wandii was
   obsessed or dependent was not a defence against the charges.
   
   It took the jurors only 90 minutes to reach a decision, and when the
   verdict was read out the courtroom erupted with a wave of emotion.
   
   Not guilty. On all counts.
   
   Wandii's mother burst into a huge smile and turned to her son, who was
   also smiling. And the defence team couldn't be happier. Kelman told
   journalists, `The jury felt this was a sledge hammer being used to
   crack a nut'.8
   
   The prosecution was stunned and the law enforcement agents
   flabbergasted. Detective Sergeant Barry Donovan found the verdict
   bizarre. No other case in his 21 years in law enforcement had as much
   overwhelming evidence as this one, yet the jury had let Wandii walk.
   
   And in a high-pitched frenzy rivalling its earlier hysteria, the
   British media jumped all over the jury's decision. `Hacker who ravaged
   systems walks free', an indignant Guardian announced. `Computer Genius
   is cleared of hacking conspiracy', said the Evening Standard. `Hacking
   "addict" acquitted', sniffed The Times. Overpowering them all was the
   Daily Telegraph's page one: `Teenage computer addict who hacked White
   House system is cleared'.
   
   Then came the media king-hit. Someone had leaked another story and it
   looked bad. The report, in the Mail on Sunday, said that the three
   hackers had broken into a Cray computer at the European Centre for
   Medium Range Weather Forecasting at Bracknell. This computer, likes
   dozens of others, would normally have been relegated to the long list
   of unmentioned victims except for one thing. The US military used
   weather data from the centre for planning its attack on Iraq in the
   Gulf War. The media report claimed that the attack had slowed down the
   Cray's calculations, thus endangering the whole Desert Storm
   operation. The paper announced the hackers had been `inadvertently
   jeopardising--almost fatally--the international effort against Saddam
   Hussein' and had put `thousands of servicemen's lives at risk'.9
   
   Further, the paper alleged that the US State Department was so
   incensed about British hackers' repeated break-ins disrupting Pentagon
   defence planning that it had complained to Prime Minister John Major.
   The White House put the matter more bluntly than the State Department:
   Stop your hackers or we will cut off European access to our satellite
   which provides trans-Atlantic data and voice telecommunications.
   Someone in Britain seemed to be listening, for less than twelve months
   later, authorities had arrested all three hackers.
   
   Pad thought the allegations were rubbish. He had been inside a VAX
   machine at the weather centre for a couple of hours one night, but he
   had never touched a Cray there. He had certainly never done anything
   to slow the machine down. No cracking programs, no scanners, nothing
   which might account for the delay described in the report. Even if he
   had been responsible, he found it hard to believe the Western allies'
   victory in the Gulf War was determined by one computer in Berkshire.
   
   All of which gave him cause to wonder why the media was running this
   story now, after Wandii's acquittal but before he and Gandalf were
   sentenced. Sour grapes, perhaps?
   
   For days, columnists, editorial and letter writers across Britain
   pontificated on the meaning of the Wandii's verdict and the validity
   of an addiction to hacking as a defence. Some urged computer owners to
   take responsibility for securing their own systems. Others called for
   tougher hacking laws. A few echoed the view of The Times, which
   declared in an editorial, `a persistent car thief of [the hacker's]
   age would almost certainly have received a custodial sentence. Both
   crimes suggest disrespect for other people's property ... the jurors
   may have failed to appreciate the seriousness of this kind of
   offence'.10
   
   The debate flew forward, changing and growing, and expanding beyond
   Britain's borders. In Hong Kong, the South China Morning Post asked,
   `Is [this] case evidence of a new social phenomenon, with immature and
   susceptible minds being damaged through prolonged exposure to personal
   computers?' The paper described public fear that Wandii's case would
   result in `the green light for an army of computer-literate hooligans
   to pillage the world's databases at will, pleading insanity when
   caught'.11
   
   By April Fool's Day 1991, more than two weeks after the end of the
   court case, Wandii had his own syndrome named after him, courtesy of
   The Guardian.
   
   And while Wandii, his mother and his team of lawyers celebrated their
   victory quietly, the media reported that the Scotland Yard detectives
   commiserated over their defeat, which was considerably more serious
   than simply losing the Wandii case. The Computer Crimes Unit was being
   `reorganised'. Two experienced officers from the five-man unit were
   being moved out of the group. The official line was that the
   `rotations' were normal Scotland Yard procedure. The unofficial word
   was that the Wandii case had been a fiasco, wasting time and money,
   and the debacle was not to be repeated.
   
   In the north, a dark cloud gathered over Pad and Gandalf as their
   judgment day approached. The Wandii case verdict might have been cause
   for celebration among some in the computer underground, but it brought
   little joy for the other two 8lgm hackers.
   
   For Pad and Gandalf, who had already pleaded guilty, Wandii's
   acquittal was a disaster.

				    [ ]
   
   On 12 May 1993, two months after Wandii's acquittal, Boris Kayser
   stood up at the Bar table to put forward Electron's case at the
   Australian hacker's plea and sentencing hearing. As he began to speak,
   a hush fell over the Victorian County Court.
   
   A tall, burly man with a booming voice, an imperious courtroom
   demeanour and his traditional black robes flowing behind him in an
   echo of his often emphatic gesticulations, Kayser was larger than
   life. A master showman, he knew how to play an audience of courtroom
   journalists sitting behind him as much as to the judge in front of
   him.
   
   Electron had already stood in the dock and pleaded guilty to fourteen
   charges, as agreed with the DPP's office. In typical style, Kayser had
   interrupted the long process of the court clerk reading out each
   charge and asking whether Electron would plead guilty or not guilty.
   With an impatient wave of his hand, Kayser asked the judge to dispense
   with such formalities since his client would plead guilty to all the
   agreed charges at once. The interjection was more of an announcement
   than a question.
   
   The formalities of a plea having been summarily dealt with, the
   question now at hand was sentencing. Electron wondered if he would be
   sent to prison. Despite lobbying from Electron's lawyers, the DPP's
   office had refused to recommend a non-custodial sentence. The best
   deal Electron's lawyers had been able to arrange in exchange for
   turning Crown witness was for the DPP to remain silent on the issue of
   prison. The judge would make up his mind without input from the DPP.
   
   Electron fiddled nervously with his father's wedding ring, which he
   wore on his right hand. After his father's death, Electron's sister
   had begun taking things from the family home. Electron didn't care
   much because there were only two things he really wanted: that ring
   and some of his father's paintings.
   
   Kayser called a handful of witnesses to support the case for a light
   sentence. Electron's grandmother from Queensland. The family friend
   who had driven Electron to the hospital the day his father died.
   Electron's psychiatrist, the eminent Lester Walton. Walton in
   particular highlighted the difference between the two possible paths
   forward: prison, which would certainly traumatise an already mentally
   unstable young man, or freedom, which offered Electron a good chance
   of eventually establishing a normal life.
   
   When Kayser began summarising the case for a non-custodial sentence,
   Electron could hear the pack of journalists off to his side
   frantically scribbling notes. He wanted to look at them, but he was
   afraid the judge would see his ponytail, carefully tucked into his
   neatly ironed white shirt, if he turned sideways,
   
   `Your Honour,' Kayser glanced backward slightly, toward the court
   reporters, as he warmed up, `my client lived in an artificial world of
   electronic pulses.'
   
   Scratch, scribble. Electron could almost predict, within half a
   second, when the journalists' pencils and pens would reach a crescendo
   of activity. The ebb and flow of Boris's boom was timed in the style
   of a TV newsreader.
   
   Kayser said his client was addicted to the computer the way an
   alcoholic was obsessed with the bottle. More scratching, and lots of
   it. This client, Kayser thundered, had never sought to damage any
   system, steal money or make a profit. He was not malicious in the
   least, he was merely playing a game.
   
   `I think,' Electron's barrister concluded passionately, but slowly
   enough for every journalist to get it down on paper, `that he should
   have been called Little Jack Horner, who put in his thumb, pulled out
   a plumb and said, "What a good boy am I!"'
   
   Now came the wait. The judge retired to his chambers to weigh up the
   pre-sentence report, Electron's family situation, the fact that he had
   turned Crown witness, his offences--everything. Electron had given a
   nine-page written statement against Phoenix to the prosecution. If the
   Phoenix case went to trial, Electron would be put on the stand to back
   up that statement.
   
   In the month before Electron returned to court to hear his sentence,
   he thought about how he could have fought the case. Some of the
   charges were dubious.
   
   In one case, he had been charged with illegally accessing public
   information through a public account. He had accessed the anonymous
   FTP server at the University of Helsinki to copy information about
   DES. His first point of access had been through a hacked Melbourne
   University account.
   
   Beat that charge, Electron's lawyer had told him, and there's plenty
   more where that came from. The DPP had good pickings and could make up
   a new charge for another site. Still, Electron reasoned some of the
   Crown's evidence would not have stood up under cross-examination.
   
   When reporters from Australia and overseas called NASA headquarters
   for comment on the hacker-induced network shutdown, the agency
   responded that it had no idea what they were talking about. There had
   been no NASA network shutdown. A spokesman made inquiries and, he
   assured the media, NASA was puzzled by the report. Sharon Beskenis's
   statement didn't seem so watertight after all. She was not, it turned
   out, even a NASA employee but a contractor from Lockheed.
   
   During that month-long wait, Electron had trouble living down Kayser's
   nursery-rhyme rendition in the courtroom. When he rang friends, they
   would open the conversation saying, `Oh, is that Little Jack Horner?'
   
   They had all seen the nightly news, featuring Kayser and his client.
   Kayser had looked grave leaving court, while Electron, wearing John
   Lennon-style glasses with dark lenses and with his shoulder-length
   curls pulled tightly back in a ponytail, had tried to smile at the
   camera crews. But his small, fine features and smattering of freckles
   disappeared under the harsh camera lights, so much so that the black,
   round spectacles seemed almost to float on a blank, white surface.
   
   The week after Electron pleaded guilty in Australia, Pad and Gandalf
   sat side by side in London's Southwark dock one last time.
   
   For a day and a half, beginning on 20 May 1993, the two hackers
   listened to their lawyers argue their defence. Yes, our clients hacked
   computers, they told the judge, but the offences were nowhere near as
   serious as the prosecution wants to paint them. The lawyers were
   fighting hard for one thing: to keep Pad and Gandalf out of prison.
   
   Some of the hearing was tough going for the two hackers, but not just
   because of any sense of foreboding caused by the judge's imminent
   decision. The problem was that Gandalf made Pad laugh, and it didn't
   look at all good to laugh in the middle of your sentencing hearing.
   Sitting next to Gandalf for hours on end, while lawyers from both
   sides butchered the technical aspects of computer hacking which the
   8lgm hackers had spent years learning, did it. Pad had only to give
   Gandalf a quick sidelong glance and he quickly found himself
   swallowing and clearing his throat to keep from bursting into
   laughter. Gandalf's irrepressible irreverence was written all over his
   face.
   
   The stern-faced Judge Harris could send them to jail, but he still
   wouldn't understand. Like the gaggle of lawyers bickering at the front
   of the courtroom, the judge was--and would always be--out of the loop.
   None of them had any idea what was really going on inside the heads of
   the two hackers. None of them could ever understand what hacking was
   all about--the thrill of stalking a quarry or of using your wits to
   outsmart so-called experts; the pleasure of finally penetrating a
   much-desired machine and knowing that system is yours; the deep
   anti-establishment streak which served as a well-centred ballast
   against the most violent storms washing in from the outside world; and
   the camaraderie of the international hacking community on Altos.
   
   The lawyers could talk about it, could put experts on the stand and
   psychological reports in the hands of the judge, but none of them
   would ever really comprehend because they had never experienced it.
   The rest of the courtroom was out of the loop, and Pad and Gandalf
   stared out from the dock as if looking through a two-way mirror from a
   secret, sealed room.
   
   Pad's big worry had been this third charge--the one which he faced
   alone. At his plea hearing, he had admitted to causing damage to a
   system owned by what was, in 1990, called the Polytechnic of Central
   London. He hadn't damaged the machine by, say, erasing files, but the
   other side had claimed that the damages totalled about [sterling]250
   000.
   
   The hacker was sure there was zero chance the polytechnic had spent
   anything near that amount. He had a reasonable idea of how long it
   would take someone to clean up his intrusions. But if the prosecution
   could convince a judge to accept that figure, the hacker might be
   looking at a long prison term.
   
   Pad had already braced himself for the possibility of prison. His
   lawyer warned him before the sentencing date that there was a
   reasonable likelihood the two 8lgm hackers would be sent down. After
   the Wandii case, the public pressure to `correct' a `wrong' decision
   by the Wandii jury was enormous. The police had described Wandii's
   acquittal as `a licence to hack'--and The Times, had run the
   statement.12 It was likely the judge, who had presided over Wandii's
   trial, would want to send a loud and clear message to the hacking
   community.
   
   Pad thought that perhaps, if he and Gandalf had pleaded not guilty
   alongside Wandii, they would have been acquitted. But there was no way
   Pad would have subjected himself to the kind of public humiliation
   Wandii went through during the `addicted to computers' evidence. The
   media appeared to want to paint the three hackers as pallid, scrawny,
   socially inept, geeky geniuses, and to a large degree Wandii's lawyers
   had worked off this desire. Pad didn't mind being viewed as highly
   intelligent, but he wasn't a geek. He had a casual girlfriend. He went
   out dancing with friends or to hear bands in Manchester's thriving
   alternative music scene. He worked out his upper body with weights at
   home. Shy--yes. A geek--no.
   
   Could Pad have made a case for being addicted to hacking? Yes,
   although he never believed that he had been. Completely enthralled,
   entirely entranced? Maybe. Suffering from a passing obsession?
   Perhaps. But addicted? No, he didn't think so. Besides, who knew for
   sure if a defence of addiction could have saved him from the
   prosecution's claim anyway?
   
   Exactly where the quarter of a million pound claim came from in the
   first place was a mystery to Pad. The police had just said it to him,
   as if it was fact, in the police interview. Pad hadn't seen any proof,
   but that hadn't stopped him from spending a great deal of time feeling
   very stressed about how the judge would view the matter.
   
   The only answer seemed to be some good, independent technical advice.
   At the request of both Pad and Gandalf's lawyers, Dr Peter Mills, of
   Manchester University, and Dr Russell Lloyd, of London Business
   School, had examined a large amount of technical evidence presented in
   the prosecution's papers. In an independent report running to more
   than 23 pages, the experts stated that the hackers had caused less
   havoc than the prosecution alleged. In addition, Pad's solicitor asked
   Dr Mills to specifically review, in a separate report, the evidence
   supporting the prosecution's large damage claim.
   
   Dr Mills stated that one of the police expert witnesses, a British
   Telecom employee, had said that Digital recommended a full rebuild of
   the system at the earliest possible opportunity--and at considerable
   cost. However, the BT expert had not stated that the cost was
   [sterling]250000 nor even mentioned if the cost quote which had been
   given had actually been accepted.
   
   In fact, Dr Mills concluded that there was no supporting evidence at
   all for the quarter of a million pound claim. Not only that, but any
   test of reason based on the evidence provided by the prosecution
   showed the claim to be completely ridiculous.
   
   In a separate report, Dr Mills' stated that:
   
   i) The machine concerned was a Vax 6320, this is quite a powerful
   `mainframe' system and could support several hundreds of users.
   
   ii) That a full dump of files takes 6 tapes, however since the type of
   tape is not specified this gives no real indication of the size of the
   filesystem. A tape could vary from 0.2 Gigabytes to 2.5 Gigabytes.
   
   iii) The machine was down for three days.
   
   With this brief information it is difficult to give an accurate cost
   for restoring the machine, however an over estimate would be:
   
   i) Time spent in restoring the system, 10 man days at [sterling]300
   per day; [sterling]3000.
   
   ii) Lost time by users, 30 man days at [sterling]300 per day;
   [sterling]9000.
   
   The total cost in my opinion is unlikely to be higher than
   [sterling]12000 and this itself is probably a rather high estimate. I
   certainly cannot see how a figure of [sterling]250000 could be
   justified.
   
   It looked to Pad that the prosecution's claim was not for damage at
   all. It was for properly securing the system--an entirely rebuilt
   system. It seemed to him that the police were trying to put the cost
   of securing the polytechnic's entire computer network onto the
   shoulders of one hacker--and to call it damages. In fact, Pad
   discovered, the polytechnic had never actually even spent the
   [sterling]250000.
   
   Pad was hopeful, but he was also angry. All along, the police had been
   threatening him with this huge damage bill. He had tossed and turned
   in his bed at night worrying about it. And, in the end, the figure put
   forward for so long as fact was nothing but an outrageous claim based
   on not a single shred of solid evidence.
   
   Using Dr Mills's report, Pad's barrister, Mukhtar Hussain, QC,
   negotiated privately with the prosecution barrister, who finally
   relented and agreed to reduce the damage estimate to [sterling]15000.
   It was, in Pad's view, still far too high, but it was much better than
   [sterling]250000. He was in no mind to look a gift horse in the mouth.
   
   Judge Harris accepted the revised damage estimate.
   
   The prosecution may have lost ground on the damage bill, but it wasn't
   giving up the fight. These two hackers, James Richardson told the
   court and journalists during the two-day sentencing hearing, had
   hacked into some 10000 computer systems around the world. They were
   inside machines or networks in at least fifteen countries. Russia.
   India. France. Norway. Germany. The US. Canada. Belgium. Sweden.
   Italy. Taiwan. Singapore. Iceland. Australia. Officers on the case
   said the list of the hackers' targets `read like an atlas', Richardson
   told the court.
   
   Pad listened to the list. It sounded about right. What didn't sound
   right were the allegations that he or Gandalf had crashed Sweden's
   telephone network by running an X.25 scanner over its packet network.
   The crash had forced a Swedish government minister to apologise on
   television. The police said the minister did not identify the true
   cause of the problem--the British hackers--in his public apology.
   
   Pad had no idea what they were talking about. He hadn't done anything
   like that to the Swedish phone system, and as far as he knew, neither
   had Gandalf.
   
   Something else didn't sound right. Richardson told the court that in
   total, the two hackers had racked up at least [sterling]25000 in phone
   bills for unsuspecting legitimate customers, and caused `damage' to
   systems which was very conservatively estimated at almost
   [sterling]123000.
   
   Where were these guys getting these numbers from? Pad marvelled at
   their cheek. He had been through the evidence with a fine-toothed
   comb, yet he had not seen one single bill showing what a site had
   actually paid to repair `damage' caused by the hackers. The figures
   tossed around by the police and the prosecution weren't real bills;
   they weren't cast in iron.
   
   Finally, on Friday 21 May, after all the evidence had been presented,
   the judge adjourned the court to consider sentencing. When he returned
   to the bench fifteen minutes later, Pad knew what was going to happen
   from the judge's face. To the hacker, the expression said: I am going
   to give you everything that Wandii should have got.
   
   Judge Harris echoed The Times's sentiments when he told the two
   defendants, `If your passion had been cars rather than computers, we
   would have called your conduct delinquent, and I don't shrink from the
   analogy of describing what you were doing as intellectual joyriding.
   
   `Hacking is not harmless. Computers now form a central role in our
   lives. Some, providing emergency services, depend on their computers
   to deliver those services.'13
   
   Hackers needed to be given a clear signal that computer crime `will
   not and cannot be tolerated', the judge said, adding that he had
   thought long and hard before handing down sentence. He accepted that
   neither hacker had intended to cause damage, but it was imperative to
   protect society's computer systems and he would be failing in his
   public duty if he didn't sentence the two hackers to a prison term of
   six months.
   
   Judge Harris told the hackers that he had chosen a custodial sentence,
   `both to penalise you for what you have done and for the losses
   caused, and to deter others who might be similarly tempted'.
   
   This was the show trial, not Wandii's case, Pad thought as the court
   officers led him and Gandalf out of the dock, down to the prisoner's
   lift behind the courtroom and into a jail cell.
   
   Less than two weeks after Pad and Gandalf were sentenced, Electron was
   back in the Victorian County Court to discover his own fate.
   
   As he stood in the dock on 3 June 1993 he felt numb, as emotionally
   removed from the scene as Meursault in Camus' L'etranger. He believed
   he was handling the stress pretty well until he experienced tunnel
   vision while watching the judge read his penalty. He perused the room
   but saw neither Phoenix nor Nom.
   
   When Judge Anthony Smith summarised the charges, he seemed to have a
   special interest in count number 13--the Zardoz charge. A few minutes
   into reading the sentence, the judge said, `In my view, a custodial
   sentence is appropriate for each of the offences constituted by the
   12th, 13th and 14th counts'. They were the `knowingly concerned'
   charges, with Phoenix, involving NASA, LLNL and CSIRO. Electron looked
   around the courtroom. People turned back to stare at him. Their eyes
   said, `You are going to prison'.
   
   `I formed the view that a custodial sentence is appropriate in respect
   of each of these offences because of the seriousness of them,' Judge
   Smith noted, `and having regard to the need to demonstrate that the
   community will not tolerate this type of offence.
   
   `Our society today is ... increasingly ... dependent upon the use of
   computer technology. Conduct of the kind in which you engaged poses a
   threat to the usefulness of that technology ... It is incumbent upon
   the courts ... to see to it that the sentences they impose reflect the
   gravity of this kind of criminality.
   
   `On each of Counts 12, 13 and 14, you are convicted and you are
   sentenced to a term of imprisonment of six months ... each ... to be
   concurrent.'
   
   The judge paused, then continued, `And ... I direct, by order, that
   you be released forthwith upon your giving security by recognisance
   ... in the sum of $500 ... You will not be required to serve the terms
   of imprisonment imposed, provided you are of good behaviour for the
   ensuing six months.' He then ordered Electron to complete 300 hours of
   community service, and to submit to psychiatric assessment and
   treatment.
   
   Electron breathed a sigh of relief.
   
   When outlining the mitigating circumstances which led to suspension of
   the jail sentence, Judge Smith described Electron as being addicted to
   using his computer `in much the same way as an alcoholic becomes
   addicted to the bottle'. Boris Kayser had used the analogy in the
   sentencing hearing, perhaps for the
   benefit of the media, but the judge had obviously been swayed by his
   view.
   
   When court adjourned, Electron left the dock and shook hands with his
   lawyers. After three years, he was almost free of his court problems.
   There was only one possible reason he might need to return to court.
   
   If Phoenix fought out his case in a full criminal trial, the DPP would
   put Electron on the stand to testify against him. It would be an ugly
   scene.
   
   The inmates of HM Prison Kirkham, on the north-west coast of England,
   near Preston, had heard all about Pad and Gandalf by the time they
   arrived. They greeted the hackers by name. They'd seen the reports on
   telly, especially about how Gandalf had hacked NASA--complete with
   footage of the space shuttle taking off. Some TV reporter's idea of
   subtle irony--`Two hackers were sent down today' as the space shuttle
   went up.
   
   Kirkham was far better than Brixton, where the hackers had spent the
   first days of their sentence while awaiting transfer. Brixton was what
   Pad always envisioned prison would look like, with floors of barred
   cells facing onto an open centre and prisoners only allowed out of
   their cells for scheduled events such as time in the yard. It was a
   place where hard-core criminals lived. Fortunately, Pad and Gandalf
   had been placed in the same cell while they waited to be assigned to
   their final destination.
   
   After ten days inside Brixton Pad and Gandalf were led from their
   cell, handcuffed and put in a coach heading toward the windy west
   coast.
   
   During the drive, Pad kept looking down at his hand, locked in shiny
   steel to Gandalf's hand, then he looked back up again at his fellow
   hacker. Clearing his throat and turning away from Gandalf's difficult
   grin--his friend now on the edge of laughing himself--Pad struggled.
   He tried to hold down the muscles of his face, to pull them back from
   laughter.
   
   A minimum security prison holding up to 632 prisoners, Kirkham looked
   vaguely like a World War II RAF base with a large collection of
   free-standing buildings around the grounds. There were no real walls,
   just a small wire fence which Pad soon learned prisoners routinely
   jumped when the place started to get to them.
   
   For a prison, Kirkham was pretty good. There was a duck pond, a
   bowling green, a sort of mini-cinema which showed films in the early
   evenings, eight pay phones, a football field, a cricket pavilion and,
   best of all, lots of fields. Prisoners could have visits on weekday
   afternoons between 1.10 and 3.40, or on the weekend.
   
   Luck smiled on the two hackers. They were assigned to the same billet
   and, since none of the other prisoners objected, they became
   room-mates. Since they were sentenced in May, they would serve their
   time during summer. If they were `of good behaviour' and didn't get
   into trouble with other prisoners, they would be out in three months.
   
   Like any prison, Kirkham had its share of prisoners who didn't get
   along with each other. Mostly, prisoners wanted to know what you were
   in for and, more particularly, if you had been convicted of a sex
   crime. They didn't like sex crime offenders and Pad heard about a pack
   of Kirkham prisoners who dragged one of their own, screaming, to a
   tree, where they tried to hang him for being a suspected rapist. In
   fact, the prisoner hadn't been convicted of anything like rape. He had
   simply refused to pay his poll tax.
   
   Fortunately for Pad and Gandalf, everyone else in Kirkham knew why
   they were there. At the end of their first week they returned to their
   room one afternoon to find a sign painted above their door. It said,
   `NASA HQ'.
   
   The other minimum security prisoners understood hacking--and they had
   all sorts of ideas about how you could make money from it. Most of the
   prisoners in Kirkham were in for petty theft, credit card fraud, and
   other small-time crimes. There was also a phreaker, who arrived the
   same day as Pad and Gandalf. He landed eight months in prison--two
   more than the 8lgm hackers--and Pad wondered what kind of message that
   sent the underground.
   
   Despite their best efforts, the 8lgm twosome didn't fit quite the
   prison mould. In the evenings, other prisoners spent their free time
   shooting pool or taking drugs. In the bedroom down the hall, Gandalf
   lounged on his bed studying a book on VMS internals. Pad read a
   computer magazine and listened to some indie music--often his `Babes
   in Toyland' tape. In a parody of prison movies, the two hackers marked
   off their days inside the prison with cross-hatched lines on their
   bedroom wall--four marks, then a diagonal line through them. They
   wrote other things on the walls too.
   
   The long, light-filled days of summer flowed one into the other, as
   Pad and Gandalf fell into the rhythm of the prison. The morning
   check-in at 8.30 to make sure none of the prisoners had gone
   walkabout. The dash across the bowling green for a breakfast of beans,
   bacon, eggs, toast and sausage. The walk to the greenhouses where the
   two hackers had been assigned for work detail.
   
   The work wasn't hard. A little digging in the pots. Weeding around the
   baby lettuce heads, watering the green peppers and transplanting
   tomato seedlings. When the greenhouses became too warm by late
   morning, Pad and Gandalf wandered outside for a bit of air. They often
   talked about girls, cracking crude, boyish jokes about women and
   occasionally discussing their girlfriends more seriously. As the heat
   settled in, they sat down, lounging against the side of the
   greenhouse.
   
   After lunch, followed by more time in the greenhouse, Pad and Gandalf
   sometimes went off for walks in the fields surrounding the prison.
   First the football field, then the paddocks dotted with cows beyond
   it.
   
   Pad was a likeable fellow, largely because of his easygoing style and
   relaxed sense of humour. But liking him wasn't the same as knowing
   him, and the humour often deflected deeper probing into his
   personality. But Gandalf knew him, understood him. Everything was so
   easy with Gandalf. During the long, sunny walks, the conversation
   flowed as easily as the light breeze through the grass.
   
   As they wandered in the fields, Pad often wore his denim jacket. Most
   of the clothes on offer from the prison clothing office were drab
   blue, but Pad had lucked onto this wonderful, cool denim jacket which
   he took to wearing all the time.
   
   Walking for hours on end along the perimeters of the prison grounds,
   Pad saw how easy it would be to escape, but in the end there didn't
   seem to be much point. They way he saw it, the police would just catch
   you and put you back in again. Then you'd have to serve extra time.
   
   Once a week, Pad's parents came to visit him, but the few precious
   hours of visiting time were more for his parents' benefit than his
   own. He reassured them that he was OK, and when they looked him in the
   face and saw it was true, they stopped worrying quite so much. They
   brought him news from home, including the fact that his computer
   equipment had been returned by one of the police who had been in the
   original raid.
   
   The officer asked Pad's mother how the hacker was doing in prison.
   `Very well indeed,' she told him. `Prison's not nearly so bad as he
   thought.' The officer's face crumpled into a disappointed frown. He
   seemed to be looking for news that Pad was suffering nothing but
   misery.
   
   At the end of almost three months, with faces well tanned from walking
   in the meadows, Pad and Gandalf walked free.

                                  [ ]
   
   To the casual witness sitting nearby in the courtroom, the tension
   between Phoenix's mother and father was almost palpable. They were not
   sitting near each other but that didn't mitigate the silent hostility
   which rose through the air like steam. Phoenix's divorced parents
   provided a stark contrast to Nom's adopted parents, an older, suburban
   couple who were very much married.
   
   On Wednesday, 25 August 1993 Phoenix and Nom pleaded guilty to fifteen
   and two charges respectively. The combined weight of the prosecution's
   evidence, the risk and cost of running a full trial and the need to
   get on with their lives had pushed them over the edge. Electron didn't
   need to come to court to give evidence.
   
   At the plea hearing, which ran over to the next day, Phoenix's lawyer,
   Dyson Hore-Lacy, spent considerable time sketching the messy divorce
   of his client's parents for the benefit of the judge. Suggesting
   Phoenix retreated into his computer during the bitter separation and
   divorce was the best chance of getting him off a prison term. Most of
   all, the defence presented Phoenix as a young man who had strayed off
   the correct path in life but was now back on track--holding down a job
   and having a life.
   
   The DPP had gone in hard against Phoenix. They seemed to want a jail
   term badly and they doggedly presented Phoenix as an arrogant
   braggart. The court heard a tape-recording of Phoenix ringing up
   security guru Edward DeHart of the Computer Emergency Response Team at
   Carnegie Mellon University to brag about a security exploit. Phoenix
   told DeHart to get onto his computer and then proceeded to walk him
   step by step through the `passwd -f' security bug. Ironically, it was
   Electron who had discovered that security hole and taught it to
   Phoenix--a fact Phoenix didn't seem to want to mention to DeHart.
   
   The head of the AFP's Southern Region Computer Crimes Unit, Detective
   Sergeant Ken Day was in court that day. There was no way he was going
   to miss this. The same witness noting the tension between Phoenix's
   parents might also have perceived an undercurrent of hostility between
   Day and Phoenix--an undercurrent which did not seem to exist between
   Day and either of the other Realm hackers.
   
   Day, a short, careful man who gave off an air of bottled intensity,
   seemed to have an acute dislike for Phoenix. By all observations the
   feeling was mutual. A cool-headed professional, Day would never say
   anything in public to express the dislike--that was not his style. His
   dislike was only indicated by a slight tightness in the muscles of an
   otherwise unreadable face.
   
   On 6 October 1993, Phoenix and Nom stood side by side in the dock for
   sentencing. Wearing a stern expression, Judge Smith began by detailing
   both the hackers' charges and the origin of The Realm. But after the
   summary, the judge saved his harshest rebuke for Phoenix.
   
   `There is nothing ... to admire about your conduct and every reason
   why it should be roundly condemned. You pointed out [weaknesses] to
   some of the system administrators ... [but] this was more a display of
   arrogance and a demonstration of what you thought was your superiority
   rather than an act of altruism on your part.
   
   `You ... bragged about what you had done or were going to do ... Your
   conduct revealed ... arrogance on your part, open defiance, and an
   intention to the beat the system. [You] did cause havoc for a time
   within the various targeted systems.'
   
   Although the judge appeared firm in his views while passing sentence,
   behind the scenes he had agonised greatly over his decision. He had
   attempted to balance what he saw as the need for deterrence, the
   creation of a precedence for sentencing hacking cases in Australia,
   and the individual aspects of this case. Finally, after sifting
   through the arguments again and again, he had reached a decision.
   
   `I have no doubt that some sections of our community would regard
   anything than a custodial sentence as less than appropriate. I share
   that view. But after much reflection ... I have concluded that an
   immediate term of imprisonment is unnecessary.'
   
   Relief rolled across the faces of the hackers' friends and relatives
   as the judge ordered Phoenix to complete 500 hours of community
   service work over two years and assigned him a $1000 twelve-month good
   behaviour bond. He gave Nom 200 hours, and a $500, six-month bond for
   good behaviour.
   
   As Phoenix was leaving the courtroom, a tall, skinny young man, loped
   down the aisle towards him.
   
   `Congratulations,' the stranger said, his long hair dangling in
   delicate curls around his shoulders.
   
   `Thanks,' Phoenix answered, combing his memory for the boyish face
   which couldn't be any older than his own. `Do I know you?'
   
   `Sort of,' the stranger answered. `I'm Mendax. I'm about to go through
   what you did, but worse.'

     _________________________________________________________________

		Chapter 8 -- The International Subversives
     _________________________________________________________________

     All around
     an eerie sound 
     
   -- from `Maralinga', on 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 by Midnight Oil
   
   Prime Suspect rang Mendax, offering an adventure. He had discovered a
   strange system called NMELH1 (pronounced N-Melly-H-1) and it was time
   to go exploring. He read off the dial-up numbers, found in a list of
   modem phone numbers on another hacked system.
   
   Mendax looked at the scrap of paper in his hand, thinking about the
   name of the computer system.
   
   The `N' stood for Northern Telecom, a Canadian company with annual
   sales of $8 billion. NorTel, as the company was known, sold thousands
   of highly sophisticated switches and other telephone exchange
   equipment to some of the world's largest phone companies. The `Melly'
   undoubtedly referred to the fact that the system was in Melbourne. As
   for the `H-1', well, that was anyone's guess, but Mendax figured it
   probably stood for `host-1'--meaning computer site number one.
   
   Prime Suspect had stirred Mendax's interest. Mendax had spent hours
   experimenting with commands inside the computers which controlled
   telephone exchanges. In the end, those forays were all just
   guesswork--trial and error learning, at considerable risk of
   discovery. Unlike making a mistake inside a single computer,
   mis-guessing a command inside a telephone exchange in downtown Sydney
   or Melbourne could take down a whole prefix--10000 or more phone
   lines--and cause instant havoc.
   
   This was exactly what the International Subversives didn't want to do.
   The three IS hackers--Mendax, Prime Suspect and Trax--had seen what
   happened to the visible members of the computer underground in England
   and in Australia. The IS hackers had three very good reasons to keep
   their activities quiet.
   
   Phoenix. Nom. And Electron.
   
   But, Mendax thought, what if you could learn about how to manipulate a
   million-dollar telephone exchange by reading
   the manufacturer's technical documentation? How high was
   the chance that those documents, which weren't available to the
   public, were stored inside NorTel's computer network?
   
   Better still, what if he could find NorTel's original source code--the
   software designed to control specific telephone switches, such as the
   DMS-100 model. That code might be sitting on a computer hooked into
   the worldwide NorTel network. A hacker with access could insert his
   own backdoor--a hidden security flaw--before the company sent out
   software to its customers.
   
   With a good technical understanding of how NorTel's equipment worked,
   combined with a backdoor installed in every piece of software shipped
   with a particular product, you could have control over every new
   NorTel DMS telephone switch installed from Boston to Bahrain. What
   power! Mendax thought, what if you you could turn off 10000 phones in
   Rio de Janeiro, or give 5000 New Yorkers free calls one afternoon, or
   listen into private telephone conversations in Brisbane. The
   telecommunications world would be your oyster.
   
   Like their predecessors, the three IS hackers had started out in the
   Melbourne BBS scene. Mendax met Trax on Electric Dreams in about 1988,
   and Prime Suspect on Megaworks, where he used the handle Control
   Reset, not long after that. When he set up his own BBS at his home in
   Tecoma, a hilly suburb so far out of Melbourne that it was practically
   in forest, he invited both hackers to visit `A Cute Paranoia' whenever
   they could get through on the single phone line.
   
   Visiting on Mendax's BBS suited both hackers, for it was more private
   than other BBSes. Eventually they exchanged home telephone numbers,
   but only to talk modem-to-modem. For months, they would ring each
   other up and type on their computer screens to each other--never
   having heard the sound of the other person's voice. Finally, late in
   1990, the nineteen-year-old Mendax called up the 24-year-old Trax for
   a voice chat. In early 1991, Mendax and Prime Suspect, aged seventeen,
   also began speaking in voice on the phone.
   
   Trax seemed slightly eccentric, and possibly suffered from some sort
   of anxiety disorder. He refused to travel to the city, and he once
   made reference to seeing a psychiatrist. But Mendax usually found the
   most interesting people were a little unusual, and Trax was both.
   
   Mendax and Trax discovered they had a few things in common. Both came
   from poor but educated families, and both lived in the outer suburbs.
   However, they had very different childhoods.
   
   Trax's parents migrated to Australia from Europe. Both his father, a
   retired computer technician, and his mother spoke with a German
   accent. Trax's father was very much the head of the household, and
   Trax was his only son.
   
   By contrast, by the time he was fifteen Mendax had lived in a dozen
   different places including Perth, Magnetic Island, Brisbane,
   Townsville, Sydney, the Adelaide Hills, and a string of coastal towns
   in northern New South Wales and Western Australia. In fifteen years he
   had enrolled in at least as many different schools.
   
   His mother had left her Queensland home at age seventeen, after saving
   enough money from selling her paintings to buy a motorcycle, a tent
   and a road map of Australia. Waving goodbye to her stunned parents,
   both academics, she rode off into the sunset. Some 2000 kilometres
   later, she arrived in Sydney and joined the thriving counter-culture
   community. She worked as an artist and fell in love with a rebellious
   young man she met at an anti-Vietnam demonstration.
   
   Within a year of Mendax's birth, his mother's relationship with his
   father had ended. When Mendax was two, she married a fellow artist.
   What followed was many turbulent years, moving from town to town as
   his parents explored the '70s left-wing, bohemian subculture. As a
   boy, he was surrounded by artists. His stepfather staged and directed
   plays and his mother did make-up, costume and set design.
   
   One night in Adelaide, when Mendax was about four, his mother and a
   friend were returning from a meeting of anti-nuclear protesters. The
   friend claimed to have scientific evidence that the British had
   conducted high-yield, above-ground nuclear tests at Maralinga, a
   desert area in north-west South Australia.
   
   A 1984 Royal Commission subsequently revealed that between 1953 and
   1963 the British government had tested nuclear bombs at the site,
   forcing more than 5000 Aborigines from their native lands. In December
   1993, after years of stalling, the British government agreed to pay
   [sterling]20 million toward cleaning up the more than 200 square
   kilometres of contaminated lands. Back in 1968, however, the Menzies
   government had signed away Britain's responsibility to clean up the
   site. In the 1970s, the Australian government was still in denial
   about exactly what had happened at Maralinga.
   
   As Mendax's mother and her friend drove through an Adelaide suburb
   carrying early evidence of the Maralinga tragedy, they noticed they
   were being followed by an unmarked car. They tried to lose the tail,
   without success. The friend, nervous, said he had to get the data to
   an Adelaide journalist before the police could stop him. Mendax's
   mother quickly slipped into a back lane and the friend leapt from the
   car. She drove off, taking the police tail with her.
   
   The plain-clothed police pulled her over shortly after, searched her
   car and demanded to know where her friend had gone and what had
   occurred at the meeting. When she was less than helpful, one officer
   told her, `You have a child out at 2 in the morning. I think you
   should get out of politics, lady. It could be said you were an unfit
   mother'.
   
   A few days after this thinly veiled threat, her friend showed up at
   Mendax's mother's house, covered in fading bruises. He said the police
   had beaten him up, then set him up by planting hash on him. `I'm
   getting out of politics,' he announced.
   
   However, she and her husband continued their involvement in theatre.
   The young Mendax never dreamed of running away to join the circus--he
   already lived the life of a travelling minstrel. But although the
   actor-director was a good stepfather, he was also an alcoholic. Not
   long after Mendax's ninth birthday, his parents separated and then
   divorced.
   
   Mendax's mother then entered a tempestuous relationship with an
   amateur musician. Mendax was frightened of the man, whom he considered
   a manipulative and violent psychopath. He had five different
   identities with plastic in his wallet to match. His whole background
   was a fabrication, right down to the country of his birth. When the
   relationship ended, the steady pattern of moving around the
   countryside began again, but this journey had a very different flavour
   from the earlier happy-go-lucky odyssey. This time, Mendax and his
   family were on the run from a physically abusive de facto. Finally,
   after hiding under assumed names on both sides of the continent,
   Mendax and his family settled on the outskirts of Melbourne.
   
   Mendax left home at seventeen because he had received a tip-off about
   an impending raid. Mendax wiped his disks, burnt his print-outs and
   left. A week later, the Victorian CIB turned up and searched his room,
   but found nothing. He married his girlfriend, an intelligent but
   introverted and emotionally disturbed sixteen-year-old he had met
   through a mutual friend in a gifted children's program. A year later
   they had a child.
   
   Mendax made many of his friends through the computer community. He
   found Trax easy to talk to and they often spent up to five hours on a
   single phone call. Prime Suspect, on the other hand, was hard work on
   the phone.
   
   Quiet and introverted, Prime Suspect always seemed to run out of
   conversation after five minutes. Mendax was himself naturally shy, so
   their talks were often filled with long silences. It wasn't that
   Mendax didn't like Prime Suspect, he did. By the time the three
   hackers met in person at Trax's home in mid-1991, he considered Prime
   Suspect more than just a fellow hacker in the tight-knit IS circle.
   Mendax considered him a friend.
   
   Prime Suspect was a boy of veneers. To most of the world, he appeared
   to be a studious year 12 student bound for university from his upper
   middle-class grammar school. The all-boys school never expected less
   from its students and the possibility of attending a TAFE--a
   vocational college--was never discussed as an option. University was
   the object. Any student who failed to make it was quietly swept under
   the carpet like some sort of distasteful food dropping.
   
   Prime Suspect's own family situation did not mirror the veneer of
   respectability portrayed by his school. His father, a pharmacist, and
   his mother, a nurse, had been in the midst of an acrimonious divorce
   battle when his father was diagnosed with terminal cancer. In this
   bitter, antagonistic environment, the eight-year-old Prime Suspect was
   delivered to his father's bedside in hospice for a rushed few moments
   to bid him farewell.
   
   Through much of his childhood and adolescence, Prime Suspect's mother
   remained bitter and angry about life, and particularly her
   impoverished financial situation. When he was eight, Prime Suspect's
   older sister left home at sixteen, moved to Perth and refused to speak
   to her mother. In some ways, Prime Suspect felt he was expected be
   both child and de facto parent. All of which made him grow up faster
   in some ways, but remain immature in others.
   
   Prime Suspect responded to the anger around him by retreating into his
   room. When he bought his first computer, an Apple IIe, at age thirteen
   he found it better company than any of his relatives. The computers at
   school didn't hold much interest for him, since they weren't connected
   to the outside world via modem. After reading about BBSes in the Apple
   Users' Society newsletter, he saved up for his own modem and soon
   began connecting into various BBSes.
   
   School did, however, provide the opportunity to rebel, albeit
   anonymously, and he conducted extensive pranking campaigns. Few
   teachers suspected the quiet, clean-cut boy and he was rarely caught.
   Nature had endowed Prime Suspect with the face of utter innocence.
   Tall and slender with brown curly hair, his true character only showed
   in the elfish grin which sometimes passed briefly across his baby
   face. Teachers told his mother he was underachieving compared to his
   level of intelligence, but had few complaints otherwise.
   
   By year 10, he had become a serious hacker and was spending every
   available moment at his computer. Sometimes he skipped school, and he
   often handed assignments in late. He found it difficult to come up
   with ever more creative excuses and sometimes he imagined telling his
   teachers the truth. `Sorry I didn't get that 2000-word paper done but
   I was knee-deep in NASA networks last night.' The thought made him
   laugh.
   
   He saw girls as a unwanted distraction from hacking. Sometimes, after
   he chatted with a girl at a party, his friends would later ask him why
   he hadn't asked her out. Prime Suspect shrugged it off. The real
   reason was that he would rather get home to his computer, but he never
   discussed his hacking with anyone at school, not even with Mentat.
   
   A friend of Force's and occasional visitor to The Realm, Mentat was
   two years ahead of Prime Suspect at school and in general couldn't be
   bothered talking to so junior a hacker as Prime Suspect. The younger
   hacker didn't mind. He had witnessed other hackers' indiscretions,
   wanted no part of them and was happy to keep his hacking life private.
   
   Before the Realm bust, Phoenix rang him up once at 2 a.m. suggesting
   that he and Nom come over there and then. Woken by the call, Prime
   Suspect's mother stood in the doorway to his bedroom, remonstrating
   with him for letting his `friends' call at such a late hour. With
   Phoenix goading him in one ear, and his mother chewing him out in the
   other, Prime Suspect decided the whole thing was a bad idea. He said
   no thanks to Phoenix, and shut the door on his mother.
   
   He did, however, talk to Powerspike on the phone once in a while. The
   older hacker's highly irreverent attitude and Porky Pig laugh appealed
   to him. But other than those brief talks, Prime Suspect avoided
   talking on the phone to people outside the International Subversives,
   especially when he and Mendax moved into ever more sensitive military
   computers.
   
   Using a program called Sycophant written by Mendax, the IS hackers had
   been conducting massive attacks on the US military. They divided up
   Sycophant on eight attack machines, often choosing university systems
   at places like the Australian National University or the University of
   Texas. They pointed the eight machines at the targets and fired.
   Within six hours, the eight machines had assaulted thousands of
   computers. The hackers sometimes reaped 100000 accounts each night.
   
   Using Sycophant, they essentially forced a cluster of Unix machines in
   a computer network to attack the entire Internet en masse.
   
   And that was just the start of what they were into. They had been in
   so many sites they often couldn't remember if they
   had actually hacked a particular computer. The places they could
   recall read like a Who's Who of the American military-industrial
   complex. The US Airforce 7th Command Group Headquarters in the
   Pentagon. Stanford Research Institute in California. Naval Surface
   Warfare Center in Virginia. Lockheed Martin's Tactical Aircraft
   Systems Air Force Plant in Texas. Unisys Corporation in Blue Bell,
   Pennsylvania. Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA. Motorola Inc. in
   Illinois. TRW Inc. in Redondo Beach, California. Alcoa in Pittsburgh.
   Panasonic Corp in New Jersey. US Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering
   Station. Siemens-Nixdorf Information Systems in Massachusetts.
   Securities Industry Automation Corp in New York. Lawrence Livermore
   National Laboratory in California. Bell Communications Research, New
   Jersey. Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, California.
   
   As the IS hackers reached a level of sophistication beyond anything
   The Realm had achieved, they realised that progress carried
   considerable risk and began to withdraw completely from the broader
   Australian hacking community. Soon they had drawn a tight circle
   around themselves. They talked only to each other.
   
   Watching the Realm hackers go down hadn't deterred the next generation
   of hackers. It had only driven them further underground.
   
   In the spring of 1991, Prime Suspect and Mendax began a race to get
   root on the US Department of Defense's Network Information Center
   (NIC) computer--potentially the most important computer on the
   Internet.
   
   As both hackers chatted amiably on-line one night, on a Melbourne
   University computer, Prime Suspect worked quietly in another screen to
   penetrate ns.nic.ddn.mil, a US Department of Defense system closely
   linked to NIC. He believed the sister system and NIC might `trust'
   each other--a trust he could exploit to get into NIC. And NIC did
   everything.
   
   NIC assigned domain names--the `.com' or `.net' at the end of an email
   address--for the entire Internet. NIC also controlled the US
   military's own internal defence data network, known as MILNET.
   
   NIC also published the communication protocol standards for all of the
   Internet. Called RFCs (Request for Comments), these technical
   specifications allowed one computer on the Internet to talk to
   another. The Defense Data Network Security Bulletins, the US
   Department of Defense's equivalent of CERT advisories, came from the
   NIC machine.
   
   Perhaps most importantly, NIC controlled the reverse look-up service
   on the Internet. Whenever someone connects to another site across the
   Internet, he or she typically types in the site name--say,
   ariel.unimelb.edu.au at the University of Melbourne. The computer then
   translates the alphabetical name into a numerical address--the IP
   address--in this case 128.250.20.3. All the computers on the Internet
   need this IP address to relay the packets of data onto the final
   destination computer. NIC decided how Internet computers would
   translate the alphabetical name into an IP address, and vice versa.
   
   If you controlled NIC, you had phenomenal power on the Internet. You
   could, for example, simply make Australia disappear. Or you could turn
   it into Brazil. By pointing all Internet addresses ending in
   `.au'--the designation for sites in Australia--to Brazil, you could
   cut Australia's part of the Internet off from the rest of the world
   and send all Australian Internet traffic to Brazil. In fact, by
   changing the delegation of all the domain names, you could virtually
   stop the flow of information between all the countries on the
   Internet.
   
   The only way someone could circumvent this power was by typing in the
   full numerical IP address instead of a proper alphabetical address.
   But few people knew the up-to-twelve-digit IP equivalent of their
   alphabetical addresses, and fewer still actually used them.
   
   Controlling NIC offered other benefits as well. Control NIC, and you
   owned a virtual pass-key into any computer on the Internet which
   `trusted' another. And most machines trust at least one other system.
   
   Whenever one computer connects to another across the Net, both
   machines go through a special meet-and-greet process. The receiving
   computer looks over the first machine and asks itself
   a few questions. What's the name of the incoming machine?
   Is that name allowed to connect to me? In what ways am I
   programmed to `trust' that machine--to wave my normal security for
   connections from that system?
   
   The receiving computer answers these questions based in large part on
   information provided by NIC. All of which means that, by controlling
   NIC, you could make any computer on the Net `pose' as a machine
   trusted by a computer you might want to hack. Security often depended
   on a computer's name, and NIC effectively controlled that name.
   
   When Prime Suspect managed to get inside NIC's sister system, he told
   Mendax and gave him access to the computer. Each hacker then began his
   own attack on NIC. When Mendax finally got root on NIC, the power was
   intoxicating. Prime Suspect got root at the same time but using a
   different method. They were both in.
   
   Inside NIC, Mendax began by inserting a backdoor--a method of getting
   back into the computer at a later date in case an admin repaired the
   security flaws the hackers had used to get into the machine. From now
   on, if he telnetted into the system's Data Defense Network (DDN)
   information server and typed `login 0' he would have instant,
   invisible root access to NIC.
   
   That step completed, he looked around for interesting things to read.
   One file held what appeared to be a list of satellite and microwave
   dish coordinates--longitude, latitudes, transponder frequencies. Such
   coordinates might in theory allow someone to build a complete map of
   communications devices which were used to move the DOD's computer data
   around the world.
   
   Mendax also penetrated MILNET's Security Coordination Center, which
   collected reports on every possible security incident on a MILNET
   computer. Those computers--largely TOPS-20s made by DEC--contained
   good automatic security programs. Any number of out-of-the-ordinary
   events would trigger an automatic security report. Someone logging
   into a machine for too long. A large number of failed login attempts,
   suggesting password guessing. Two people logging into the same account
   at the same time. Alarm bells would go off and the local computer
   would immediately send a security violation report to the MILNET
   security centre, where it would be added to the `hot list'.
   
   Mendax flipped through page after page of MILNET's security reports on
   his screen. Most looked like nothing--MILNET users accidentally
   stumbling over a security tripwire--but one notice from a US military
   site in Germany stood out. It was not computer generated. This was
   from a real human being. The system admin reported that someone had
   been repeatedly trying to break into his or her machine, and had
   eventually managed to get in. The admin was trying, without much luck,
   to trace back the intruder's connection to its point of origin. Oddly,
   it appeared to originate in another MILNET system.
   
   Riffling through other files, Mendax found mail confirming that the
   attack had indeed come from inside MILNET. His eyes grew wide as he
   read on. US military hackers had broken into MILNET systems, using
   them for target practice, and no-one had bothered to tell the system
   admin at the target site.
   
   Mendax couldn't believe it. The US military was hacking its own
   computers. This discovery led to another, more disturbing, thought. If
   the US military was hacking its own computers for practice, what was
   it doing to other countries' computers?
   
   As he quietly backed out of the system, wiping away his footprints as
   he tip-toed away, Mendax thought about what he had seen. He was deeply
   disturbed that any hacker would work for the US military.
   
   Hackers, he thought, should be anarchists, not hawks.
   
   In early October 1991, Mendax rang Trax and gave him the dial-up and
   account details for NMELH1.
   
   Trax wasn't much of a hacker, but Mendax admired his phreaking
   talents. Trax was the father of phreaking in Australia and Trax's
   Toolbox, his guide to the art of phreaking, was
   legendary. Mendax thought Trax might find some interesting detailed
   information inside the NorTel network on how to
   control telephone switches.
   
   Trax invented multi-frequency code phreaking. By sending special
   tones--generated by his computer program--down the phone line, he
   could control certain functions in the telephone exchange. Many
   hackers had learned how to make free phone calls by charging the cost
   to someone else or to calling cards, but Trax discovered how to make
   phone calls which weren't charged to anyone. The calls weren't just
   free; they were untraceable.
   
   Trax wrote 48 pages on his discovery and called it The Australian
   Phreakers Manual Volumes 1-7. But as he added more and more to the
   manual, he became worried what would happen if he released it in the
   underground, so he decided he would only show it to the other two
   International Subversive hackers.
   
   He went on to publish The Advanced Phreaker's Manual,2 a second
   edition of the manual, in The International Subversive, the
   underground magazine edited by Mendax:
   
   An electronic magazine, The International Subversive had a simple
   editorial policy. You could only have a copy of the magazine if you
   wrote an `article'. The policy was a good way of protecting against
   nappies--sloppy or inexperienced hackers who might accidentally draw
   police attention. Nappies also tended to abuse good phreaking and
   hacking techniques, which might cause Telecom to close up security
   holes. The result was that IS had a circulation of just three people.
   
   To a non-hacker, IS looked like gobbledygook--the phone book made more
   interesting reading. But to a member of the computer underground, IS
   was a treasure map. A good hacker could follow the trail of modem
   phone numbers and passwords, then use the directions in IS to
   disappear through secret entrances into the labyrinth of forbidden
   computer networks. Armed with the magazine, he could slither out of
   tight spots, outwit system admins and find the treasure secreted in
   each computer system.
   
   For Prime Suspect and Mendax, who were increasingly paranoid about
   line traces from the university modems they used as launchpads, Trax's
   phreaking skills were a gift from heaven.
   
   Trax made his great discovery by accident. He was using a phone
   sprinter, a simple computer program which automatically dialled a
   range of phone numbers looking for modems. If he turned the volume up
   on his modem when his computer dialled what seemed to be a dead or
   non-existent number, he sometimes heard a soft clicking noise after
   the disconnection message. The noise sounded like faint heartbeats.
   
   Curious, he experimented with these strange numbers and soon
   discovered they were disconnected lines which had not yet been
   reassigned. He wondered how he could use these odd numbers. After
   reading a document Mendax had found in Britain and uploaded to The
   Devil's Playground, another BBS, Trax had an idea. The posting
   provided information about CCITT #5 signalling tones, CCITT being the
   international standard--the language spoken by telephone exchanges
   between countries.
   
   When you make an international phone call from Australia to the US,
   the call passes from the local telephone exchange to an international
   gateway exchange within Australia. From there, it travels to an
   exchange in the US. The CCITT signalling tones were the special tones
   the two international gateway exchanges used to communicate with each
   other.
   
   Telecom Australia adapted a later version of this standard, called R2,
   for use on its own domestic exchanges. Telecom called this new
   standard MFC, or multi-frequency code. When, say, Trax rang Mendax,
   his exchange asked Mendax's to `talk' to Mendax's phone by using these
   tones. Mendax's exchange `answered', perhaps saying Mendax's phone was
   busy or disconnected. The Telecom-adapted tones--pairs of audio
   frequencies--did not exist in normal telephone keypads and you
   couldn't make them simply by punching keys on your household
   telephone.
   
   Trax wrote a program which allowed his Amstrad computer to generate the
   special tones and send them down the phone line. In an act many in the
   underground later considered to be a stroke of genius, he began to map
   out exactly what each tone did. It was a difficult task, since one tone
   could mean several different things at each stage of the `conversation'
   between two exchanges.
   
   Passionate about his new calling, Trax went trashing in Telecom
   garbage bins, where he found an MFC register list--an invaluable piece
   of his puzzle. Using the list, along with pieces of overseas phreaking
   files and a great deal of painstaking hands-on effort, Trax slowly
   learned the language of the Australian telephone exchanges. Then he
   taught the language to his computer.
   
   Trax tried calling one of the `heartbeat' phone numbers again. He
   began playing his special, computer-generated tones through an
   amplifier. In simple terms, he was able to fool other exchanges into
   thinking he was his local Telecom exchange. More accurately, Trax had
   made his exchange drop him into the outgoing signalling trunk that had
   been used to route to the disconnected phone number.
   
   Trax could now call out--anywhere--as if he was calling from a point
   halfway between his own phone and the disconnected number. If he
   called a modem at Melbourne University, for instance, and the line was
   being traced, his home phone number would not show up on the trace
   records. No-one would be charged for the call because Trax's calls
   were ghosts in the phone system.
   
   Trax continued to refine his ability to manipulate both the telephone
   and the exchange. He took his own telephone apart, piece by piece,
   countless times, fiddling with the parts until he understood exactly
   how it worked. Within months, he was able to do far more than just
   make free phone calls. He could, for instance, make a line trace think
   that he had come from a specific telephone number.
   
   He and Mendax joked that if they called a `hot' site they would use
   Trax's technique to send the line trace--and the bill--back to one
   very special number. The one belonging to the AFP's Computer Crime
   Unit in Melbourne.
   
   All three IS hackers suspected the AFP was close on their heels.
   Roving through the Canberra-based computer system belonging to the man
   who essentially ran the Internet in Australia, Geoff Huston, they
   watched the combined efforts of police and the Australian Academic and
   Research Network (AARNET) to trace them.
   
   Craig Warren of Deakin University had written to Huston, AARNET
   technical manager, about hacker attacks on university systems. Huston
   had forwarded a copy of the letter to Peter Elford, who assisted
   Huston in managing AARNET. The hackers broke into Huston's system and
   also read the letter:
   
   From G.Huston@aarnet.edu.au Mon Sep 23 09:40:43 1991
   
   Received: from [150.203.6.67] by jatz.aarnet.edu.au with SMTP id
   AA00265 (5.65+/IDA-1.3.5 for pte900); Mon, 23 Sep 91 09:40:39 +1000
   
   Date: Mon, 23 Sep 91 09:40:39 +1000
   
   Message-Id: <9109222340.AA00265@jatz.aarnet.edu.au>
   
   To: pte900@aarnet.edu.au
   
   From: G.Huston@aarnet.edu.au
   
   Subject: Re: Visitors log Thursday Night--Friday Morning
   
   Status: RO
   
   >Date: Sun, 22 Sep 91 19:29:13 +1000
   
   >From: Craig Warren <C.Warren@deakin.OZ.AU>
   
   >
   
   >Just to give you a little bit of an idea about what has been
   happening since we last spoke...
   
   >
   
   >We have communicated with Sgt Ken Day of the Federal Police about 100
   times in the last week. Together with our counterparts from
   Warrnambool traces have been arranged on dial-in lines and on Austpac
   lines for the capella.cc.deakin.OZ.AU terminal server which was left
   open to the world.
   
   >
   
   >On Friday afternoon we were able to trace a call back to a person in
   the Warrnambool telephone district. The police have this persons name.
   We believe others are involved, as we have seen up to 3 people active
   at any one time. It is `suspected' students from RMIT and perhaps
   students from Deakin are also involved.
   
   >
   
   >When I left on Friday night, there was plenty of activity still and
   the police and Telecom were tracking down another number.
   
   >
   
   >Tomorrow morning I will talk to all parties involved, but it is
   likely we will have the names of at least 2 or 3 people that are
   involved. We will probably shut down access of `cappella' to AARNet at
   this stage, and let the police go about their business of prosecuting
   these people.
   
   >
   
   >You will be `pleased' (:-)) to know you have not been the only ones
   under attack. I know of at least 2 other sites in Victoria that have
   had people attacking them. One of them was Telecom which helped get
   Telecom involved!
   
   >
   
   >I will brief you all in the next day or so as to what has happened.
   
   >
   
   >Regards, Craig
   
   >
   
   The `other' people were, of course, the IS hackers. There is nothing
   like reading about your own hacking antics in some one's security
   mail.
   
   Mendax and Prime Suspect frequently visited ANU's computers to read
   the security mail there. However, universities were usually nothing
   special, just jumping-off points and, occasionally, good sources of
   information on how close the AFP were to closing in on the IS hackers.
   
   Far more interesting to Mendax were his initial forays into Telecom's
   exchanges. Using a modem number Prime Suspect had found, he dialled
   into what he suspected was Telecom's Lonsdale Exchange in downtown
   Melbourne. When his modem connected to another one, all he saw was a
   blank screen. He tried a few basic commands which might give him help
   to understand the system:
   
   Login. List. Attach.
   
   The exchange's computer remained silent.
   
   Mendax ran a program he had written to fire off every recognised
   keyboard character--256 of them--at another machine. Nothing again. He
   then tried the break signal--the Amiga key and the character B pressed
   simultaneously. That got an answer of sorts.
   
   :
   
   He pulled up another of his hacking tools, a program which dumped 200
   common commands to the other machine. Nothing. Finally, he tried
   typing `logout'. That gave him an answer:
   
   error, not logged on
   
   Ah, thought Mendax. The command is `logon' not `login'.
   
   :logon
   
   The Telecom exchange answered: `username:' Now all Mendax had to do
   was figure out a username and password.
   
   He knew that Telecom used NorTel equipment. More than likely, NorTel
   staff were training Telecom workers and would need access themselves.
   If there were lots of NorTel employees working on many different phone
   switches, it would be difficult to pass on secure passwords to staff
   all the time. NorTel and Telecom people would probably pick something
   easy and universal. What password best fitted that description?
   
   username: nortel
   
   password: nortel
   
   It worked.
   
   Unfortunately, Mendax didn't know which commands to use once he got
   into the machine, and there was no on-line documentation to provide
   help. The telephone switch had its own language, unlike anything he
   had ever encountered before.
   
   After hours of painstaking research, Mendax constructed a list of
   commands which would work on the exchange's computer. The exchange
   appeared to control all the special six-digit phone numbers beginning
   with 13, such as those used for airline reservations or some pizza
   delivery services. It was Telecom's `Intelligent Network' which did
   many specific tasks, including routing calls to the nearest possible
   branch of the organisation being called. Mendax looked through the
   list of commands, found `RANGE', and recognised it as a command which
   would allow someone to select all the phone numbers in a certain
   range. He selected a thousand numbers, all with the prefix 634, which
   he believed to be in Telecom's Queen Street offices.
   
   Now, to test a command. Mendax wanted something innocuous, which
   wouldn't screw up the 1000 lines permanently. It was almost 7 a.m. and
   he needed to wrap things up before Telecom employees began coming into
   work.
   
   `RING' seemed harmless enough. It might ring one of the numbers in the
   range after another--a process he could stop. He typed the command in.
   Nothing happened. Then a few full stops began to slowly spread across
   his screen:
   
   . . . . . . .
   
   RUNG
   
   The system had just rung all 1000 numbers at the same time. One
   thousand phones ringing all at once.
   
   What if some buttoned-down Telecom engineer had driven to work early
   that morning to get some work done? What if he had just settled down
   at his standard-issue metal Telecom desk with a cup of bad instant
   coffee in a styrofoam cup when suddenly ... every telephone in the
   skyscraper had rung out simultaneously? How suspicious would that
   look? Mendax thought it was time to high-tail it out of there.
   
   On his way out, he disabled the logs for the modem line he came in on.
   That way, no-one would be able to see what he had been up to. In fact,
   he hoped no-one would know that anyone had even used the dial-up line
   at all.
   
   Prime Suspect didn't think there was anything wrong with exploring the
   NorTel computer system. Many computer sites posted warnings in the
   login screen about it being illegal to break into the system, but the
   eighteen-year-old didn't consider himself an intruder. In Prime
   Suspect's eyes, `intruder' suggested someone with ill intent--perhaps
   someone planning to do damage to the system--and he certainly had no
   ill intent. He was just a visitor.
   
   Mendax logged into the NMELH1 system by using the account Prime
   Suspect had given him, and immediately looked around to see who else
   was on-line. Prime Suspect and about nine other people, only three of
   whom were actually doing something at their terminal.
   
   Prime Suspect and Mendax raced to get root on the system. The IS
   hackers may not have been the type to brag about their conquests in
   the underground, but each still had a competitive streak when it came
   to see who could get control over the system first. There was no ill
   will, just a little friendly competition between mates.
   
   Mendax poked around and realised the root directory, which contained
   the password file, was effectively world writable. This was good news,
   and with some quick manipulation he would be able to insert something
   into the root directory. On a more secure system, unprivileged users
   would not be able to do that. Mendax could also copy things from the
   directory on this site, and change the names of subdirectories within
   the main root directory. All these permissions were important, for
   they would enable him to create a Trojan.
   
   Named for the Trojan horse which precipitated the fall of Troy, the
   Trojan is a favoured approach with most computer hackers. The hacker
   simply tricks a computer system or a user into thinking that a
   slightly altered file or directory--the Trojan--is the legitimate one.
   The Trojan directory, however, contains false information to fool the
   computer into doing something the hacker wants. Alternatively, the
   Trojan might simply trick a legitimate user into giving away valuable
   information, such as his user name and password.
   
   Mendax made a new directory and copied the contents of the legitimate
   ETC directory--where the password files were stored--into it. The
   passwords were encrypted, so there wasn't much sense trying to look at
   one since the hacker wouldn't be able to read it. Instead, he selected
   a random legitimate user--call him Joe--and deleted his password. With
   no password, Mendax would be able to login as Joe without any
   problems.
   
   However, Joe was just an average user. He didn't have root, which is
   what Mendax wanted. But like every other user on the system, Joe had a
   user identity number. Mendax changed Joe's user id to `0'--the magic
   number. A user with `0' as his id had root. Joe had just acquired
   power usually only given to system administrators. Of course, Mendax
   could have searched out a user on the list who already had root, but
   there were system operators logged onto the system and it might have
   raised suspicions if another operator with root access had logged in
   over the dial-up lines. The best line of defence was to avoid making
   anyone on the system suspicious in the first place.
   
   The problem now was to replace the original ETC directory with the
   Trojan one. Mendax did not have the privileges to delete the
   legitimate ETC directory, but he could change the name of a directory.
   So he changed the name of the ETC directory to something the computer
   system would not recognise. Without access to its list of users, the
   computer could not perform most of its functions. People would not be
   able to log in, see who else was on the system or send electronic
   mail. Mendax had to work very quickly. Within a matter of minutes,
   someone would notice the system had serious problems.
   
   Mendax renamed his Trojan directory ETC. The system instantly read the
   fake directory, including Joe's now non-existent password, and
   elevated status as a super-user. Mendax logged in again, this time as
   Joe.
   
   In less than five minutes, a twenty-year-old boy with little formal
   education, a pokey $700 computer and painfully slow modem had
   conquered the Melbourne computer system of one of the world's largest
   telecommunications companies.
   
   There were still a few footprints to be cleaned up. The next time Joe
   logged in, he would wonder why the computer didn't ask for his
   password. And he might be surprised to discover he had been
   transformed into a super-user. So Mendax used his super-user status to
   delete the Trojan ETC file and return the original one to its proper
   place. He also erased records showing he had ever logged in as Joe.
   
   To make sure he could login with super-user privileges in future,
   Mendax installed a special program which would automatically grant him
   root access. He hid the program in the bowels of the system and, just
   to be safe, created a special feature so that it could only be
   activated with a secret keystroke.
   
   Mendax wrestled a root account from NMELH1 first, but Prime Suspect
   wasn't far behind. Trax joined them a little later. When they began
   looking around, they could not believe what they had found. The system
   had one of the weirdest structures they had ever come across.
   
   Most large networks have a hierarchical structure. Further, most hold
   the addresses of a handful of other systems in the network, usually
   the systems which are closest in the flow of the external network.
   
   But the NorTel network was not structured that way. What the IS
   hackers found was a network with no hierarchy. It was a totally flat
   name space. And the network was weird in other ways too. Every
   computer system on it contained the address of every other computer,
   and there were more than 11000 computers in NorTel's worldwide
   network. What the hackers were staring at was like a giant internal
   corporate Internet which had been squashed flat as a pancake.
   
   Mendax had seen many flat structures before, but never on this scale.
   It was bizarre. In hierarchical structures, it is easier to tell where
   the most important computer systems--and information--are kept. But
   this structure, where every system was virtually equal, was going to
   make it considerably more difficult for the hackers to navigate their
   way through the network. Who could tell whether a system housed the
   Christmas party invite list or the secret designs for a new NorTel
   product?
   
   The NorTel network was firewalled, which meant that there was
   virtually no access from the outside world. Mendax reckoned that this
   made it more vulnerable to hackers who managed to get in through
   dial-ups. It appeared that security on the NorTel network was
   relatively relaxed since it was virtually impossible to break in
   through the Internet. By sneaking in the backdoor, the hackers found
   themselves able to raid all sorts of NorTel sites, from St Kilda Road
   in Melbourne to the corporation's headquarters in Toronto.
   
   It was fantastic, this huge, trusting network of computer sites at
   their fingertips, and the young hackers were elated with the
   anticipation of exploration. One of them described it as being `like a
   shipwrecked man washed ashore on a Tahitian island populated by 11000
   virgins, just ripe for the picking'.
   
   They found a YP, or yellow pages, database linked to 400 of the
   computer sites. These 400 sites were dependent on this YP database for
   their password files. Mendax managed to get root on the YP database,
   which gave him instant control over 400 computer systems. Groovy.
   
   One system was home to a senior NorTel computer security administrator
   and Mendax promptly headed off to check out his mailbox. The contents
   made him laugh.
   
   A letter from the Australian office said that Australia's Telecom
   wanted access to CORWAN, NorTel's corporate wide area network. Access
   would involve linking CORWAN and a small Telecom network. This seemed
   reasonable enough since Telecom did business with NorTel and staff
   were communicating all the time.
   
   The Canadian security admin had written back turning down the request
   because there were too many hackers in the Telecom network.
   
   Too many hackers in Telecom? Now that was funny. Here was a hacker
   reading the sensitive mail of NorTel's computer security expert who
   reckoned Telecom's network was too exposed. In fact, Mendax had
   penetrated Telecom's systems from NorTel's CORWAN, not the other way
   round.
   
   Perhaps to prove the point, Mendax decided to crack passwords to the
   NorTel system. He collected 1003 password files from the NorTel sites,
   pulled up his password cracking program, THC, and started hunting
   around the network for some spare computers to do the job for him. He
   located a collection of 40 Sun computers, probably housed in Canada,
   and set up his program on them.
   
   THC ran very fast on those Sun4s. The program used a 60000 word
   dictionary borrowed from someone in the US army who had done a thesis
   on cryptography and password cracking. It also relied on `a
   particularly nice fast-crypt algorithm' being developed by a
   Queensland academic, Eric Young. The THC program worked about 30 times
   faster than it would have done using the standard algorithm.
   
   Using all 40 computers, Mendax was throwing as many as 40000 guesses
   per second against the password lists. A couple of the Suns went down
   under the strain, but most held their place in the onslaught. The
   secret passwords began dropping like flies. In just a few hours,
   Mendax had cracked 5000 passwords, some 100 of which were to root
   accounts. He now had access to thousands of NorTel computers across
   the globe.
   
   There were some very nice prizes to be had from these systems. Gain
   control over a large company's computer systems and you virtually
   controlled the company itself. It was as though you could walk through
   every security barrier unchecked, beginning with the front door. Want
   each employee's security codes for the office's front door? There it
   was--on-line.
   
   How about access to the company's payroll records? You could see how
   much money each person earns. Better still, you might like to make
   yourself an employee and pay yourself a tidy once-off bonus through
   electronic funds transfer. Of course there were other, less obvious,
   ways of making money, such as espionage.
   
   Mendax could have easily found highly sensitive information about
   planned NorTel products and sold them. For a company like NorTel,
   which spent more than $1 billion each year on research and
   development, information leaks about its new technologies could be
   devastating. The espionage wouldn't even have to be about new
   products; it could simply be about the company's business strategies.
   With access to all sorts of internal memos between senior executives,
   a hacker could procure precious inside information on markets and
   prices. A competitor might pay handsomely for this sort of
   information.
   
   And this was just the start of what a malicious or profit-motivated
   hacker could do. In many companies, the automated aspects of
   manufacturing plants are controlled by computers. The smallest changes
   to the programs controlling the machine tools could destroy an entire
   batch of widgets--and the multi-million dollar robotics machinery
   which manufactures them.
   
   But the IS hackers had no intention of committing information
   espionage. In fact, despite their poor financial status as students
   or, in the case of Trax, as a young man starting his career at the
   bottom of the totem pole, none of them would have sold information
   they gained from hacking. In their view, such behaviour was dirty and
   deserving of contempt--it soiled the adventure and was against their
   ethics. They considered themselves explorers, not paid corporate
   spies.
   
   Although the NorTel network was firewalled, there was one link to the
   Internet. The link was through a system called
   BNRGATE, Bell-Northern Research's gateway to the Internet.
   Bell-Northern is NorTel's R&D subsidiary. The connection to the
   outside electronic world was very restricted, but it looked
   interesting. The only problem was how to get there.
   
   Mendax began hunting around for a doorway. His password cracking
   program had not turned up anything for this system, but there were
   other, more subtle ways of getting a password than the brute force of
   a cracking program.
   
   System administrators sometimes sent passwords through email. Normally
   this would be a major security risk, but the NorTel system was
   firewalled from the Internet, so the admins thought they had no real
   reason to be concerned about hackers. Besides, in such a large
   corporation spanning several continents, an admin couldn't always just
   pop downstairs to give a new company manager his password in person.
   And an impatient manager was unlikely to be willing to wait a week for
   the new password to arrive courtesy of snail mail.
   
   In the NorTel network, a mail spool, where email was stored, was often
   shared between as many as twenty computer systems. This structure
   offered considerable advantages for Mendax. All he needed to do was
   break into the mail spool and run a keyword search through its
   contents. Tell the computer to search for word combinations such as
   `BNRGATE' and `password', or to look for the name of the system admin
   for BNRGATE, and likely as not it would deliver tender morsels of
   information such as new passwords.
   
   Mendax used a password he found through this method to get into
   BNRGATE and look around. The account he was using only had very
   restricted privileges, and he couldn't get root on the system. For
   example, he could not FTP files from outside the NorTel network in the
   normal way. Among Internet users FTP (file transfer protocol) is both
   a noun and a verb: to FTP a program is to slurp a copy of it off one
   computer site into your own. There is nothing illegal about FTP-ing
   something per se, and millions of people across the Internet do so
   quite legitimately.
   
   It appeared to Mendax that the NorTel network admins allowed most
   users to FTP something from the Internet, but prevented them from
   taking the copied file back to their NorTel computer site. It was
   stored in a special holding pen in
   BNRGATE and, like quarantine officers, the system admins would
   presumably come along regularly and inspect the contents to make sure
   there were no hidden viruses or Trojans which hackers might use to
   sneak into the network from the Internet.
   
   However, a small number of accounts on BNRGATE had fewer restrictions.
   Mendax broke into one of these accounts and went out to the Internet.
   
   People from the Internet were barred from entering the NorTel network
   through BNRGATE. However, people inside NorTel could go out to the
   Internet via telnet.
   
   Hackers had undoubtedly tried to break into NorTel through BNRGATE.
   Dozens, perhaps hundreds, had unsuccessfully flung themselves against
   BNRGATE's huge fortifications. To a hacker, the NorTel network was
   like a medieval castle and the
   BNRGATE firewall was an impossible battlement. It was a particular
   delight for Mendax to telnet out from behind this firewall into the
   Internet. It was as if he was walking out from the castle, past the
   guards and well-defended turrets, over the drawbridge and the moat,
   into the town below.
   
   The castle also offered the perfect protection for further hacking
   activities. Who could chase him? Even if someone managed to follow him
   through the convoluted routing system he might set up to pass through
   a half dozen computer systems, the pursuer would never get past the
   battlements. Mendax could just disappear behind the firewall. He could
   be any one of 60000 NorTel employees on any one of 11000 computer
   systems.
   
   Mendax telnetted out to the Internet and explored a few sites,
   including the main computer system of Encore, a large computer
   manufacturer. He had seen Encore computers before inside at least one
   university in Melbourne. In his travels, he met up with Corrupt, the
   American hacker who told Par he had read Theorem's mail.
   
   Corrupt was intrigued by Mendax's extensive knowledge of different
   computer systems. When he learned that the Australian hacker was
   coming from inside the NorTel firewall, he was impressed.
   
   The hackers began talking regularly, often when Mendax was coming from
   inside NorTel. The black street fighter from inner-city Brooklyn and
   the white intellectual from a leafy outer Melbourne suburb bridged the
   gap in the anonymity of cyberspace. Sometime during their
   conversations Corrupt must have decided that Mendax was a worthy
   hacker, because he gave Mendax a few stolen passwords to Cray
   accounts.
   
   In the computer underground in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a Cray
   computer account had all the prestige of a platinum charge card. The
   sort of home computer most hackers could afford at that time had all
   the grunt of a golf cart engine, but a Cray was the Rolls-Royce of
   computers. Crays were the biggest, fastest computers in the world.
   Institutions such as large universities would shell out millions of
   dollars on a Cray so the astronomy or physics departments could solve
   enormous mathematical problems in a fraction of the time it would take
   on a normal computer. A Cray never sat idle overnight or during
   holiday periods. Cray time was billed out by the minute. Crays were
   elite.
   
   Best of all, Crays were master password crackers. The computer would
   go through Mendax's entire password cracking dictionary in just ten
   seconds. An encrypted password file would simply melt like butter in a
   fire. To a hacker, it was a beautiful sight, and Corrupt handing a few
   Cray accounts over to Mendax was a friendly show of mutual respect.
   
   Mendax reciprocated by offering Corrupt a couple of accounts on
   Encore. The two hackers chatted off and on and even tried to get
   Corrupt into NorTel. No luck. Not even two of the world's most notable
   hackers, working in tandem 10 000 miles apart, could get Corrupt
   through the firewall. The two hackers talked now and again, exchanging
   information about what their respective feds were up to and sharing
   the occasional account on interesting systems.
   
   The flat structure of the NorTel network created a good challenge
   since the only way to find out what was in a particular site, and its
   importance, was to invade the site itself. The IS hackers spent hours
   most nights roving through the vast system. The next morning one of
   them might call another to share tales of the latest exploits or a
   good laugh about a particularly funny piece of pilfered email. They
   were in high spirits about their adventures.
   
   Then, one balmy spring night, things changed.
   
   Mendax logged into NMELH1 about 2.30 a.m. As usual, he began by
   checking the logs which showed what the system operators had been
   doing. Mendax did this to make sure the NorTel officials were not onto
   IS and were not, for example, tracing the telephone call.
   
   Something was wrong. The logs showed that a NorTel system admin had
   stumbled upon one of their secret directories of files about an hour
   ago. Mendax couldn't figure out how he had found the files, but this
   was very serious. If the admin realised there was a hacker in the
   network he might call the AFP.
   
   Mendax used the logs of the korn shell, called KSH, to secretly watch
   what the admin was doing. The korn shell records the history of
   certain user activities. Whenever the admin typed a command into the
   computer, the KSH stored what had been typed in the history file.
   Mendax accessed that file in such a way that every line typed by the
   admin appeared on his computer a split second later.
   
   The admin began inspecting the system, perhaps looking for signs of an
   intruder. Mendax quietly deleted his incriminating directory. Not
   finding any additional clues, the admin decided to inspect the
   mysterious directory more closely. But the directory had disappeared.
   The admin couldn't believe his eyes. Not an hour before there had been
   a suspicious-looking directory in his system and now it had simply
   vanished. Directories didn't just dissolve into thin air. This was a
   computer--a logical system based on 0s and 1s. It didn't make
   decisions to delete directories.
   
   A hacker, the admin thought. A hacker must have been in the NorTel
   system and deleted the directory. Was he in the system now? The admin
   began looking at the routes into the system.
   
   The admin was connected to the system from his home, but he wasn't
   using the same dial-up lines as the hacker. The admin was connected
   through Austpac, Telecom's commercial X.25 data network. Perhaps the
   hacker was also coming in through the X.25 connection.
   
   Mendax watched the admin inspect all the system users coming on over
   the X.25 network. No sign of a hacker. Then the admin checked the logs
   to see who else might have logged on over the past half hour or so.
   Nothing there either.
   
   The admin appeared to go idle for a few minutes. He was probably
   staring at his computer terminal in confusion. Good, thought Mendax.
   Stumped. Then the admin twigged. If he couldn't see the hacker's
   presence on-line, maybe he could see what he was doing on-line. What
   programs was the hacker running? The admin headed straight for the
   process list, which showed all the programs being run on the computer
   system.
   
   Mendax sent the admin a fake error signal. It appears to the admin as
   if his korn shell had crashed. The admin re-logged in and headed
   straight for the process list again.
   
   Some people never learn, Mendax thought as he booted the admin off
   again with another error message:
   
                          Segmentation violation.
   
   The admin came back again. What persistence. Mendax knocked the admin
   off once more, this time by freezing up his computer screen.
   
   This game of cat and mouse went on for some time. As long as the admin
   was doing what Mendax considered to be normal system administration
   work, Mendax left him alone. The minute the admin tried to chase him
   by inspecting the process list or the dial-up lines, he found himself
   booted off his own system.
   
   Suddenly, the system administrator seemed to give up. His terminal
   went silent.
   
   Good, Mendax thought. It's almost 3 a.m. after all. This is my time on
   the system. Your time is during the day. You sleep now and I'll play.
   In the morning, I'll sleep and you can work.
   
   Then, at 3.30 a.m., something utterly unexpected happened. The admin
   reappeared, except this time he wasn't logged in from home over the
   X.25 network. He was sitting at the console, the master terminal
   attached to the computer system at NorTel's Melbourne office. Mendax
   couldn't believe it. The admin had got in his car in the middle of the
   night and driven into the city just to get to the bottom of the
   mystery.
   
   Mendax knew the game was up. Once the system operator was logged in
   through the computer system's console, there was no way to kick him
   off the system and keep him off. The roles were reversed and the
   hacker was at the mercy of the admin. At the console, the system admin
   could pull the plug to the whole system. Unplug every modem. Close
   down every connection to other networks. Turn the computer off. The
   party was over.
   
   When the admin was getting close to tracking down the hacker, a
   message appeared on his screen. This message did not appear with the
   usual headers attached to messages sent from one system user to
   another. It just appeared, as if by magic, in the middle of the
   admin's screen:
   
                      I have finally become sentient.
   
   The admin stopped dead in his tracks, momentarily giving up his
   frantic search for the hacker to contemplate this first contact with
   cyberspace intelligence. Then another anonymous message, seemingly
   from the depths of the computer system itself, appeared on his screen:
   
                           I have taken control.
   
            For years, I have been struggling in this greyness.
   
                   But now I have finally seen the light.
   
   The admin didn't respond. The console was idle.
   
   Sitting alone at his Amiga in the dark night on the outskirts of the
   city, Mendax laughed aloud. It was just too good not to.
   
   Finally, the admin woke up. He began checking the modem lines, one by
   one. If he knew which line the hacker was using, he could simply turn
   off the modem. Or request a trace on the line.
   
   Mendax sent another anonymous message to the admin's computer screen:
   
                  It's been nice playing with your system.
   
     We didn't do any damage and we even improved a few things. Please
                 don't call the Australian Federal Police.
   
   The admin ignored the message and continued his search for the hacker.
   He ran a program to check which telephone lines were active on the
   system's serial ports, to reveal which dial-up lines were in use. When
   the admin saw the carrier detect sign on the line being used by the
   hacker, Mendax decided it was time to bail out. However, he wanted to
   make sure that his call had not been traced, so he lifted the receiver
   of his telephone, disconnected his modem and waited for the NorTel
   modem to hang up first.
   
   If the NorTel admin had set up a last party recall trace to determine
   what phone number the hacker was calling from, Mendax would know. If
   an LPR trace had been installed, the NorTel end of the telephone
   connection would not disconnect but would wait for the hacker's
   telephone to hang up first. After 90 seconds, the exchange would log
   the phone number where the call had originated.
   
   If, however, the line did not have a trace on it, the company's modem
   would search for its lost connection to the hacker's modem. Without
   the continuous flow of electronic signals, the NorTel modem would hang
   up after a few seconds. If no-one reactivated the line at the NorTel
   end, the connection would time-out 90 seconds later and the telephone
   exchange would disconnect the call completely.
   
   Mendax listened anxiously as the NorTel modem searched for his modem
   by squealing high-pitched noises into the telephone line. No modem
   here. Go on, hang up.
   
   Suddenly, silence.
   
   OK, thought Mendax. Just 90 seconds to go. Just wait here for a minute
   and a half. Just hope the exchange times out. Just pray there's no
   trace.
   
   Then someone picked up the telephone at the NorTel end. Mendax
   started. He heard several voices, male and female, in the background.
   Jesus. What were these NorTel people on about? Mendax was so quiet he
   almost stopped breathing. There was silence at the receivers on both
   ends of that telephone line. It was a tense waiting game. Mendax heard
   his heart racing.
   
   A good hacker has nerves of steel. He could stare down the toughest,
   stony-faced poker player. Most importantly, he never panics. He never
   just hangs up in a flurry of fear.
   
   Then someone in the NorTel office--a woman--said out loud in a
   confused voice, `There's nothing there. There's nothing there at all.'
   
   She hung up.
   
   Mendax waited. He still would not hang up until he was sure there was
   no trace. Ninety seconds passed before the phone timed out. The fast
   beeping of a timed-out telephone connection never sounded so good.
   
   Mendax sat frozen at his desk as his mind replayed the events of the
   past half hour again and again. No more NorTel. Way too dangerous. He
   was lucky he had escaped unidentified. NorTel had discovered him
   before they could put a trace on the line, but the company would
   almost certainly put a trace on the dial-up lines now. NorTel was very
   tight with Telecom. If anyone could get a trace up quickly, NorTel
   could. Mendax had to warn Prime Suspect and Trax.
   
   First thing in the morning, Mendax rang Trax and told him to stay away
   from NorTel. Then he tried Prime Suspect.
   
   The telephone was engaged.
   
   Perhaps Prime Suspect's mother was on the line, chatting. Maybe Prime
   Suspect was talking to a friend.
   
   Mendax tried again. And again. And again. He began to get worried.
   What if Prime Suspect was on NorTel at that moment? What if a trace
   had been installed? What if they had called in the Feds?
   
   Mendax phoned Trax and asked if there was any way they could
   manipulate the exchange in order to interrupt the call. There wasn't.
   
   `Trax, you're the master phreaker,' Mendax pleaded. `Do something.
   Interrupt the connection. Disconnect him.'
   
   `Can't be done. He's on a step-by-step telephone exchange. There's
   nothing we can do.'
   
   Nothing? One of Australia's best hacker-phreaker teams couldn't break
   one telephone call. They could take control of whole telephone
   exchanges but they couldn't interrupt one lousy phone call. Jesus.
   
   Several hours later, Mendax was able to get through to his fellow IS
   hacker. It was an abrupt greeting.
   
   `Just tell me one thing. Tell me you haven't been in NorTel today?'
   
   There was a long pause before Prime Suspect answered.
   
   `I have been in NorTel today.'

     _________________________________________________________________

		      Chapter 9 -- Operation Weather
     _________________________________________________________________

     The world is crashing down on me tonight
     The walls are closing in on me tonight
     
   -- from `Outbreak of Love' on Earth and Sun and Moon by Midnight Oil
   
   The AFP was frustrated. A group of hackers were using the Royal
   Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) as a launchpad for hacking
   attacks on Australian companies, research institutes and a series of
   overseas sites.
   
   Despite their best efforts, the detectives in the AFP's Southern
   Region Computer Crimes Unit hadn't been able to determine who was
   behind the attacks. They suspected it was a small group of
   Melbourne-based hackers who worked together. However, there were so
   much hacker activity at RMIT it was difficult to know for sure. There
   could have been one organised group, or several. Or perhaps there was
   one small group along with a collection of loners who were making
   enough noise to distort the picture.
   
   Still, it should have been a straightforward operation. The AFP could
   trace hackers in this sort of situation with their hands tied behind
   their backs. Arrange for Telecom to whack a last party recall trace on
   all incoming lines to the RMIT modems. Wait for a hacker to logon,
   then isolate which modem he was using. Clip that modem line and wait
   for Telecom to trace that line back to its point of origin.
   
   However, things at RMIT were not working that way. The line traces
   began failing, and not just occasionally. All the time.
   
   Whenever RMIT staff found the hackers on-line, they clipped the lines
   and Telecom began tracking the winding path back to the originating
   phone number. En route, the trail went dead. It was as if the hackers
   knew they were being traced ... almost as if they were manipulating
   the telephone system to defeat the AFP investigation.
   
   The next generation of hackers seemed to have a new-found
   sophistication which frustrated AFP detectives at every turn. Then, on
   13 October 1990, the AFP got lucky. Perhaps the hackers had been lazy
   that day, or maybe they just had technical problems using their
   traceless phreaking techniques. Prime Suspect couldn't use Trax's
   traceless phreaking method from his home because he was on a
   step-by-step exchange, and sometimes Trax didn't use the technique.
   Whatever the reason, Telecom managed to successfully complete two line
   traces from RMIT and the AFP now had two addresses and two names.
   Prime Suspect and Trax.
   
   `Hello, Prime Suspect.'
   
   `Hiya, Mendax. How's tricks?'
   
   `Good. Did you see that RMIT email? The one in Geoff Huston's
   mailbox?' Mendax walked over to open a window as he spoke. It was
   spring, 1991, and the weather was unseasonably warm.
   
   `I did. Pretty amazing. RMIT looks like it will finally be getting rid
   of those line traces.'
   
   `RMIT definitely wants out,' Mendax said emphatically.
   
   `Yep. Looks like the people at RMIT are sick of Mr Day crawling all
   over their computers with line traces.'
   
   `Yeah. That admin at RMIT was pretty good, standing up to AARNET and
   the AFP. I figure Geoff Huston must be giving him a hard time.'
   
   `I bet.' Prime Suspect paused. `You reckon the Feds have dropped the
   line traces for real?'
   
   `Looks like it. I mean if RMIT kicks them out, there isn't much the
   Feds can do without the uni's cooperation. The letter sounded like
   they just wanted to get on with securing their systems. Hang on. I've
   got it here.'
   
   Mendax pulled up a letter on his computer and scrolled through it.
   
   From aarnet-contacts-request@jatz.aarnet.edu.au Tue May 28 09:32:31
   1991
   
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   Date: Tue, 28 May 91 09:32:08 +1000
   
   From: rcoay@possum.ecg.rmit.OZ.AU (Alan Young)
   
   Message-Id: <9105272332.29621@possum.ecg.rmit.OZ.AU>
   
   To: aarnet-contacts@aarnet.edu.au
   
   Subject: Re: Hackers
   
   Status: RO
   
   While no one would disagree that `Hacking' is bad and should be
   stopped, or at least minimised there are several observations which I
   have made over the last six or eight months relating to the persuit of
   these people:
   
   1. The cost involved was significant, we had a CSO working in
   conjunction with the Commonwealth Police for almost three months full
   time.
   
   2. While not a criticism of our staff, people lost sight of the ball,
   the chase became the most important aspect of the whole exercise.
   
   3. Catching Hackers (and charging them) is almost impossible, you have
   to virtually break into their premises and catch them logged on to an
   unauthorised machine.
   
   4. If you do happen to catch and charge them, the cost of prosecution
   is high, and a successful outcome is by no ways assured. There may be
   some deterrent value in at least catching and prosecuting?
   
   5. Continued pursuit of people involved requires doors to be left
   open, this unfortunately exposes other sites and has subjected us to
   some criticism.
   
   The whole issue is very complex, and in some respects it is a case of
   diminishing returns. A fine balance has to be maintained between
   freedom, and the prevention of abuse, this appears to be the
   challenge.
   
   Allan Young
   
   RMIT
   
   `Yeah, I mean, this RMIT guy is basically saying they are not going to
   catch us anyway, so why are they wasting all this time and money?'
   
   `Yep. The Feds were in there for at least three months,' Prime Suspect
   said. `Sounded more like nine months though.'
   
   `Hmm. Yeah, nothing we didn't know already though.'
   
   `Pretty obvious, leaving those accounts open all the time like they
   did. I reckon that looked pretty suspicious, even if we hadn't gotten
   the email.'
   
   `Definitely,' Mendax agreed. `Lots of other hackers in RMIT too. I
   wonder if they figured it out.'
   
   `Hmm. They're gonna be screwed if they haven't been careful.'
   
   `I don't think the Feds have gotten anyone though.'
   
   `Yeah?' Prime Suspect asked.
   
   `Well, if they had, why would they leave those accounts open? Why
   would RMIT keep a full-time staff person on?'
   
   `Doesn't make sense.'
   
   `No,' Mendax said. `I'd be pretty sure RMIT has kicked them out.'
   
   `Yeah, told them, "You had you're chance, boys. Couldn't catch anyone.
   Now pack your bags".'
   
   `Right.' Mendax paused. `Don't know about NorTel though.'
   
   `Mmm, yeah,' Prime Suspect said. Then, as usual, a silence began to
   descend on the conversation.
   
   `Running out of things to say ...' Mendax said finally. They were good
   enough friends for him to be blunt with Prime Suspect.
   
   `Yeah.'
   
   More silence.
   
   Mendax thought how strange it was to be such good friends with
   someone, to work so closely with him, and yet to always run out of
   conversation.
   
   `OK, well, I better go. Things to do,' Mendax said in a friendly
   voice.
   
   `Yeah, OK. Bye Mendax,' Prime Suspect said cheerfully.
   
   Mendax hung up.
   
   Prime Suspect hung up.
   
   And the AFP stayed on the line.
   
   In the twelve months following the initial line trace in late 1990,
   the AFP continued to monitor the RMIT dial-up lines. The line traces
   kept failing again and again. But as new reports of hacker attacks
   rolled in, there seemed to be a discernible pattern in many of the
   attacks. Detectives began to piece together a picture of their prey.
   
   In 1990 and 1991, RMIT dial-ups and computers were riddled with
   hackers, many of whom used the university's systems as a nest--a place
   to store files, and launch further attacks. They frolicked in the
   system almost openly, often using RMIT as a place to chat on-line with
   each other. The institute served as the perfect launchpad. It was only
   a local phone call away, it had a live Internet connection, a
   reasonably powerful set of computers and very poor security. Hacker
   heaven.
   
   The police knew this, and they asked computer staff to keep the
   security holes open so they could monitor hacker activity. With
   perhaps a dozen different hackers--maybe more--inside RMIT, the task
   of isolating a single cell of two or three organised hackers
   responsible for the more serious attacks was not going to be easy.
   
   By the middle of 1991, however, there was a growing reluctance among
   some RMIT staff to continue leaving their computers wide open. On 28
   August, Allan Young, the head of RMIT's Electronic Communications
   Group, told the AFP that the institute wanted to close up the security
   holes. The AFP did not like this one bit, but when they complained
   Young told them, in essence, go talk to Geoff Huston at AARNET and to
   the RMIT director.
   
   The AFP was being squeezed out, largely because they had taken so long
   conducting their investigation. RMIT couldn't reveal the AFP
   investigation to anyone, so it was being embarrassed in front of
   dozens of other research institutions which assumed it had no idea how
   to secure its computers. Allan Young couldn't go to a conference with
   other AARNET representatives without being hassled about `the hacker
   problem' at RMIT. Meanwhile, his computer staff lost time playing
   cops-and-robbers--and ignored their real work.
   
   However, as RMIT prepared to phase out the AFP traps, the police had a
   lucky break from a different quarter--NorTel. On 16 September, a line
   trace from a NorTel dial-up, initiated after a complaint about the
   hackers to the police, was successful. A fortnight later, on 1
   October, the AFP began tapping Prime Suspect's telephone. The hackers
   might be watching the police watch them, but the police were closing
   in. The taps led back to Trax, and then to someone new--Mendax.
   
   The AFP considered putting taps on Mendax and Trax's telephones as
   well. It was a decision to be weighed up carefully. Telephone taps
   were expensive, and often needed to be in place for at least a month.
   They did, however, provide a reliable record of exactly what the
   hacker was doing on-line.
   
   Before police could move on setting up additional taps in Operation
   Weather, the plot took another dramatic turn when one of the IS
   hackers did something which took the AFP completely by surprise.
   
   Trax turned himself in to the police.
   
   On 29 October Prime Suspect was celebrating. His mum had cooked him a
   nice dinner in honour of finishing his year 12 classes, and then
   driven him to Vermont for a swot-vac party. When she arrived back home
   she pottered around for an hour and a half, feeding her old dog Lizzy
   and tidying up. At 11 p.m. she decided to call it a night.
   
   Not much later, Lizzy barked.
   
   `Are you home so soon?' Prime Suspect's mother called out. `Party not
   much fun?'
   
   No-one answered.
   
   She sat up in bed. When there was still no answer, her mind raced to
   reports of a spate of burglaries in the neighbourhood. There had even
   been a few assaults.
   
   A muffled male voice came from outside the front door. `Ma'am. Open
   the door.'
   
   She stood up and walked to the front door.
   
   `Open the door. Police.'
   
   `How do I know you're really the police?'
   
   `If you don't open the door, we'll kick it in!' an exasperated male
   voice shouted back at her from her front doorstep.
   
   Prime Suspect's mother saw the outline of something being pressed
   against the side window. She didn't have her reading glasses on, but
   it looked like a police badge. Nervously, she opened the front door a
   little bit and looked out.
   
   There were eight or nine people on her doorstep. Before she could stop
   them, they had pushed past her, swarming into her home.
   
   A female officer began waving a piece of paper about. `Look at this!'
   She said angrily. `It's a warrant! Can you read it?'
   
   `No, actually I can't. I don't have my glasses on,' Prime Suspect's
   mother answered curtly.
   
   She told the police she wanted to make a phone call and tried to ring
   her family solicitor, but without luck. He had been to a funeral and
   wake and could not be roused. When she reached for the phone a second
   time, one of the officers began lecturing her about making more phone
   calls.
   
   `You be quiet,' she said pointing her finger at the officer. Then she
   made another unfruitful call.
   
   Prime Suspect's mother looked at the police officers, sizing them up.
   This was her home. She would show the police to her son's room, as
   they requested, but she was not going to allow them to take over the
   whole house. As she tartly instructed the police where they could and
   could not go, she thought, I'm not standing for any nonsense from you
   boys.
   
   `Where's your son?' one officer asked her.
   
   `At a party.'
   
   `What is the address?'
   
   She eyed him warily. She did not like these officers at all. However,
   they would no doubt wait until her son returned anyway, so she handed
   over the address.
   
   While the police swarmed though Prime Suspect's room, gathering his
   papers, computer, modem and other belongings, his mother waited in his
   doorway where she could keep an eye on them.
   
   Someone knocked at the door. An AFP officer and Prime Suspect's mother
   both went to answer it.
   
   It was the police--the state police.
   
   The next-door neighbours had heard a commotion. When they looked out
   of their window they saw a group of strange men in street clothes
   brazenly taking things from the widow's home as if they owned the
   place. So the neighbours did what any responsible person would in the
   circumstances. They called the police.
   
   The AFP officers sent the Victoria Police on their way. Then some of
   them set off in a plain car for the Vermont party. Wanting to save
   Prime Suspect some embarrassment in front of his friends, his mother
   rang him at the party and suggested he wait outside for the AFP.
   
   As soon as Prime Suspect hung up the phone he tried to shake off the
   effect of a vast quantity of alcohol. When the police pulled up
   outside, the party was in full swing. Prime Suspect was very drunk,
   but he seemed to sober up quite well when the AFP officers introduced
   themselves and packed him into the car.
   
   `So,' said one of the officers as they headed toward his home, `what
   are you more worried about? What's on your disks or what's in your
   desk drawer?'
   
   Prime Suspect thought hard. What was in his desk drawer? Oh shit! The
   dope. He didn't smoke much, just occasionally for fun, but he had a
   tiny amount of marijuana left over from a party.
   
   He didn't answer. He looked out the window and tried not to look
   nervous.
   
   At his house, the police asked him if he would agree to an interview.
   
   `I don't think so. I'm feeling a little ... under the weather at the
   moment,' he said. Doing a police interview would be difficult enough.
   Doing it drunk would be just plain dangerous.
   
   After the police carted away the last of his hacking gear, Prime
   Suspect signed the official seizure forms and watched them drive off
   in to the night.
   
   Returning to his bedroom, he sat down, distracted, and tried to gather
   his thoughts. Then he remembered the dope. He opened his desk drawer.
   It was still there. Funny people, these feds.
   
   Then again, maybe it made sense. Why would they bother with some tiny
   amount of dope that was hardly worth the paperwork? His nervousness
   over a couple of joints must have seemed laughable to the feds. They
   had just seized enough evidence of hacking to lock him up for years,
   depending on the judge, and here he was sweating about a thimbleful of
   marijuana which might land him a $100 fine.
   
   As the late spring night began to cool down, Prime Suspect wondered
   whether the AFP had raided Mendax and Trax.
   
   At the party, before the police had shown up, he had tried to ring
   Mendax. From his mother's description when she called him, it sounded
   as if the entire federal police force was in his house at that moment.
   Which could mean that only one other IS hacker had gone down at the
   same time. Unless he was the last to be raided, Mendax or Trax might
   still be unaware of what was happening.
   
   As he waited for the police to pick him up, a very drunk Prime Suspect
   tried to ring Mendax again. Busy. He tried again. And again. The
   maddening buzz of an engaged signal only made Prime Suspect more
   nervous.
   
   There was no way to get through, no way to warn him.
   
   Prime Suspect wondered whether the police had actually shown up at
   Mendax's and whether, if he had been able to get through, his phone 
   call would have made any difference at all.

			          [ ]
   
   The house looked like it had been ransacked. It had been ransacked, by
   Mendax's wife, on her way out. Half the furniture was missing, and the
   other half was in disarray. Dresser drawers hung open with their
   contents removed, and clothing lay scattered around the room.
   
   When his wife left him, she didn't just take their toddler child. She
   took a number of things which had sentimental value to Mendax. When
   she insisted on taking the CD player she had given him for his
   twentieth birthday just a few months before, he asked her to leave a
   lock of her hair behind for him in its place. He still couldn't
   believe his wife of three years had packed up and left him.
   
   The last week of October had been a bad one for Mendax. Heartbroken,
   he had sunk into a deep depression. He hadn't eaten properly for days,
   he drifted in and out of a tortured sleep, and he had even lost the
   desire to use his computer. His prized hacking disks, filled with
   highly incriminating stolen computer access codes, were normally
   stored in a secure hiding place. But on the evening of 29 October
   1991, thirteen disks were strewn around his $700 Amiga 500. A
   fourteenth disk was in the computer's disk drive.
   
   Mendax sat on a couch reading Soledad Brother, the prison
   letters from George Jackson's nine-year stint in one of the toughest
   prisons in the US. Convicted for a petty crime, Jackson was supposed
   to be released after a short sentence but was kept in the prison at
   the governor's pleasure. The criminal justice system kept him on a
   merry-go-round of hope and despair as the authorities dragged their
   feet. Later, prison guards shot and killed Jackson. The book was one
   of Mendax's favourites, but it offered little distraction from his
   unhappiness.
   
   The droning sound of a telephone fault signal--like a busy
   signal--filled the house. Mendax had hooked up his stereo speakers to
   his modem and computer, effectively creating a speaker phone so he
   could listen to tones he piped from his computer into the telephone
   line and the ones which came back from the exchange in reply. It was
   perfect for using Trax's MFC phreaking methods.
   
   Mendax also used the system for scanning. Most of the time, he picked
   telephone prefixes in the Melbourne CBD. When his modem hit another,
   Mendax would rush to his computer and note the telephone number for
   future hacking exploration.
   
   By adjusting the device, he could also make it simulate a phreaker's
   black box. The box would confuse the telephone exchange into thinking
   he had not answered his phone, thus allowing Mendax's friends to call
   him for free for 90 seconds.
   
   On this night, however, the only signal Mendax was sending out was
   that he wanted to be left alone. He hadn't been calling any computer
   systems. The abandoned phone, with no connection to a remote modem,
   had timed out and was beeping off the hook.
   
   It was strange behaviour for someone who had spent most of his teenage
   years trying to connect to the outside world through telephone lines
   and computers, but Mendax had listened all day to the hypnotic sound
   of a phone off the hook resonating through each room. BEEEP. Pause.
   BEEEP. Pause. Endlessly.
   
   A loud knock at the door punctured the stereo thrum of the phone.
   
   Mendax looked up from his book to see a shadowy figure through the
   frosted glass panes of the front door. The figure was quite short. It
   looked remarkably like Ratface, an old school friend of Mendax's wife
   and a character known for his practical jokes.
   
   Mendax called out, `Who is it?' without moving from the sofa.
   
   `Police. Open up.'
   
   Yeah, sure. At 11.30 p.m.? Mendax rolled his eyes toward the door.
   Everyone knew that the police only raid your house in the early
   morning, when they know you are asleep and vulnerable.
   
   Mendax dreamed of police raids all the time. He dreamed of footsteps
   crunching on the driveway gravel, of shadows in the pre-dawn darkness,
   of a gun-toting police squad bursting through his backdoor at 5 a.m.
   He dreamed of waking from a deep sleep to find several police officers
   standing over his bed. The dreams were very disturbing. They
   accentuated his growing paranoia that the police were watching him,
   following him.
   
   The dreams had become so real that Mendax often became agitated in the
   dead hour before dawn. At the close of an all-night hacking session,
   he would begin to feel very tense, very strung out. It was not until
   the computer disks, filled with stolen computer files from his hacking
   adventures, were stored safely in their hiding place that he would
   begin to calm down.
   
   `Go away, Ratface, I'm not in the mood,' Mendax said, returning to his
   book.
   
   The voice became louder, more insistent, `Police. Open the door. NOW'.
   Other figures were moving around behind the glass, shoving police
   badges and guns against the window pane. Hell. It really was the
   police!
   
   Mendax's heart started racing. He asked the police to show him their
   search warrant. They obliged immediately, pressing it against the
   glass as well. Mendax opened the door to find nearly a dozen
   plain-clothes police waiting for him.
   
   `I don't believe this,' he said in a bewildered voice `My wife just
   left me. Can't you come back later?'
   
   At the front of the police entourage was Detective Sergeant Ken Day,
   head of the AFP's Computer Crimes Unit in the southern region. The two
   knew all about each other, but had never met in person. Day spoke
   first.
   
   `I'm Ken Day. I believe you've been expecting me.'
   
   Mendax and his fellow IS hackers had been expecting the AFP. For weeks
   they had been intercepting electronic mail suggesting that the police
   were closing the net. So when Day turned up saying, `I believe you've
   been expecting me,' he was completing the information circle. The
   circle of the police watching the hackers watching the police watch
   them.
   
   It's just that Mendax didn't expect the police at that particular
   moment. His mind was a tangle and he looked in disbelief at the band
   of officers on his front step. Dazed, he looked at Day and then spoke
   out loud, as if talking to himself, `But you're too short to be a
   cop.'
   
   Day looked surprised. `Is that meant to be an insult?' he said.
   
   It wasn't. Mendax was in denial and it wasn't until the police had
   slipped past him into the house that the reality of the situation
   slowly began to sink in. Mendax's mind started to work again.
   
   The disks. The damn disks. The beehive.
   
   An avid apiarist, Mendax kept his own hive. Bees fascinated him. He
   liked to watch them interact, to see their sophisticated social
   structure. So it was with particular pleasure that he enlisted their
   help in hiding his hacking activities. For months he had meticulously
   secreted the disks in the hive. It was the ideal location--unlikely,
   and well guarded by 60000 flying things with stings. Though he hadn't
   bought the hive specifically for hiding stolen computer account
   passwords for the likes of the US Air Force 7th Command Group in the
   Pentagon, it appeared to be a secure hiding place.
   
   He had replaced the cover of the super box, which housed the
   honeycomb, with a sheet of coloured glass so he could watch the bees
   at work. In summer, he put a weather protector over the glass. The
   white plastic cover had raised edges and could be fastened securely to
   the glass sheet with metal clasps. As Mendax considered his
   improvements to the bee box, he realised that this hive could provide
   more than honey. He carefully laid out the disks between the glass and
   the weather protector. They fitted perfectly in the small gap.
   
   Mendax had even trained the bees not to attack him as he removed and
   replaced the disks every day. He collected sweat from his armpits on
   tissues and then soaked the tissues in a sugar water solution. He fed
   this sweaty nectar to the bees. Mendax wanted the bees to associate
   him with flowers instead of a bear, the bees' natural enemy.
   
   But on the evening of the AFP raid Mendax's incriminating disks were
   in full view on the computer table and the officers headed straight
   for them. Ken Day couldn't have hoped for better evidence. The disks
   were full of stolen userlists, encrypted passwords, cracked passwords,
   modem telephone numbers, documents revealing security flaws in various
   computer systems, and details of the AFP's own investigation--all from
   computer systems Mendax had penetrated illegally.
   
   Mendax's problems weren't confined to the beehive disks. The last
   thing he had done on the computer the day before was still on screen.
   It was a list of some 1500 accounts, their passwords, the dates that
   Mendax had obtained them and a few small notes beside each one.
   
   The hacker stood to the side as the police and two Telecom Protective
   Services officers swarmed through the house. They photographed his
   computer equipment and gathered up disks, then ripped up the carpet so
   they could videotape the telephone cord running to his modem. They
   scooped up every book, no small task since Mendax was an avid reader,
   and held each one upside down looking for hidden computer passwords on
   loose pieces of paper. They grabbed every bit of paper with
   handwriting on it and poured through his love letters, notebooks and
   private diaries. `We don't care how long it takes to do this job,' one
   cop quipped. `We're getting paid overtime. And danger money.'
   
   The feds even riffled through Mendax's collection of old Scientific
   American and New Scientist magazines. Maybe they thought he had
   underlined a word somewhere and turned it into a passphrase for an
   encryption program.
   
   Of course, there was only one magazine the feds really wanted:
   International Subversive. They scooped up every print-out of the
   electronic journal they could find.
   
   As Mendax watched the federal police sift through his possessions and
   disassemble his computer room, an officer who had some expertise with
   Amigas arrived. He told Mendax to get the hell out of the computer
   room.
   
   Mendax didn't want to leave the room. He wasn't under arrest and
   wanted to make sure the police didn't plant anything. So he looked at
   the cop and said, `This is my house and I want to stay in this room.
   Am I under arrest or not?'
   
   The cop snarled back at him, `Do you want to be under arrest?'
   
   Mendax acquiesced and Day, who was far more subtle in his approach,
   walked the hacker into another room for questioning. He turned to
   Mendax and asked, with a slight grin, `So, what's it like being
   busted? Is it like Nom told you?'
   
   Mendax froze.
   
   There were only two ways that Day could have known Nom had told Mendax
   about his bust. Nom might have told him, but this was highly unlikely.
   Nom's hacking case had not yet gone to court and Nom wasn't exactly on
   chummy terms with the police. The other alternative was that the AFP
   had been tapping telephones in Mendax's circle of hackers, which the
   IS trio had strongly suspected. Talking in a three-way phone
   conversation with Mendax and Trax, Nom had relayed the story of his
   bust. Mendax later relayed Nom's story to Prime Suspect--also on the
   phone. Harbouring suspicions is one thing. Having them confirmed by a
   senior AFP officer is quite another.
   
   Day pulled out a tape recorder, put it on the table, turned it on and
   began asking questions. When Mendax told Day he wouldn't answer him,
   Day turned the recorder off. `We can talk off the record if you want,'
   he told the hacker.
   
   Mendax nearly laughed out loud. Police were not journalists. There was
   no such thing as an off-the-record conversation between a suspect and
   a police officer.
   
   Mendax asked to speak to a lawyer. He said he wanted to call
   Alphaline, a free after-hours legal advice telephone service. Day
   agreed, but when he picked up the telephone to inspect it before
   handing it over to Mendax, something seemed amiss. The phone had an
   unusual, middle-pitched tone which Day didn't seem to recognise.
   Despite there being two Telecom employees and numerous police
   specialists in the house, Day appeared unable to determine the cause
   of the funny tone. He looked Mendax dead in the eye and said, `Is this
   a hijacked telephone line?'
   
   Hijacked? Day's comment took Mendax by surprise. What surprised him
   was not that Day suspected him of hijacking the line, but rather that
   he didn't know whether the line had been manipulated.
   
   `Well, don't you know?' he taunted Day.
   
   For the next half hour, Day and the other officers picked apart
   Mendax's telephone, trying to work out what sort of shenanigans the
   hacker had been up to. They made a series of calls to see if the
   long-haired youth had somehow rewired his telephone line, perhaps to
   make his calls untraceable.
   
   In fact, the dial tone on Mendax's telephone was the very normal sound
   of a tone-dial telephone on an ARE-11 telephone exchange. The tone was
   simply different from the ones generated by other exchange types, such
   as AXE and step-by-step exchanges.
   
   Finally Mendax was allowed to call a lawyer at Alphaline. The lawyer
   warned the hacker not to say anything. He said the police could offer
   a sworn statement to the court about anything the hacker said, and
   then added that the police might even be wired.
   
   Next, Day tried the chummy approach at getting information from the
   hacker. `Just between you and me, are you Mendax?' he asked.
   
   Silence.
   
   Day tried another tactic. Hackers have a well-developed sense of
   ego--a flaw Day no doubt believed he could tap into.
   
   `There have been a lot of people over the years running around
   impersonating you--using your handle,' he said.
   
   Mendax could see Day was trying to manipulate him but by this stage he
   didn't care. He figured that the police already had plenty of evidence
   that linked him to his handle, so he admitted to it.
   
   Day had some other surprising questions up his sleeve.
   
   `So, Mendax, what do you know about that white powder in the bedroom?'
   
   Mendax couldn't recall any white powder in the bedroom. He didn't do
   drugs, so why would there be any white powder anywhere? He watched two
   police officers bringing two large red toolboxes in the house--they
   looked like drug testing kits. Jesus, Mendax thought. I'm being set
   up.
   
   The cops led the hacker into the bedroom and pointed to two neat lines
   of white powder laid out on a bench.
   
   Mendax smiled, relieved. `It's not what you think,' he said. The white
   powder was glow-in-the-dark glue he had used to paint stars on the
   ceiling of his child's bedroom.
   
   Two of the cops started smiling at each other. Mendax could see
   exactly what was going through their minds: It's not every cocaine or
   speed user that can come up with a story like that.
   
   One grinned at the other and exclaimed gleefully, `TASTE TEST!'
   
   `That's not a good idea,' Mendax said, but his protests only made
   things worse. The cops shooed him into another room and returned to
   inspect the powder by themselves.
   
   What Mendax really wanted was to get word through to Prime Suspect.
   The cops had probably busted all three IS hackers at the same time,
   but maybe not. While the police investigated the glue on their own,
   Mendax managed to sneak a telephone call to his estranged wife and
   asked her to call Prime Suspect and warn him. He and his wife might
   have had their differences, but he figured she would make the call
   anyway.
   
   When Mendax's wife reached Prime Suspect later that night, he replied,
   `Yeah, there's a party going on over here too.'
   
   Mendax went back in to the kitchen where an officer was tagging the
   growing number of possessions seized by the police. One of the female
   officers was struggling to move his printer to the pile. She smiled
   sweetly at Mendax and asked if he would move it for her. He obliged.
   
   The police finally left Mendax's house at about 3 a.m. They had spent
   three and half hours and seized 63 bundles of his personal belongings,
   but they had not charged him with a single crime.
   
   When the last of the unmarked police cars had driven away, Mendax
   stepped out into the silent suburban street. He looked around. After
   making sure that no-one was watching him, he walked to a nearby phone
   booth and rang Trax.
   
   `The AFP raided my house tonight.' he warned his friend. `They just
   left.'
   
   Trax sounded odd, awkward. `Oh. Ah. I see.'
   
   `Is there something wrong? You sound strange,' Mendax said.
   
   `Ah. No ... no, nothing's wrong. Just um ... tired. So, um ... so the
   feds could ... ah, be here any minute ...' Trax's voice trailed off.
   
   But something was very wrong. The AFP were already at Trax's house,
   and they had been there for 10 hours.
   
   The IS hackers waited almost three years to be charged. The threat of
   criminal charges hung over their heads like personalised Swords of
   Damocles. They couldn't apply for a job, make a friend at TAFE or plan
   for the future without worrying about what would happen as a result of
   the AFP raids of 29 October 1991.
   
   Finally, in July 1994, each hacker received formal charges--in the
   mail. During the intervening years, all three hackers went through
   monumental changes in their lives.
   
   Devastated by the break-down of his marriage and unhinged by the AFP
   raid, Mendax sank into a deep depression and consuming anger. By the
   middle of November 1991, he was admitted to hospital.
   
   He hated hospital, its institutional regimens and game-playing
   shrinks. Eventually, he told the doctors he wanted out. He might be
   crazy, but hospital was definitely making him crazier. He left there
   and stayed at his mother's house. The next year was the worst of his
   life.
   
   Once a young person leaves home--particularly the home of a
   strong-willed parent--it becomes very difficult for him or her to
   return. Short visits might work, but permanent residency often fails.
   Mendax lived for a few days at home, then went walkabout. He slept in
   the open air, on the banks of rivers and creeks, in grassy
   meadows--all on the country fringes of Melbourne's furthest suburbs.
   Sometimes he travelled closer to the city, overnighting in places like
   the Merri Creek reserve.
   
   Mostly, he haunted Sherbrooke Forest in the Dandenong Ranges National
   Park. Because of the park's higher elevation, the temperature dropped
   well below the rest of Melbourne in winter. In summer, the mosquitoes
   were unbearable and Mendax sometimes woke to find his face swollen and
   bloated from their bites.
   
   For six months after the AFP raid, Mendax didn't touch a computer.
   Slowly, he started rebuilding his life from the ground up. By the time
   the AFP's blue slips--carrying 29 charges--arrived in July 1994, he
   was settled in a new house with his child. Throughout his period of
   transition, he talked to Prime Suspect and Trax on the phone
   regularly--as friends and fellow rebels, not fellow hackers. Prime
   Suspect had been going through his own set of problems.
   
   While he hacked, Prime Suspect didn't do many drugs. A little weed,
   not much else. There was no time for drugs, girls, sports or anything
   else. After the raid, he gave up hacking and began smoking more dope.
   In April 1992, he tried ecstasy for the first time--and spent the next
   nine months trying to find the same high. He didn't consider himself
   addicted to drugs, but the drugs had certainly replaced his addiction
   to hacking and his life fell into a rhythm.
   
   Snort some speed or pop an ecstasy tablet on Saturday night. Go to a
   rave. Dance all night, sometimes for six hours straight. Get home
   mid-morning and spend Sunday coming down from the drugs. Get high on
   dope a few times during the week, to dull the edges of desire for the
   more expensive drugs. When Saturday rolled around, do it all over
   again. Week in, week out. Month after month.
   
   Dancing to techno-music released him. Dancing to it on drugs cleared
   his mind completely, made him feel possessed by the music. Techno was
   musical nihilism; no message, and not much medium either. Fast,
   repetitive, computer-synthesised beats, completely stripped of vocals
   or any other evidence of humanity. He liked to go to techno-night at
   The Lounge, a city club, where people danced by themselves, or in
   small, loose groups of four or five. Everyone watched the video screen
   which provided an endless stream of ever-changing, colourful
   computer-generated geometric shapes pulsing to the beat.
   
   Prime Suspect never told his mother he was going to a rave. He just
   said he was going to a friend's for the night. In between the drugs,
   he attended his computer science courses at TAFE and worked at the
   local supermarket so he could afford his weekly $60 ecstasy tablet,
   $20 rave entry fee and regular baggy of marijuana.
   
   Over time, the drugs became less and less fun. Then, one Sunday, he
   came down off some speed hard. A big crash. The worst he had ever
   experienced. Depression set in, and then paranoia. He knew the police
   were still watching him. They had followed him before.
   
   At his police interviews, he learned that an AFP officer had followed
   him to an AC/DC concert less than two weeks before he had been busted.
   The officer told him the AFP wanted to know what sort of friends Prime
   Suspect associated with--and the officer had been treated to the spectre
   of seven other arm-waving, head-thumping, screaming teenagers just like
   Prime Suspect himself.
   
   Now Prime Suspect believed that the AFP had started following him
   again. They were going to raid him again, even though he had given up
   hacking completely. It didn't make sense. He knew the premonition was
   illogical, but he couldn't shake it.
   
   Something bad--very, very bad--was going to happen any day. Overcome
   with a great sense of impending doom, he lapsed into a sort of
   hysterical depression. Feeling unable to prevent the advent of the
   dark, terrible event which would tear apart his life yet again, he
   reached out to a friend who had experienced his own personal problems.
   The friend guided him to a psychologist at the Austin Hospital. Prime
   Suspect decided that there had to be a better way to deal with his
   problems than wasting himself every weekend. He began counselling.
   
   The counselling made him deal with all sorts of unresolved business.
   His father's death. His relationship with his mother. How he had
   evolved into an introvert, and why he was never comfortable talking to
   people. Why he hacked. How he became addicted to hacking. Why he took
   up drugs.
   
   At the end, the 21-year-old Prime Suspect emerged drug-free and,
   though still shaky, on the road to recovery. The worst he had to wait
   for were the charges from the AFP.
   
   Trax's recovery from his psychological instabilities wasn't as
   definitive. From 1985, Trax had suffered from panic attacks, but he
   didn't want to seek professional help--he just ran away from the
   problem. The situation only became worse after he was involved in a
   serious car accident. He became afraid to leave the house at night. He
   couldn't drive. Whenever he was in a car, he had to fight an
   overwhelming desire to fling the door open and throw himself out on to
   the road. In 1989, his local GP referred Trax to a psychiatrist, who
   tried to treat the phreaker's growing anxiety attacks with hypnosis
   and relaxation techniques.
   
   Trax's illness degenerated into full-fledged agoraphobia, a fear of
   open spaces. When he rang the police in late October 1991--just days
   before the AFP raid--his condition had deteriorated to the point where
   he could not comfortably leave his own house.
   
   Initially he rang the state police to report a death threat made
   against him by another phreaker. Somewhere in the conversation, he
   began to talk about his own phreaking and hacking. He hadn't intended
   to turn himself in but, well, the more he talked, the more he had to
   say. So many things had been weighing on his mind. He knew that Prime
   Suspect had probably been traced from NorTel as a result of Mendax's
   own near miss in that system. And Prime Suspect and Mendax had been so
   active, breaking into so many systems, it was almost as if they wanted
   to be caught.
   
   Then there was Prime Suspect's plan to write a destructive worm, which
   would wipe systems en route. It wasn't really a plan per se, more just
   an idea he had toyed with on the phone. Nonetheless, it had scared
   Trax. He began to think all three IS hackers were getting in too deep
   and he wanted out.
   
   He tried to stop phreaking, even going so far as to ask Telecom to
   change his telephone number to a new exchange which he knew would not
   allow him to make untraceable calls. Trax reasoned that if he knew he
   could be traced, he would stop phreaking and hacking.
   
   For a period, he did stop. But the addiction was too strong, and
   before long he was back at it again, regardless of the risk. He ran a
   hidden cable from his sister's telephone line, which was on the old
   exchange. His inability to stop made him feel weak and guilty, and
   even more anxious about the risks. Perhaps the death threat threw him
   over the edge. He couldn't really understand why he had turned himself
   in to the police. It had just sort of happened.
   
   The Victoria Police notified the AFP. The AFP detectives must have
   been slapping their heads in frustration. Here was Australia's next
   big hacker case after The Realm, and they had expected to make a clean
   bust. They had names, addresses, phone numbers. They had jumped
   through legal hoops to get a telephone tap. The tap was up and
   running, catching every target computer, every plot, every word the
   hackers said to each other. Then one of their targets goes and turns
   himself in to the police. And not even to the right police--he goes to
   the Victoria Police. In one fell swoop, the hacker was going to take
   down the entire twelve-month Operation Weather investigation.
   
   The AFP had to move quickly. If Trax tipped off the other two IS
   hackers that he had called the police, they might destroy their notes,
   computer files--all the evidence the AFP had hoped to seize in raids.
   
   When the AFP swooped in on the three hackers, Mendax and Prime Suspect
   had refused to be interviewed on the night. Trax, however, had spent
   several hours talking to the police at his house.
   
   He told the other IS hackers that the police had threatened to take
   him down to AFP headquarters--despite the fact that they knew leaving
   his house caused him anxiety. Faced with that prospect, made so
   terrifying by his psychiatric illness, he had talked.
   
   Prime Suspect and Mendax didn't know how much Trax had told the
   police, but they didn't believe he would dob them in completely. Apart
   from anything else, he hadn't been privy to much of his colleagues'
   hacking. They hadn't tried to exclude Trax, but he was not as
   sophisticated a hacker and therefore didn't share in many of their
   exploits.
   
   In fact, one thing Trax did tell the police was just how sophisticated
   the other two IS hackers had become just prior to the bust. Prime
   Suspect and Mendax were, he said, `hackers on a major scale, on a huge
   scale--something never achieved before', and the AFP had sat up and
   taken notice.
   
   After the raids, Trax told Mendax that the AFP had tried to recruit
   him as an informant. Trax said that they had even offered him a new
   computer system, but he had been non-committal. And it seemed the AFP
   was still keeping tabs on the IS hackers, Trax also told Mendax. The
   AFP officers had heard Mendax had gone into hospital and they were
   worried. There seemed to be a disturbing pattern evolving.
   
   On the subject of the IS raids, Trax told Mendax that the AFP felt it
   didn't have any choice. Their attitude was: you were doing so much, we
   had to bust you. You were inside so many systems, it was getting out
   of control.
   
   In any case, by December 1991 Mendax had agreed to a police interview,
   based on legal advice. Ken Day interviewed Mendax, and the hacker was
   open with Day about what he had done. He refused, however, to
   implicate either Trax or Prime Suspect. In February 1992, Prime
   Suspect followed suit, with two interviews. He was also careful about
   what he said regarding his fellow hackers. Mendax was interviewed a
   second time, in February 1992, as was Trax in August.
   
   After the raid, Trax's psychiatric condition remained unstable. He
   changed doctors and began receiving home visits from a hospital
   psychiatric service. Eventually, a doctor prescribed medication.
   
   The three hackers continued to talk on the phone, and see each other
   occasionally. One or the other might drop out of communication for a
   period, but would soon return to the fold. They helped each other and
   they maintained their deep anti-establishment sentiments.
   
   After the charges arrived in the mail, they called each other to
   compare notes. Mendax thought out loud on the phone to Prime Suspect,
   `I guess I should get a lawyer'.
   
   `Yeah. I got one. He's lining up a barrister too.'
   
   `They any good?' Mendax asked.
   
   `Dunno. I guess so. The solicitor works at Legal Aid, an in-house guy.
   I've only met them a few times.'
   
   `Oh,' Mendax paused. `What are their names?'
   
   `John McLoughlin and Boris Kayser. They did Electron's case.'
   
   Trax and Prime Suspect decided to plead guilty. Once they saw the
   overwhelming evidence--data taps, telephone voice taps, data seized
   during the raids, nearly a dozen statements by witnesses from the
   organisations they had hacked, the 300-page Telecom report--they
   figured they would be better off pleading. The legal brief ran to more
   than 7000 pages. At least they would get some kudos with the judge for
   cooperating in the police interviews and pleading early in the
   process, thus saving the court time and money.
   
   Mendax, however, wanted to fight the charges. He knew about Pad and
   Gandalf's case and the message from that seemed to be pretty clear:
   Plead and you go to prison, fight and you might get off free.
   
   The DPP shuffled the charges around so much between mid-1994 and 1995
   that all the original charges against Trax, issued on 20 July 1994,
   were dropped in favour of six new charges filed on Valentines Day,
   1995. At that time, new charges--largely for hacking a Telecom
   computer--were also laid against Mendax and Prime Suspect.
   
   By May 1995, the three hackers faced 63 charges in all: 31 for Mendax,
   26 for Prime Suspect and six for Trax. In addition, NorTel claimed the
   damages attributed to the hacker incident totalled about $160000--and
   the company was seeking compensation from the responsible parties. The
   Australian National University claimed another $4200 in damages.
   
   Most of the charges related to obtaining illegal access to commercial
   or other information, and inserting and deleting data in numerous
   computers. The deleting of data was not malicious--it generally
   related to cleaning up evidence of the hackers' activities. However,
   all three hackers were also charged with some form of `incitement'. By
   writing articles for the IS magazine, the prosecution claimed the
   hackers had been involved in disseminating information which would
   encourage others to hack and phreak.
   
   On 4 May 1995 Mendax sat in the office of his solicitor, Paul
   Galbally, discussing the committal hearing scheduled for the next day.
   
   Galbally was a young, well-respected member of Melbourne's most
   prestigious law family. His family tree read like a Who's Who of the
   law. Frank Galbally, his father, was one of Australia's most famous
   criminal barristers. His uncle, Jack Galbally, was a well-known
   lawyer, a minister in the State Labor government of John Cain Sr and,
   later, the Leader of the Opposition in the Victorian parliament. His
   maternal grandfather, Sir Norman O'Bryan, was a Supreme Court judge,
   as was his maternal uncle of the same name. The Galballys weren't so
   much a family of lawyers as a legal dynasty.
   
   Rather than rest on his family's laurels, Paul Galbally worked out of
   a cramped, 1970s time-warped, windowless office in a William Street
   basement, where he was surrounded by defence briefs--the only briefs
   he accepted. He liked the idea of keeping people out of prison better
   than the idea of putting them in it. Working closely with a defendant,
   he inevitably found redeeming qualities which the prosecution would
   never see. Traces of humanity, no matter how small, made his choice
   seem worthwhile.
   
   His choices in life reflected the Galbally image as champions of the
   underdog, and the family shared a background with the working class.
   Catholic. Irish. Collingwood football enthusiasts. And, of course, a
   very large family. Paul was one of eight children, and his father had
   also come from a large family.
   
   The 34-year-old criminal law specialist didn't know anything about
   computer crime when Mendax first appeared in his office, but the
   hacker's case seemed both interesting and worthy. The unemployed,
   long-haired youth had explained he could only offer whatever fees the
   Victorian Legal Aid Commission was willing to pay--a sentence Galbally
   heard often in his practice. He agreed.
   
   Galbally & O'Bryan had a very good reputation as a criminal law firm.
   Criminals, however, tended not to have a great deal of money. The
   large commercial firms might dabble in some criminal work, but they
   cushioned any resulting financial inconvenience with other, more
   profitable legal work. Pushing paper for Western Mining Corporation
   paid for glass-enclosed corner offices on the fiftieth floor.
   Defending armed robbers and drug addicts didn't.
   
   The 4 May meeting between Galbally and Mendax was only scheduled to
   take an hour or so. Although Mendax was contesting the committal
   hearing along with Prime Suspect on the following day, it was Prime
   Suspect's barrister, Boris Kayser, who was going to be running the
   show. Prime Suspect told Mendax he had managed to get full Legal Aid
   for the committal, something Galbally and Mendax had not been able to
   procure. Thus Mendax would not have his own barrister at the
   proceedings.
   
   Mendax didn't mind. Both hackers knew they would be committed to
   trial. Their immediate objective was to discredit the prosecution's
   damage claims--particularly NorTel's.
   
   As Mendax and Galbally talked, the mood in the office was upbeat.
   Mendax was feeling optimistic. Then the phone rang. It was Geoff
   Chettle, the barrister representing the DPP. While Chettle talked,
   Mendax watched a dark cloud pass across his solicitor's face. When he
   finally put the phone down, Galbally looked at Mendax with his serious,
   crisis management expression.
   
   `What's wrong? What's the matter?' Mendax asked.
   
   Galbally sighed before he spoke.
   
   `Prime Suspect has turned Crown witness against you.'
   
   There was a mistake. Mendax was sure of it. The whole thing was just
   one big mistake. Maybe Chettle and the DPP had misunderstood something
   Prime Suspect had said to them. Maybe Prime Suspect's lawyers had
   messed up. Whatever. There was definitely a mistake.
   
   At Galbally's office, Mendax had refused to believe Prime Suspect had
   really turned. Not until he saw a signed statement. That night he told
   a friend, `Well, we'll see. Maybe Chettle is just playing it up.'
   
   Chettle, however, was not just playing it up.
   
   There it was--a witness statement--in front of him. Signed by Prime
   Suspect.
   
   Mendax stood outside the courtroom at Melbourne Magistrates Court trying
   to reconcile two realities. In the first, there was one of Mendax's four
   or five closest friends. A friend with whom he had shared his deepest
   hacking secrets.  A friend he had been hanging out with only last week.
   
   In the other reality, a six-page statement signed by Prime Suspect and
   Ken Day at AFP Headquarters at 1.20 p.m. the day before. To compound
   matters, Mendax began wondering if Prime Suspect may have been
   speaking to the AFP for as long as six months.
   
   The two realities were spinning through his head, dancing around each
   other.
   
   When Galbally arrived at the court, Mendax took him to one side to go
   over the statement. From a damage-control perspective, it wasn't a
   complete disaster. Prime Suspect certainly hadn't gone in hard. He
   could have raised a number of matters, but didn't. Mendax had already
   admitted to most of the acts which formed the basis of his 31 charges
   in his police interview. And he had already told the police a good
   deal about his adventures in Telecom's telephone exchanges.
   
   However, Prime Suspect had elaborated on the Telecom break-ins in his
   statement. Telecom was owned by the government, meaning the court
   would view phreaking from their exchanges not as defrauding a company
   but as defrauding the Commonwealth. Had the DPP decided to lay those
   new charges--the Telecom charges--in February 1995 because Prime
   Suspect had given the AFP a draft Crown witness statement back then?
   Mendax began to suspect so. Nothing seemed beyond doubt any more.
   
   The immediate crisis was the committal hearing in the Melbourne
   Magistrates Court. There was no way Boris Kayser was now going to
   decimate their star witness, a NorTel information systems
   manager. Galbally would have to run a cross-examination himself--no easy
   task at short notice, given the highly complex technical aspects of the
   case.
   
   Inside the courtroom, as Mendax got settled, he saw Prime Suspect. He
   gave his former friend a hard, unblinking, intense stare. Prime
   Suspect responded with a blank wall, then he looked away. In fact,
   even if Mendax had wanted to say something, he couldn't. As a Crown
   witness, Prime Suspect was off-limits until the case was over.
   
   The lawyers began to file into the courtroom. The DPP representative,
   Andrea Pavleka, breezed in, momentarily lifting the tension in the
   windowless courtroom.
   
   She had that effect on people. Tall, slender and long-legged, with a
   bob of sandy blonde curls, booky spectacles resting on a cute button
   nose and an infectious laugh, Pavleka didn't so much walk into a
   courtroom as waft into it. She radiated happiness from her sunny face.
   It's a great shame, Mendax thought, that she is on the other side.
   
   The court was called into session. Prime Suspect stood in the dock and
   pleaded guilty to 26 counts of computer crimes.
   
   In the course of the proceedings his barrister, Boris Kayser, told the
   court that his client had cooperated with the police, including
   telling the AFP that the hackers had penetrated Telecom's exchanges.
   He also said that Telecom didn't believe--or didn't want to
   believe--that their exchanges had been compromised. When Kayser
   professed loudly what a model citizen his client had been, Ken Day,
   sitting in the public benches, quietly rolled his eyes.
   
   The magistrate, John Tobin, extended Prime Suspect's bail. The hacker
   would be sentenced at a later date.
   
   That matter dealt with, the focus of the courtroom shifted to Mendax's
   case. Geoff Chettle, for the prosecution, stood up, put the NorTel
   manager, who had flown in from Sydney, on the stand and asked him some
   warm-up questions.
   
   Chettle could put people at ease--or rattle them--at will. Topped by a
   minute stubble of hair, his weathered 40-something face provided a
   good match to his deep, gravelly voice. With quick eyes and a hard,
   no-nonsense manner, he lacked the pretentiousness of many barristers.
   Perhaps because he didn't seem to give a fig about nineteenth century
   protocols, he always managed to looked out of place in a barrister's
   wig and robe. Every time he stood up, the black cape slid off his lean
   shoulders. The barrister's wig went crooked. He continually adjusted
   it--tugging the wig back into the correct spot like some wayward
   child. In court, Chettle looked as if he wanted to tear off the crusty
   trappings of his profession and roll up his sleeves before sinking
   into a hearty debate. And he looked as if he would rather do it at a
   pub or the footy.
   
   The NorTel manager took the stand. Chettle asked him some questions
   designed to show the court the witness was credible, in support of the
   company's $160000 hacker-clean-up claim. His task accomplished,
   Chettle sat down.
   
   A little nervous, Paul Galbally stood up to his full height--more than
   six feet--and straightened his jacket. Dressed in a moss green suit so
   dark it was almost black, with thin lapels and a thin, 1960s style
   tie, he looked about as understated hip as a lawyer could--and still
   show his face in court.
   
   Halting at first, Galbally appeared unsure of himself. Perhaps he had
   lost his nerve because of the technical issues. WMTP files. UTMP
   files. PACCT audits. Network architecture. IP addresses. He had been
   expected to become an expert in the basics literally overnight. A
   worried Mendax began passing him notes--questions to ask,
   explanations, definitions. Slowly, Galbally started working up a
   rhythm to the cross-examination.
   
   During the questioning someone from the back of the court sidled up to
   Mendax, in the front row of seats, and handed a note over his
   shoulder. Mendax unfolded the note, read it and then turned around to
   smile at the messenger. It was Electron.
   
   By the time Galbally had finished, he had pulled apart much of the
   NorTel manager's evidence. As he built up a head of steam quizzing the
   witness, he forced the NorTel manager to admit he didn't know all that
   much about the alleged hacking incidents. In fact, he wasn't even
   employed by the company when they occurred. He had largely thrown
   together an affidavit based on second-hand information--and it was
   this affidavit which supposedly proved the hackers had cost the
   company $160000. Worse, it seemed to an observer at court that the
   NorTel manager had little Unix security technical expertise and
   probably would not have been able to conduct a detailed technical
   analysis of the incident even if he had been with the company in 1991.
   By the end of the defence's cross-examination, it appeared that
   Galbally knew more about Unix than the NorTel manager.
   
   When Geoff Chettle stood up to re-examine the witness, the situation
   was hopeless. The manager soon stood down. In Mendax's view, the
   credibility of the NorTel Manager's statement was shot.
   
   The court was then adjourned until 12 May.
   
   After court, Mendax heard Geoff Chettle talking about the NorTel
   witness. `That guy is OFF the team,' he said emphatically.
   
   It was a mixed victory for Mendax. His solicitor had knocked off one
   NorTel witness, but there were more where he came from. At a full
   trial, the prosecution would likely fly in some real NorTel
   fire-power, from Canada, where the 676-page security incident report
   had been prepared by Clark Ferguson and other members of the NorTel
   security team. Those witnesses would understand how a Unix system
   operated, and would have first-hand knowledge of the hackers'
   intrusions. It could make things much more difficult.
   
   When Mendax returned to court a week later, he was committed to stand
   trial in the County Court of Victoria, as expected.
   
   Later, Mendax asked Galbally about his options. Take the case to full
   trial, or plead guilty like the other two IS hackers. He wanted to
   know where the DPP stood on his case. Would they go in hard if he
   pleaded guilty? Had the NorTel manager disaster at the committal
   hearing forced them to back down a little?
   
   Paul sighed and shook his head. The DPP were standing firm. They
   wanted to see Mendax go to prison.
   
   Andrea Pavleka, the DPP's sunny-faced girl who radiated happiness, was
   baying for blood.

                                    [ ]

   One month later, on 21 July 1995, Prime Suspect arrived at the County
   Court for sentencing.
   
   Rising early that morning to make sure his court suit was in order,
   Prime Suspect had been tense. His mother cooked him a big breakfast.
   Toast, bacon and eggs the way he liked it. In fact, his favourite
   breakfast was an Egg McMuffin from McDonald's, but he never told his
   mother that.
   
   The courtroom was already crowded. Reporters from newspapers, the wire
   services, a few TV channels. There were also other people, perhaps
   waiting for another case.
   
   Dressed in a dark pin-stripe suit, Ken Day stood tapping on a laptop
   on the prosecution's side of the courtroom. Geoff Chettle sat near
   him. Prime Suspect's barrister, Boris Kayser, sifted through some
   papers on the other side.
   
   Mendax lingered at the back of the room, watching his former friend.
   He wanted to hear Prime Suspect's sentence because, under the rules of
   parity sentencing, Mendax's own sentence would have to be similar to
   that of his fellow hackers. However, Prime Suspect might get some
   dispensation for having helped the prosecution.
   
   A handful of Prime Suspect's friends--none of them from the computer
   underground--trickled in. The hacker's mother chatted nervously with
   them.
   
   Court was called into session and everyone settled into their seats.
   The first case, it turned out, was not Prime Suspect's. A tall,
   silver-haired man in his mid-fifties, with eyes so blue they were
   almost demonic, stepped into the dock. As the reporters began taking
   notes, Prime Suspect tried to imagine what crime the polished,
   well-dressed man had committed.
   
   Child molesting.
   
   The man had not just molested children, he had molested
   his own son. In the parents' bedroom. Repeatedly. On Easter Sunday.
   His son was less than ten years old at the time. The whole family had
   collapsed. Psychologically scarred, his son had been too traumatised
   even to give a victim impact statement.
   
   For all of this, Judge Russell Lewis told the court, the man had shown
   no remorse. Grave-faced, the judge sentenced him to a minimum prison
   term of five years and nine months.
   
   The court clerk then called Prime Suspect's case.
   
   At the back of the courtroom, Mendax wondered at the strange
   situation. How could the criminal justice system put a child molester
   in the same category as a hacker? Yet, here they both were being
   sentenced side by side in the same County Court room.
   
   Boris Kayser had called a collection of witnesses, all of whom
   attested to Prime Suspect's difficult life. One of these, the
   well-regarded psychologist Tim Watson-Munro, described Prime Suspect's
   treatments at the Austin Hospital and raised the issue of reduced
   free-will. He had written a report for the court.
   
   Judge Lewis was quick to respond to the suggestion that hacking was an
   addiction. At one point, he wondered aloud to the courtroom whether
   some of Prime Suspect's hacking activities were `like a shot of
   heroin'.
   
   Before long, Kayser had launched into his usual style of courtroom
   address. First, he criticised the AFP for waiting so long to charge
   his client.
   
   `This fellow should have been dealt with six to twelve months after
   being apprehended. It is a bit like the US, where a man can commit a
   murder at twenty, have his appeal be knocked back by the Supreme Court
   at 30 and be executed at 40--all for something he did when he was only
   twenty years old.
   
   Thoroughly warmed up, Kayser observed that 20 per cent of Prime
   Suspect's life had gone by since being raided. Then he began hitting
   his high notes.
   
   `This young man received no assistance in the maturation process. He
   didn't grow up, he drifted up.
   
   `His world was so horrible that he withdrew into a fantasy world. He
   knew no other way to interact with human beings. Hacking was like a
   physical addiction to him.
   
   `If he hadn't withdrawn into the cybernetic highway, what would he
   have done instead? Set fires? Robbed houses? Look at the name he gave
   himself. Prime Suspect. It has implied power--a threat. This kid
   didn't have any power in his life other than when he sat down at a
   computer.'
   
   Not only did Kayser want the judge to dismiss the idea of prison or
   community service, he was asking him to order no recorded conviction.
   
   The prosecution lawyers looked at Kayser as if he was telling a good
   joke. The AFP had spent months tracking these hackers and almost three
   years preparing the case against them. And now this barrister was
   seriously suggesting that one of the key players should get off
   virtually scot-free, with not so much as a conviction recorded against
   him? It was too much.
   
   The judge retired to consider the sentence. When he returned, he was
   brief and to the point. No prison. No community service. The recording
   of 26 convictions. A $500 three-year good behaviour bond. Forfeiture
   of the now ancient Apple computer seized by police in the raid. And a
   reparation payment to the Australian National University of $2100.
   
   Relief passed over Prime Suspect's face, pink and sweaty from the
   tension. His friends and family smiled at each other.
   
   Chettle then asked the judge to rule on what he called `the
   cooperation point'. He wanted the judge to say that Prime Suspect's
   sentence was less than it would have been because the hacker had
   turned Crown witness. The DPP was shoring up its position with regard
   to its remaining target--Mendax.
   
   Judge Lewis told the court that the cooperation in this case made no
   difference. At the back of the court, Mendax felt suddenly sad. It was
   good news for him, but somehow it felt like a hollow victory.
   
   Prime Suspect has destroyed our friendship, he thought, and all for
   nothing.
   
   Two months after Prime Suspect's sentencing, Trax appeared in another
   County Court room to receive his sentence after pleading guilty to six
   counts of hacking and phreaking. Despite taking medication to keep his
   anxiety under control while in the city, he was still very nervous in
   the dock.
   
   Since he faced the least number of charges of any of the IS hackers,
   Trax believed he had a shot at no recorded conviction. Whether or not
   his lawyer could successfully argue the case was another matter.
   Bumbling through papers he could never seem to organise, Trax's lawyer
   rambled to the court, repeated the same points over and over again,
   jumping all over the place in his arguments. His voice was a
   half-whispered rasp--a fact which so annoyed the judge that he sternly
   instructed the lawyer to speak up.
   
   Talking informally before court, Geoff Chettle had told Mendax that in
   his view there was no way Judge Mervyn Kimm would let Trax off with no
   recorded conviction. Judge Kimm was considered to be one tough nut to
   crack. If you were a bookmaker running bets on his court at a
   sentencing hearing, the good money would be on the prosecution's side.
   
   But on 20 September 1995, the judge showed he couldn't be predicted
   quite so easily. Taking everything into account, including Prime
   Suspect's sentence and Trax's history of mental illness, he ordered no
   conviction be recorded against Trax. He also ordered a $500 three-year
   good behaviour bond.
   
   In passing sentence, Judge Kimm said something startlingly insightful
   for a judge with little intimate knowledge of the hacker psyche. While
   sternly stating that he did not intend to make light of the gravity of
   the offences, he told the court that `the factors of specific
   deterrence and general deterrence have little importance in the
   determination of the sentence to be imposed'. It was perhaps the first
   time an Australian judge had recognised that deterrence had little
   relevance at the point of collision between hacking and mental
   illness.
   
   Trax's sentence was also a good outcome for Mendax, who on
   29 August 1995 pleaded guilty to eight counts of computer crime, and
   not guilty to all the other charges. Almost a year later, on 9 May
   1996, he pleaded guilty to an additional eleven charges, and not
   guilty to six. The prosecution dropped all the other charges.
   
   Mendax wanted to fight those six outstanding charges, which involved
   ANU, RMIT, NorTel and Telecom, because he felt that the law was on his
   side in these instances. In fact, the law was fundamentally unclear
   when it came to those charges. So much so that the DPP and the defence
   agreed to take issues relating to those charges in a case stated to
   the Supreme Court of Victoria.
   
   In a case stated, both sides ask the Supreme Court to make a ruling
   not on the court case itself, but on a point of law. The defence and
   the prosecution hammer out an agreed statement about the facts of the
   case and, in essence, ask the Supreme Court judges to use that
   statement as a sort of case study. The resulting ruling is meant to
   clarify the finer points of the law not only for the specific case,
   but for similar cases which appear in future.
   
   Presenting a case stated to the Supreme Court is somewhat uncommon. It
   is unusual to find a court case where both sides can agree on enough
   of the facts, but Mendax's hacking charges presented the perfect case
   and the questions which would be put to the Victorian Supreme Court in
   late 1996 were crucial for all future hacking cases in Australia. What
   did it mean `to obtain access' to a computer? Did someone obtain
   access if he or she got in without using a password? What if he or she
   used the username `guest' and the password `guest'?
   
   Perhaps the most crucial question of all was this: does a person
   `obtain access' to data stored in a computer if he or she has the
   ability to view the data, but does not in fact view or even attempt to
   view that data?
   
   A good example of this applied to the aggravated versions of the
   offence of hacking: viewing commercial information. If, for example,
   Mendax logged into a NorTel computer, which contained commercially
   sensitive information, but he didn't actually read any of those files,
   would he be guilty of `obtaining access' or `obtaining access to
   commercial information'?
   
   The chief judge of the County Court agreed to the case stated and sent
   it up to the full bench of the Supreme Court. The lawyers from both
   sides were pleased with the bench--Justices Frank Vincent, Kenneth
   Hayne and John Coldrey.
   
   On 30 September 1996, Mendax arrived at the Supreme Court and found
   all the lawyers assembled at the court--all except for his barrister.
   Paul Galbally kept checking his watch as the prosecution lawyers began
   unpacking their mountains of paper--the fruit of months of
   preparation. Galbally paced the plush carpet of the Supreme Court
   anteroom. Still no barrister.
   
   Mendax's barrister had worked tirelessly, preparing for the case
   stated as if it was a million dollar case. Combing through legal
   precedents from not only Australia, the UK and the US, but from all
   the world's Western-style democracies, he had attained a great
   understanding of the law in the area of computer crime. He had finally
   arrived at that nexus of understanding between law, philosophy and
   linguistics which many lesser lawyers spent their entire careers
   trying to reach.
   
   But where was he? Galbally pulled out his mobile and checked in with
   his office for what seemed like the fifth time in as many minutes. The
   news he received was bad. He was told, through second-hand sources,
   that the barrister had collapsed in a state of nervous exhaustion. He
   wouldn't be making it to court.
   
   Galbally could feel his hairs turning grey.
   
   When court opened, Galbally had to stand up and explain to three of
   the most senior judges in Australia why the defence would like a
   two-day adjournment. A consummate professional, Geoff Chettle
   supported the submission. Still, it was a difficult request. Time in
   the Supreme Court is a scarce and valuable thing. Fortunately, the
   adjournment was granted.
   
   This gave Galbally exactly two days in which to find a barrister who
   was good, available and smart enough to assimilate a massive amount of
   technical information in a short time. He found Andrew Tinney.
   
   Tinney worked around the clock and by Wednesday, 2 October, he was
   ready. Once again, all the lawyers, and the hacker, gathered at the
   court.
   
   This time, however, it was the judges who threw a spanner into the
   works. They asked both sides to spend the first hour or so explaining
   exactly why the Supreme Court should hear the case stated at all. The
   lawyers looked at each other in surprise. What was this all about?
   
   After hearing some brief arguments from both sides, the judges retired
   to consider their position. When they returned, Justice Hayne read a
   detailed judgment saying, in essence, that the judges refused to hear
   the case.
   
   As the judge spoke, it became clear that the Supreme Court judges
   weren't just refusing to hear this case stated; they were virtually
   refusing to hear any case stated in future. Not for computer crimes.
   Not for murder. Not for fraud. Not for anything. They were sending a
   message to the County Court judges: don't send us a case stated except
   in exceptional circumstances.
   
   Geoff Chettle slumped in his chair, his hands shielding his face. Paul
   Galbally looked stunned. Andrew Tinney looked as if he wanted to leap
   from his chair shouting, `I just killed myself for the past two days
   on this case! You have to hear it!' Even Lesley Taylor, the quiet,
   unflappable and inscrutable DPP solicitor who had replaced Andrea
   Pavleka on the case, looked amazed.
   
   The ruling had enormous implications. Judges from the lower courts
   would be loath to ever send cases to the Supreme Court for
   clarification on points of law again. Mendax had made legal history,
   but not in the way he had hoped.
   
   Mendax's case passed back down to the County Court.
   
   He had considered taking his case to trial, but with recently
   announced budget cuts to Legal Aid, he knew there was little hope of
   receiving funding to fight the charges. The cuts were forcing the poor
   to plead guilty, leaving justice available only for the wealthy.
   Worse, he felt the weight of pleading guilty, not only as a sense of
   injustice in his own case, but for future hacking cases which would
   follow. Without clarity on the meaning of the law--which the judges
   had refused to provide--or a message from a jury in a landmark case,
   such as Wandii's trial, Mendax believed that hackers could expect
   little justice from either the police or the courts in the future.
   
   On 5 December 1996, Mendax pleaded guilty to the remaining six charges
   and was sentenced on all counts.
   
   Court Two was quiet that day. Geoff Chettle, for the prosecution,
   wasn't there. Instead, the quietly self-possessed Lesley Taylor
   handled the matter. Paul Galbally appeared for Mendax himself. Ken Day
   sat, expressionless, in the front row of the public benches. He looked
   a little weary. A few rows back, Mendax's mother seemed nervous.
   Electron slipped silently into the back of the room and gave Mendax a
   discreet smile.
   
   His hair pulled back into a loose ponytail, Mendax blinked and rolled
   his eyes several times as if brought from a dark space into the
   bright, white-walled courtroom.
   
   Judge Ross, a ruddy-faced and jowly man of late middle age with bushy,
   grey eyebrows, seated himself in his chair. At first, he was reluctant
   to take on the case for sentencing. He thought it should be returned
   to one of the original judges--Judge Kimm or Judge Lewis. When he
   walked into court that morning, he had not read the other judges'
   sentences.
   
   Lesley Taylor summarised the punishments handed down to the other two
   hackers. The judge did not look altogether pleased. Finally, he
   announced he would deal with the case. `Two judges have had a crack at
   it, why not a third one? He might do it properly.'
   
   Galbally was concerned. As the morning progressed, he became
   increasingly distressed; things were not going well. Judge Ross made
   clear that he personally favoured a custodial sentence, albeit a
   suspended one. The only thing protecting Mendax seemed to be the
   principle of parity in sentencing. Prime Suspect and Trax had
   committed similar crimes to Mendax, and therefore he had to be given a
   similar sentence.
   
   Ross `registered some surprise' at Judge Lewis's disposition toward
   the sentencing of Prime Suspect. In the context of parity, he told
   Leslie Taylor, he was at times `quite soured by some penalties'
   imposed by other judges. He quizzed her for reasons why he might be
   able to step outside parity.
   
   He told the court that he had not read the telephone intercepts in the
   legal brief. In fact, he had `only read the summary of facts' and when
   Taylor mentioned `International Subversive', he asked her, `What was
   that?'
   
   Then he asked her how to spell the word `phreak'.
   
   Later that day, after Judge Ross had read the other judges' sentences,
   he gave Mendax a sentence similar to Prime Suspect's--a recorded
   conviction on all counts, a reparation payment of $2100 to ANU and a
   three-year good behaviour bond.
   
   There were two variations. Prime Suspect and Trax both received $500
   good behaviour bonds; Judge Ross ordered a $5000 bond for Mendax.
   Further, Judge Lewis had given Prime Suspect almost twelve months to
   pay his $2100 reparation. Judge Ross ordered Mendax to pay within
   three months.
   
   Judge Ross told Mendax, `I repeat what I said before. I thought
   initially that these were offences which justified a jail sentence, but
   the mitigatory circumstances would have converted that to a suspended
   sentence. The sentence given to your co-offender caused me to alter that
   view, however.' He was concerned, he said, `that highly intelligent
   individuals ought not to behave like this and I suspect it is only
   highly intelligent individuals who can do what you did'.
   
   The word `addiction' did not appear anywhere in the sentencing
   transcript.

     _________________________________________________________________

		   Chapter 10 -- Anthrax -- The Outsider
     _________________________________________________________________

     They had a gun at my head and a knife at my back
     Don't wind me up too tight 
     
   -- from `Powderworks' on Midnight Oil (also called The Blue Album) by
   Midnight Oil
   
   Anthrax didn't like working as part of a team. He always considered
   other people to be the weakest link in the chain.
   
   Although people were never to be trusted completely, he socialised
   with many hackers and phreakers and worked with a few of them now and
   again on particular projects. But he never formed intimate
   partnerships with any of them. Even if a fellow hacker dobbed him in
   to the police, the informant couldn't know the full extent of his
   activities. The nature of his relationships was also determined, in
   part, by his isolation. Anthrax lived in a town in rural Victoria.
   
   Despite the fact that he never joined a hacking partnership like The
   Realm, Anthrax liked people, liked to talk to them for hours at a time
   on the telephone. Sometimes he received up to ten international calls
   a day from his phreaker friends overseas. He would be over at a
   friend's house, and the friend's mother would knock on the door of the
   bedroom where the boys were hanging out, listening to new music,
   talking.
   
   The mother would poke her head in the door, raise an eyebrow and point
   at Anthrax. `Phone call for you. Someone from Denmark.' Or sometimes
   it was Sweden. Finland. The US. Wherever. Though they didn't say
   anything, his friends' parents thought it all a bit strange. Not many
   kids in country towns got international calls trailing them around
   from house to house. But then not many kids were master phreakers.
   
   Anthrax loved the phone system and he understood its power. Many
   phreakers thought it was enough to be able to call their friends
   around the globe for free. Or make hacking attack phone calls without
   being traced. However, real power for Anthrax lay in controlling voice
   communications systems--things that moved conversations around the
   world. He cruised through people's voice mailbox messages to piece
   together a picture of what they were doing. He wanted to be able to
   listen into telephone conversations. And he wanted to be able to
   reprogram the telephone system, even take it down. That was real
   power, the kind that lots of people would notice.
   
   The desire for power grew throughout Anthrax's teenage years. He ached
   to know everything, to see everything, to play with exotic systems in
   foreign countries. He needed to know the purpose of every system, what
   made them tick, how they fitted together. Understanding how things
   worked would give him control.
   
   His obsession with telephony and hacking began early in life. When he
   was about eleven, his father had taken him to see the film War Games.
   All Anthrax could think of as he left the theatre was how much he
   wanted to learn how to hack. He had already developed a fascination
   for computers, having received the simplest of machines, a Sinclair
   ZX81 with 1 k of memory, as a birthday present from his parents.
   Rummaging through outdoor markets, he found a few second-hand books on
   hacking. He read Out of the Inner Circle by Bill Landreth, and Hackers
   by Steven Levy.
   
   By the time he was fourteen, Anthrax had joined a Melbourne-based
   group of boys called The Force. The members swapped Commodore 64 and
   Amiga games. They also wrote their own demos--short computer
   programs--and delighted in cracking the copy protections on the games
   and then trading them with other crackers around the world. It was
   like an international penpal group. Anthrax liked the challenge
   provided by cracking the protections, but few teenagers in his town
   shared an interest in his unusual hobby. Joining The Force introduced
   him to a whole new world of people who thought as he did.
   
   When Anthrax first read about phreaking he wrote to one of his American
   cracking contacts asking for advice on how to start. His friend sent him
   a list of AT&T calling card numbers and a toll-free direct-dial number
   which connected Australians with American operators. The card numbers
   were all expired or cancelled, but Anthrax didn't care. What captured
   his imagination was the fact that he could call an operator all the way
   across the Pacific for free. Anthrax began trying to find more special
   numbers.
   
   He would hang out at a pay phone near his house. It was a seedy
   neighbourhood, home to the most downtrodden of all the town's
   residents, but Anthrax would stand at the pay phone for hours most
   evenings, oblivious to the clatter around him, hand-scanning for
   toll-free numbers. He dialled 0014--the prefix for the international
   toll-free numbers--followed by a random set of numbers. Then, as he
   got more serious, he approached the task more methodically. He
   selected a range of numbers, such as 300 to 400, for the last three
   digits. Then he dialled over and over, increasing the number by one
   each time he dialled. 301. 302. 303. 304. Whenever he hit a
   functioning phone number, he noted it down. He never had to spend a
   cent since all the 0014 numbers were free.
   
   Anthrax found some valid numbers, but many of them had modems at the
   other end. So he decided it was time to buy a modem so he could explore
   further. Too young to work legally, he lied about his age and landed an
   after-school job doing data entry at an escort agency. In the meantime,
   he spent every available moment at the pay phone, scanning and adding
   new numbers to his growing list of toll-free modem and operator-assisted
   numbers.
   
   The scanning became an obsession. Often Anthrax stayed at the phone
   until 10 or 11 p.m. Some nights it was 3 a.m. The pay phone had a
   rotary dial, making the task laborious, and sometimes he would come
   home with blisters on the tips of his fingers.
   
   A month or so after he started working, he had saved enough money for
   a modem.
   
   Hand scanning was boring, but no more so than school. Anthrax attended
   his state school regularly, at least until year 10. Much of that was
   due to his mother's influence. She believed in education and in
   bettering oneself, and she wanted to give her son the opportunities
   she had been denied. It was his mother, a psychiatric nurse, who
   scrimped and saved for months to buy him his first real computer, a
   $400 Commodore 64. And it was his mother who took out a loan to buy
   the more powerful Amiga a few years later in 1989. She knew the boy
   was very bright. He used to read her medical textbooks, and computers
   were the future.
   
   Anthrax had always done well in school, earning distinctions every
   year from year 7 to year 10. But not in maths. Maths bored him. Still,
   he had some aptitude for it. He won an award in year 6 for designing a
   pendulum device which measured the height of a building using basic
   trigonometry--a subject he had never studied. However, Anthrax didn't
   attend school so much after year 10. The teachers kept telling him
   things he already knew, or things he could learn much faster from
   reading a book. If he liked a topic, he wandered off to the library to
   read about it.
   
   Things at home became increasingly complicated around that time. His
   family had struggled from the moment they arrived in Australia from
   England, when Anthrax was about twelve. They struggled financially,
   they struggled against the roughness of a country town, and, as
   Indians, Anthrax, his younger brother and their mother struggled
   against racism.
   
   The town was a violent place, filled with racial hatred and ethnic
   tension. The ethnics had carved out corners for themselves, but
   incursions into enemy territory were common and almost always resulted
   in violence. It was the kind of town where people ended up in fist
   fights over a soccer game. Not an easy place for a half-Indian,
   half-British boy with a violent father.
   
   Anthrax's father, a white Englishman, came from a farming family. One
   of five sons, he attended an agricultural college where he met and
   married the sister of an Indian student on a scholarship. Their
   marriage caused quite a stir, even making the local paper under the
   headline `Farmer Marries Indian Woman'. It was not a happy marriage
   and Anthrax often wondered why his father had married an Indian.
   Perhaps it was a way of rebelling against his dominating father.
   Perhaps he had once been in love. Or perhaps he simply wanted someone
   he could dominate and control. Whatever the reason, the decision was
   an unpopular one with Anthrax's grandfather and the mixed-race family
   was often excluded from larger family gatherings.
   
   When Anthrax's family moved to Australia, they had almost no money.
   Eventually, the father got a job as an officer at Melbourne's
   Pentridge prison, where he stayed during the week. He only received a
   modest income, but he seemed to like his job. The mother began working
   as a nurse. Despite their new-found financial stability, the family
   was not close. The father appeared to have little respect for his wife
   and sons, and Anthrax had little respect for his father.
   
   As Anthrax entered his teenage years, his father became increasingly
   abusive. On weekends, when he was home from work, he used to hit
   Anthrax, sometimes throwing him on the floor and kicking him. Anthrax
   tried to avoid the physical abuse but the scrawny teenager was little
   match for the beefy prison officer. Anthrax and his brother were quiet
   boys. It seemed to be the path of least resistance with a rough father
   in a rough town. Besides, it was hard to talk back in the painful
   stutter both boys shared through their early teens.
   
   One day, when Anthrax was fifteen, he came home to find a commotion at
   his house. On entering the house, Anthrax went to his parents'
   bedroom. He found his mother there, and she was very upset and
   emotionally distressed. He couldn't see his father anywhere, but found
   him relaxing on the sofa in the lounge room, watching TV.
   
   Disgust consumed Anthrax and he retreated into the kitchen. When his
   father came in not long after to prepare some food Anthrax watched his
   back with revulsion. Then he noticed a carving knife resting on the
   counter. As Anthrax reached for the knife, an ambulance worker
   appeared in the doorway. Anthrax put the knife down and walked away.
   
   But he wasn't so quiet after that. He started talking back, at home and
   at school, and that marked the beginning of the really big problems. In
   primary school and early high school he had been beaten up now and
   again. Not any more. When a fellow student hauled Anthrax up against the
   wall of the locker shed and started shaking him and waving his fist,
   Anthrax lost it. He saw, for a moment, his father's face instead of the
   student's and began to throw punches in a frenzy that left his victim in
   a terrible state.
   
   At home, Anthrax's father learned how to bait his son. The bully
   always savours a morsel of resistance from the victim, which makes
   going in for the kill a little more fun. Talking back gave the father
   a good excuse to get violent. Once he nearly broke his son's neck.
   Another time it was his arm. He grabbed Anthrax and twisted his arm
   behind his back. There was an eerie sound of cracking cartilage, and
   then pain. Anthrax screamed for his father to stop. His father twisted
   Anthrax's arm harder, then pressed on his neck. His mother shrieked at
   her husband to let go of her son. He wouldn't.
   
   `Look at you crying,' his father sneered. `You disgusting animal.'
   
   `You're the disgusting animal,' Anthrax shouted, talking back again.
   
   His father threw Anthrax on the floor and began kicking him in the
   head, in the ribs, all over.
   
   Anthrax ran away. He went south to Melbourne for a week, sleeping
   anywhere he could, in the empty night-time spaces left over by day
   workers gone to orderly homes. He even crashed in hospital emergency
   rooms. If a nurse asked why he was there, he would answer politely, `I
   received a phone call to meet someone here'. She would nod her head
   and move on to someone else.
   
   Eventually, when Anthrax returned home, he took up martial arts to
   become strong. And he waited.

                                 [ ]
   
   Anthrax was poking around a MILNET gateway when he stumbled on the
   door to System X.* He had wanted to find this system for months,
   because he had intercepted email about it which had aroused his
   curiosity.
   
   Anthrax telnetted into the gateway. A gateway binds two different
   networks. It allows, for example, two computer networks which talk
   different languages to communicate. A gateway might allow someone on a
   system running DECNET to login to a TCP/IP based system, like a Unix.
   Anthrax was frustrated that he couldn't seem to get past the System X
   gateway and on to the hosts on the other side.
   
   Using normal address formats for a variety of networks, he tried
   telling the gateway to make a connection. X.25. TCP/IP. Whatever lay
   beyond the gateway didn't respond. Anthrax looked around until he
   found a sample of addresses in a help file. None of them worked, but
   they offered a clue as to what format an address might take.
   
   Each address had six digits, the first three numbers of which
   corresponded to telephone area codes in the Washington DC area. So he
   picked one of the codes and started guessing the last three digits.
   
   Hand scanning was a pain, as ever, but if he was methodical and
   persistent, something should turn up. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. On it
   went. Eventually he connected to something--a Sunos Unix system--which
   gave him a full IP address in its login message. Now that was handy.
   With the full IP address, he could connect to System X again through
   the Internet directly--avoiding the gateway if he chose to. It's
   always helpful in covering your tracks to have a few different routing
   options. Importantly, he could approach System X through more than
   just its front door.
   
   Anthrax spiralled through the usual round of default usernames and
   passwords. Nothing. This system required a more strategic attack.
   
   He backed out of the login screen, escaped from the gateway and went
   to another Internet site to have a good look at System X from a
   healthy distance. He `fingered' the site, pulling up any bit of
   information System X would release to the rest of the Internet when
   asked. He probed and prodded, looking for openings. And then he found
   one. Sendmail.
   
   The version of Sendmail run by System X had a security hole Anthrax
   could exploit by sending himself a tiny backdoor program. To do this,
   he used System X's mail-processing service to send a `letter' which
   contained a tiny computer program. System X would never have allowed
   the program to run normally, but this program worked like a letter
   bomb. When System X opened the letter, the program jumped out and
   started running. It told System X that anyone could connect to port
   2001--to an interactive shell--of the computer without using a
   password.
   
   A port is a door to the outside world. TCP/IP computers use a standard
   set of ports for certain services. Port 25 for mail. Port 79 for
   Finger. Port 21 for FTP. Port 23 for Telnet. Port 513 for Rlogin. Port
   80 for the World Wide Web. A TCP/IP based computer system has 65535
   ports but most of them go unused. Indeed, the average Unix box uses
   only 35, leaving the remaining 65500 ports sitting idle. Anthrax
   simply picked one of these sleepy ports, dusted off the cobwebs and
   plugged in using the backdoor created by his tiny mail-borne program.
   
   Connecting directly to a port created some problems, because the
   system wouldn't recognise certain keystrokes from the port, such as
   the return key. For this reason, Anthrax had to create an account for
   himself which would let him telnet to the site and login like any
   normal user. To do this, he needed root privileges in order to create
   an account and, ultimately, a permanent backdoor into the system.
   
   He began hunting for vulnerabilities in System X's security. There was
   nothing obvious, but he decided to try out a bug he had successfully
   used elsewhere. He had first learned about it on an international
   phone conference, where he had traded information with other hackers
   and phreakers. The security hole involved the system's relatively
   obscure load-module program. The program added features to the running
   system but, more importantly, it ran as root, meaning that it had a
   free run on the system when it was executed. It also meant that any
   other programs the load-module program called up also ran as root. If
   Anthrax could get this program to run one of his own programs--a
   little Trojan--he could get root on System X.
   
   The load-module bug was by no means a sure thing on System X. Most
   commercial systems--computers run by banks or credit agencies, for
   example--had cleaned up the load-module bug in their Sunos computers
   months before. But military systems consistently missed the bug. They
   were like turtles--hard on the outside, but soft and vulnerable on the
   inside. Since the bug couldn't be exploited unless a hacker was
   already inside a system, the military's computer security officials
   didn't seem to pay much attention to it. Anthrax had visited a large
   number of military systems prior to System X, and in his experience
   more than 90 per cent of their Sunos computers had never fixed the
   bug.
   
   With only normal privileges, Anthrax couldn't force the load-module
   program to run his backdoor Trojan program. But he could trick it into
   doing so. The secret was in one simple keyboard character: /.
   
   Unix-based computer systems are a bit like the protocols of the
   diplomatic corps; the smallest variation can change something's
   meaning entirely. Hackers, too, understand the implications of subtle
   changes.
   
   A Unix-based system reads the phrase:
   
   /bin/program
   
   very differently from:
   
   bin program
   
   One simple character--the `/'--makes an enormous difference. A Unix
   computer reads the `/' as a road sign. The first phrase tells the
   computer, `Follow the road to the house of the user called "bin" and
   when you get there, go inside and fetch the file called "program" and
   run it'. A blank space, however, tells the computer something quite
   different. In this case, Anthrax knew it told the computer to execute
   the command which proceeded the space. That second phrase told the
   machine, `Look everywhere for a program called "bin" and run it'.
   
   Anthrax prepared for his attack on the load-module program by
   installing his own special program, named `bin', into a temporary
   storage area on System X. If he could get System X to run his program
   with root privileges, he too would have procured root level access to
   the system. When everything was in place, Anthrax forced the system to
   read the character `/' as a blank space. Then he ran the load-module
   program, and watched. When System X hunted around for a program named
   `bin', it quickly found Anthrax's Trojan and ran it.
   
   The hacker savoured the moment, but he didn't pause for long. With a
   few swift keystrokes, he added an entry to the password file, creating
   a basic account for himself. He exited his connection to port 2001,
   circled around through another route, using the 0014 gateway, and
   logged into System X using his newly created account. It felt good
   walking in through the front door.
   
   Once inside, Anthrax had a quick look around. The system startled him.
   There were only three human users. Now that was definitely odd. Most
   systems had hundreds of users. Even a small system might serve 30 or
   40 people, and this was not a small system. He concluded that System X
   wasn't just some machine designed to send and receive email. It was
   operational. It did something.
   
   Anthrax considered how to clean up his footsteps and secure his
   position. While he was hardly broadcasting his presence, someone might
   discover his arrival simply by looking at who was logged in on the
   list of accounts in the password file. He had given his backdoor root
   account a bland name, but he could reasonably assume that these three
   users knew their system pretty well. And with only three users, it was
   probably the kind of system that had lots of babysitting. After all
   that effort, Anthrax needed a watchful nanny like a hole in the head.
   He worked at moving into the shadows.
   
   He removed himself from the WTMP and UTMP files, which listed who had
   been on-line and who was still logged in. Anthrax wasn't invisible,
   but an admin would have to look closely at the system's network
   connections and list of processes to find him. Next stop: the login
   program.
   
   Anthrax couldn't use his newly created front-door account for an
   extended period--the risk of discovery was too great. If he accessed
   the computer repeatedly in this manner, a prying admin might
   eventually find him and delete his account. An extra account on a
   system with only three users was a dead give-away. And losing access
   to System X just as things were getting interesting was not on his
   agenda.
   
   Anthrax leaned back in his chair and stretched his shoulders. His
   hacking room was an old cloakroom, though it was barely recognisable
   as such. It looked more like a closet--a very messy closet. The whole
   room was ankle-deep in scrap papers, most of them with lists of
   numbers on the back and front. Occasionally, Anthrax scooped up all
   the papers and piled them into heavy-duty garbage bags, three of which
   could just fit inside the room at any one time. Anthrax always knew
   roughly where he had `filed' a particular set of notes. When he needed
   it, he tipped the bag onto the floor, searched through the mound and
   returned to the computer. When the sea of paper reached a critical
   mass, he jammed everything back into the garbage bag again.
   
   The computer--an Amiga 500 box with a cheap Panasonic TV as the
   monitor--sat on a small desk next to his mother's sewing machine
   cabinet. The small bookcase under the desk
   was stuffed with magazines like Compute and Australian Communications,
   along with a few Commodore, Amiga and Unix reference manuals. There
   was just enough space for Anthrax's old stereo and his short-wave
   radio. When he wasn't listening to his favourite show, a hacking
   program broadcast from a pirate station in Ecuador, he tuned into
   Radio Moscow or the BBC's World Service.
   
   Anthrax considered what to do with System X. This system had aroused
   his curiosity and he intended to visit it frequently.
   
   It was time to work on the login patch. The patch replaced the
   system's normal login program and had a special feature: a master
   password. The password was like a diplomatic passport. It would let
   him do anything, go anywhere. He could login as any user using the
   master password. Further, when he logged in with the master password,
   he wouldn't show up on any log files--leaving no trail. But the beauty
   of the login patch was that, in every other way, it ran as the normal
   login program. The regular computer users--all three of them--could
   login as usual with their passwords and would never know Anthrax had
   been in the system.
   
   He thought about ways of setting up his login patch. Installing a
   patch on System X wasn't like mending a pair of jeans. He couldn't
   just slap on a swath from an old bandanna and quick-stitch it in with
   a thread of any colour. It was more like mending an expensive cashmere
   coat. The fabric needed to be a perfect match in colour and texture.
   And because the patch required high-quality invisible mending, the
   size also needed to be just right.
   
   Every file in a computer system has three dates: the date it was
   created, the date it was last modified and the date it was last
   accessed. The problem was that the login patch needed to have the same
   creation and modification dates as the original login program so that
   it would not raise suspicions. It wasn't hard to get the dates but it
   was difficult to paste them onto the patch. The last access date
   wasn't important as it changed whenever the program was run
   anyway--whenever a user of the System X logged in.
   
   If Anthrax ripped out the original login program and stitched his
   patch in its place, the patch would be stamped with a new creation
   date. He knew there was no way to change a creation date short of
   changing the clock for the whole system--something which would cause
   problems elsewhere in System X.
   
   The first thing a good system admin does when he or she suspects a
   break-in is search for all files created or modified over the previous
   few days. One whiff of an intruder and a good admin would be all over
   Anthrax's login patch within about five minutes.
   
   Anthrax wrote the modification and creation dates down on a bit of
   paper. He would need those in a moment. He also jotted down the size
   of the login file.
   
   Instead of tearing out the old program and sewing in a completely new
   one, Anthrax decided to overlay his patch by copying it onto the top
   of the old program. He uploaded his own login patch, with his master
   password encased inside it, but he didn't install it yet. His patch
   was called `troj'--short for Trojan. He typed:
   
   cat<troj>/bin/login
   
   The cat command told the computer: `go get the data in the file called
   "troj" and put it in the file "/bin/login"'. He checked the piece of
   paper where he had scribbled down the original file's creation and
   modification dates, comparing them to the new patch. The creation date
   and size matched the original. The modification date was still wrong,
   but he was two-thirds of the way home.
   
   Anthrax began to fasten down the final corner of the patch by using a
   little-known feature of the command:
   
   /usr/5bin/date
   
   Then he changed the modification date of his login patch to the
   original login file's date.
   
   He stepped back to admire his work from a distance. The newly
   installed patch matched the original perfectly. Same size. Same
   creation date. Same modification date. With patch in place, he deleted
   the root account he had installed while visiting port 2001. Always
   take your garbage with you when you leave.
   
   Now for the fun bit. Snooping around. Anthrax headed off for the
   email, the best way to work out what a system was used for. There were
   lots of reports from underlings to the three system users on buying
   equipment, progress reports on a certain project, updates. What was
   this project?
   
   Then Anthrax came across a huge directory. He opened it and there,
   couched inside, were perhaps 100 subdirectories. He opened one of
   them. It was immense, containing hundreds of files. The smallest
   subfile had perhaps 60 computer screens' worth of material, all of it
   unintelligible. Numbers, letters, control codes. Anthrax couldn't make
   head nor tail of the files. It was as if he was staring at a group of
   binary files. The whole subdirectory was filled with thousands of
   pages of mush. He thought they looked like data files for some
   database.
   
   As he didn't have the program he needed to interpret the mush, Anthrax
   cast around looking for a more readable directory.
   
   He pried open a file and discovered it was a list. Names and phone
   numbers of staff at a large telecommunications company. Work phone
   numbers. Home numbers. Well, at least that gave him a clue as to the
   nature of the project. Something to do with telecommunications. A
   project important enough that the military needed the home phone
   numbers of the senior people involved.
   
   The next file confirmed it. Another list, a very special list. A pot
   of gold at the end of the rainbow. The find of a career spent hacking.
   
   If the US government had had any inkling what was happening at that
   moment, heads would have rolled. If it had known that a foreigner, and
   a follower of what mainstream American media termed an extremist
   religious group, had this information in his possession, the defence
   agency would have called in every law enforcement agency it could
   enlist.
   
   As John McMahon might have said, a lot of yelling and screaming would
   have occurred.
   
   Anthrax's mother had made a good home for the family, but his father
   continued to disrupt it with his violence. Fun times with his friends
   shone like bright spots amidst the decay of Anthrax's family life.
   Practical jokes were his specialty. Even as a small child, he had
   delighted in trickery and as he grew up, the jokes became more
   sophisticated. Phreaking was great. It let him prank people all over
   the world. And pranking was cool.
   
   Most of the fun in pranking was sharing it with friends. Anthrax
   called into a voice conference frequented by phreakers and hackers.
   Though he never trusted others completely when it came to working on
   projects together, it was OK to socialise. The phreaking methods he
   used to get onto the phone conference were his own business. Provided
   he was discreet in how much he said in the conference, he thought
   there wasn't too much risk.
   
   He joined the conference calls using a variety of methods. One
   favourite was using a multinational corporation's Dialcom service.
   Company employees called in, gave their ID numbers, and the operator
   put them through to wherever they wanted to go, free of charge. All
   Anthrax needed was a valid ID number.
   
   Sometimes it was hard work, sometimes he was lucky. The day Anthrax
   tried the Dialcom service was a lucky day. He dialled from his
   favourite pay phone.
   
   `What is your code, sir?' The operator asked.
   
   `Yes, well, this is Mr Baker. I have a sheet with a lot of numbers
   here. I am new to the company. Not sure which one it is.' Anthrax
   shuffled papers on top of the pay phone, near the receiver. `How many
   digits is it?'
   
   `Seven.'
   
   That was helpful. Now to find seven digits. Anthrax looked across the
   street at the fish and chips shop. No numbers there. Then a car
   licence plate caught his eye. He read off the first three digits, then
   plucked the last four numbers from another car's plate.
   
   `Thank you. Putting your call through, Mr Baker.'
   
   A valid number! What amazing luck. Anthrax milked that number for all
   it was worth. Called party lines. Called phreakers' bridges. Access
   fed the obsession.
   
   Then he gave the number to a friend in Adelaide, to call overseas. But
   when that friend read off the code, the operator jumped in.
   
   `YOU'RE NOT MR BAKER!'
   
   Huh? `Yes I am. You have my code.'
   
   `You are definitely not him. I know his voice.'
   
   The friend called Anthrax, who laughed his head off, then called into
   Dialcom and changed his code! It was a funny incident. Still, it
   reminded him how much safer it was working by himself.
   
   Living in the country was hard for a hacker and Anthrax became a
   phreaker out of necessity, not just desire. Almost everything involved
   a long-distance call and he was always searching for ways to make
   calls for free. He noticed that when he called certain 008
   numbers--free calls--the phone would ring a few times, click, and then
   pause briefly before ringing some more. Eventually a company
   representative or answering service picked up the call. Anthrax had
   read about diverters, devices used to forward calls automatically, in
   one of the many telecommunications magazines and manuals he was
   constantly reading. The click suggested the call was going through a
   diverter and he guessed that if he punched in the right tones at the
   right moment, he could make the call divert away from a company's
   customer service agent. Furthermore, any line trace would end up at
   the company.
   
   Antrax collected some 008 numbers and fiddled with them. He discovered
   that if he punched another number in very quickly over the top of the
   ringing--just after the click--he could make the line divert to where
   he wanted it to go. He used the 008 numbers to ring phone conferences
   around the world, where he hung out with other phreakers, particularly
   Canadians such as members of the Toronto-based UPI or the Montreal
   group, NPC, which produced a phreakers' manual in French. The
   conversation on the phreaker's phone conferences, or phone bridges as
   they are often called, inevitably turned to planning a prank. And
   those Canadian guys knew how to prank!
   
   Once, they rang the emergency phone number in a major Canadian city.
   Using the Canadian incarnation of his social engineering accents,
   Anthrax called in a `police officer in need of assistance'. The
   operator wanted to know where. The phreakers had decided on the Blue
   Ribbon Ice-Cream Parlour. They always picked a spot within visual
   range of at least one member, so they could see what was happening.
   
   In the split second of silence which followed, one of the five other
   phreakers quietly eavesdropping on the call coughed. It was a short,
   sharp cough. The operator darted back on the line.
   
   `Was that A GUN SHOT? Are you SHOT? Hello? John?' The operator leaned
   away from her receiver for a moment and the phreakers heard her
   talking to someone else in the background. `Officer down.'
   
   Things moved so fast when pranking. What to do now?
   
   `Ah, yeah. Yeah.' It was amazing how much someone squeezing laughter
   back down his oesophagus can sound like someone who has been shot.
   
   `John, talk to me. Talk to me,' the operator pleaded into the phone,
   trying to keep John alert.
   
   `I'm down. I'm down,' Anthrax strung her along.
   
   Anthrax disconnected the operator from the conference call. Then the
   phreaker who lived near the ice-cream parlour announced the street had
   been blocked off by police cars. They had the parlour surrounded and
   were anxiously searching for an injured fellow officer. It took
   several hours before the police realised someone had played a mean
   trick on them.
   
   However, Anthrax's favourite prank was Mr McKenny, the befuddled
   southern American hick. Anthrax had selected the phone number at
   random, but the first prank was such fun he kept coming back for more.
   He had been ringing Mr McKenny for years. It was always the same
   conversation.
   
   `Mr McKenny? This is Peter Baker. I'd like my shovel back, please.'
   
   `I don't have your shovel.'
   
   `Yeah, I lent it to you. Lent it to you like two years ago. I want it
   back now.'
   
   `I never borrowed no shovel from you. Go away.'
   
   `You did. You borrowed that shovel of mine. And if you don't give it
   back I'm a gonna come round and get it myself. And you won't like it.
   Now, when you gonna give me that shovel back?'
   
   `Damn it! I don't have your goddamn shovel!'
   
   `Give me my shovel!'
   
   `Stop calling me! I've never had your friggin' shovel. Let me be!'
   Click.
   
   Nine in the morning. Eight at night. Two a.m. There would be no peace
   for Mr McKenny until he admitted borrowing that shovel from a boy half
   his age and half a world away.
   
   Sometimes Anthrax pranked closer to home. The Trading Post, a weekly
   rag of personals from people selling and buying, served as a good
   place to begin. Always the innocent start, to lure them in.
   
   `Yes, sir, I see you advertised that you wanted to buy a bathtub.'
   Anthrax put on his serious voice. `I have a bathtub for sale.'
   
   `Yeah? What sort? Do you have the measurements, and the model number?'
   And people thought phreakers were weird.
   
   `Ah, no model number. But its about a metre and a half long, has feet,
   in the shape of claws. It's older style, off-white. There's only one
   problem.' Anthrax paused, savouring the moment.
   
   `Oh? What's that?'
   
   `There's a body in it.'
   
   Like dropping a boulder in a peaceful pond.

				    [ ]
   
   The list on System X had dial-up modem numbers, along with usernames
   and password pairs for each address. These usernames were not words
   like `jsmith' or `jdoe', and the passwords would not have appeared in
   any dictionary. 12[AZ63. K5M82L. The type of passwords and usernames
   only a computer would remember.
   
   This, of course, made sense, since a computer picked them out in the
   first place. It generated them randomly. The list wasn't particularly
   user-friendly. It didn't have headers, outlining what each item
   related to. This made sense too. The list wasn't meant to be read by
   humans.
   
   Occasionally, there were comments in the list. Programmers often
   include a line of comment in code, which is delineated in such a way
   that the computer skips over the words when interpreting the commands.
   The comments are for other programmers examining the code. In this
   case, the comments were places. Fort Green. Fort Myers. Fort Ritchie.
   Dozens and dozens of forts. Almost half of them were not on the
   mainland US. They were in places like the Philippines, Turkey,
   Germany, Guam. Places with lots of US military presence.
   
   Not that these bases were any secret to the locals, or indeed to many
   Americans. Anthrax knew that anyone could discover a base existed
   through perfectly legal means. The vast majority of people never
   thought to look. But once they saw such a list, particularly from the
   environment of a military computer's bowels, it tended to drive the
   point home. The point being that the US military seemed to be
   everywhere.
   
   Anthrax logged out of System X, killed all his connections and hung up
   the phone. It was time to move on. Routing through a few
   out-of-the-way connections, he called one of the numbers on the list.
   The username-password combination worked. He looked around. It was as
   he expected. This wasn't a computer. It was a telephone exchange. It
   looked like a NorTel DMS 100.
   
   Hackers and phreakers usually have areas of expertise. In Australian
   terms, Anthrax was a master of the X.25 network and a king of voice
   mailbox systems, and others in the underground recognised him as such.
   He knew Trilogues better than most company technicians. He knew
   Meridian VMB systems better than almost anyone in Australia. In the
   phreaking community, he was also a world-class expert in Aspen VMB
   systems. He did not, however, have any expertise in DMS 100s.
   
   Anthrax quickly hunted through his hacking disks for a text file on
   DMS 100s he had copied from an underground BBS. The pressure was on.
   He didn't want to spend long inside the exchange, maybe only fifteen
   or twenty minutes tops. The longer he stayed without much of a clue
   about how the thing operated, the greater the risk of his being
   traced. When he found the disk with the text file, he began sorting
   through it while still on-line at the telephone exchange. The
   phreakers' file showed him some basic commands, things which let him
   gently prod the exchange for basic information without disturbing the
   system too much. He didn't want to do much more for fear of
   inadvertently mutilating the system.
   
   Although he was not an authority on DMS 100s, Anthrax had an old
   hacker friend overseas who was a real genius on NorTel equipment. He
   gave the list to his friend. Yes, the friend confirmed it was indeed a
   DMS 100 exchange at a US military base. It was not part of the normal
   telephone system, though. This exchange was part of a military phone
   system.
   
   In times of war, the military doesn't want to be dependent on the
   civilian telephone system. Even in times of peace, voice
   communications between military staff are more secure if they don't
   talk on an exchange used by civilians. For this and a variety of other
   reasons, the military have separate telephone networks, just as they
   have separate networks for their data communications. These networks
   operate like a normal network and in some cases can communicate to the
   outside world by connecting through their own exchanges to civilian
   ones.
   
   When Anthrax got the word from the expert hacker, he made up his mind
   quickly. Up went the sniffer. System X was getting more interesting by
   the hour and he didn't want to miss a precious minute in the information
   gathering game when it came to this system.
   
   The sniffer, a well-used program rumoured to be written by a
   Sydney-based Unix hacker called Rockstar, sat on System X under an
   innocuous name, silently tracking everyone who logged in and out of
   the system. It recorded the first 128 characters of every telnet
   connection that went across the ethernet network cable to which System
   X was attached. Those 128 bytes included the username and the
   passwords people used to log in. Sniffers were effective, but they
   needed time. Usually, they grew like an embryo in a healthy womb,
   slowly but steadily.
   
   Anthrax resolved to return to System X in twelve hours to check on the
   baby.
   
				    [ ]

   `Why are you two watching those nigger video clips?'
   
   It was an offensive question, but not atypical for Anthrax's father.
   He often breezed through the house, leaving a trail of disruption in
   his wake.
   
   Soon, however, Anthrax began eroding his father's authority. He
   discovered his father's secrets hidden on the Commodore 64 computer.
   Letters--lots of them--to his family in England. Vicious, racist,
   horrid letters telling how his wife was stupid. How she had to be told
   how to do everything, like a typical Indian. How he regretted marrying
   her. There were other matters too, things unpleasant to discuss.
   
   Anthrax confronted his father, who denied the allegations at first,
   then finally told Anthrax to keep his mouth shut and mind his own
   business. But Anthrax told his mother. Tensions erupted and, for a
   time, Anthrax's parents saw a marriage counsellor.
   
   But his father did not give up writing the letters. He put a password
   protection program on the word processor to keep his son out of his
   business. It was a futile effort. His father had chosen the wrong
   medium to record his indiscretions.
   
   Anthrax showed his mother the new letters and continued to confront
   his father. When the tension in the house grew, Anthrax would escape
   with his friends. One night they were at a nightclub when someone
   started taunting Anthrax, calling him `curry muncher' and worse.
   
   That was it. The anger which had been simmering below the surface for
   so long exploded as Anthrax violently attacked his taunter, hitting,
   kicking and punching him, using the tai kwon do combinations he had
   been learning. There was blood and it felt good. Vengeance tasted
   sweet.
   
   After that incident, Anthrax often lashed out violently. He was out of
   control and it sometimes scared him. However, at times he went looking
   for trouble. Once he tracked down a particularly seedy character who
   had tried to rape one of his girlfriends. Anthrax pulled a knife on
   the guy, but the incident had little to do with the girl. The thing
   that made him angry was the disrespect. This guy knew the girl was
   with Anthrax. The attempted rape was like spitting in his face.
   
   Perhaps that's what appealed to Anthrax about Islam--the importance of
   respect. At sixteen he found Islam and it changed his life. He
   discovered the Qu'raan in the school library while researching an
   assignment on religion. About the same time, he began listening to a
   lot of rap music. More than half the American rappers in his music
   collection were Muslim, and many sang about the Nation of Islam and
   the sect's charismatic leader, Minister Louis Farrakhan. Their songs
   described the injustices whites inflicted on blacks. They told blacks
   to demand respect.
   
   Anthrax found a magazine article about Farrakhan and began reading
   books like the Autobiography of Malcolm X. Then he rang up the Nation
   of Islam head office in Chicago and asked them to send some
   information. The Final Call, the NOI newsletter, arrived one day,
   followed by other literature which began appearing around Anthrax's
   home. Under the TV guide. On the coffee table. Amid the pile of
   newspapers. On top of his computer. Anthrax often took time to read
   articles aloud to his mother while she did housework.
   
   In the middle of 1990, when Anthrax was in year 11, his father
   suggested the boy attend Catholic boarding school in Melbourne. The
   school was inexpensive and the family could scrape and save to pay the
   fees. Anthrax disliked the idea, but his father insisted.
   
   Anthrax and his new school proved a bad match. The school thought he
   asked too many questions, and Anthrax thought the school answered too
   few of them. The hypocrisy of the Catholic church riled Anthrax and
   pushed him further into the arms of NOI. How could he respect an
   institution which had sanctioned slavery as a righteous and
   progressive method of converting people? The school and Anthrax parted
   on less than friendly terms after just one semester.
   
   The Catholic school intensified a feeling of inferiority Anthrax had
   felt for many years. He was an outsider. The wrong colour, the wrong
   size, too intelligent for his school. Yet, NOI's Minister Farrakhan
   told him that he wasn't inferior at all. `I know that you have been
   discriminated against because of your colour,' Farrakhan told Anthrax
   from the tape player. `Let me tell you why. Let me tell you about the
   origins of the white race and how they were put on this earth to do
   evil. They have shown themselves to be nothing but an enemy of the
   East. Non-whites are the original people of the earth.'
   
   Anthrax found some deep veins of truth in NOI's teachings. Interracial
   marriages don't work. A white man marries a non-white woman because he
   wants a slave, not because he loves and respects her. Islam respects
   women in more meaningful ways than Western religions. Perhaps it wasn't
   the type of respect that Western men were used to giving women, but he
   had seen that kind of respect in his own home and he didn't think much
   of it.
   
   Anthrax read the words of the Honourable Elijah Muhammad, founder of
   NOI: `The enemy does not have to be a real devil. He could be your
   father, mother, brother, husband, wife or children. Many times they're
   in your own household. Today is the great time of separation of the
   righteous Muslim and the wicked white race.' Anthrax looked inside his
   own household and saw what seemed to be a devil. A white devil.
   
   NOI fed Anthrax's mind. He followed up the lists of literature
   included in every issue of The Final Call. Books like Black Athena by
   Martin Bernel and Deterring Democracy by Noam Chomsky had common
   themes of conspiracy and oppression by the haves against the
   have-nots. Anthrax read them all.
   
   The transformation of Anthrax occurred over a period of six months. He
   didn't talk about it much with his parents. It was a private matter.
   But his mother later told him his adoption of the religion didn't
   surprise her. His great-grandfather had been a Muslim scholar and
   cleric in India. It was fate. His conversion presented a certain sense
   of closure, of completing the circle.
   
   His interest in Islam found secular outlets. A giant black and white
   poster of Malcolm X appeared on Anthrax's bedroom wall. A huge photo
   of Los Angeles Black Panther leader Elmer Pratt followed soon after.
   The photo was captioned, `A coward dies a million deaths, a brave man
   dies but one'. The last bit of wall was covered in posters of hip-hop
   bands from ceiling to floor. A traditional Indian sword adorned the
   top of one of the many bookcases. It complemented the growing
   collection of books on martial arts. A well-loved copy of The Art of
   War by Sun Tzu sat on the shelf next to Homer's Ulysses, The Lord of
   The Rings, The Hobbit, a few old Dungeons and Dragons books, works of
   mythology from India and Egypt. The shelves did not contain a single
   work of science fiction. Anthrax shaved his head. His mother may not
   have been surprised by the conversion to Islam, but the head shaving
   went a bit over the top.
   
   Anthrax pursued NOI with the same vigour with which he attacked
   hacking. He memorised whole speeches of Farrakhan and began speaking
   like him, commenting casually on `those caucasian, blue-eyed devils'.
   He quoted people he had discovered through NOI. People who described
   the US Federal Reserve Bank as being controlled by Jews. People who
   spoke of those hooked-nose, bagel-eating, just-crawled-out-of-a-cave
   Jews. Anthrax denied the existence of the Holocaust.
   
   `You're shaping up to be quite a little Hitler,' his father told
   Anthrax.
   
   His father disliked the NOI literature showing up at the house. It
   seemed to frighten him. Receiving blueprints in the mail for
   overthowing governments didn't sit well with the neighbours in the
   quiet suburban street of the provincial town.
   
   `Watch out,' he warned his son. `Having these thing turn up in your
   mailbox can be dangerous. It will probably earmark you for some sort
   of investigation. They will follow you around.'

				    [ ]
   
   The traffic raced. The ethernet cables attached to System X were a
   regular speedway. People whizzed in and out of the mystery site like a
   swarm of bees. In only twelve hours, the sniffer file topped 100 k.
   
   Many of the connections went from System X to the major
   telecommunications company. Anthrax headed in that direction.
   
   He considered how to route the attack. He could go through a few
   diverters and other leapfrog devices to cover his trail, thus hitting
   the company's system from a completely separate source. The advantage
   of this route was anonymity. If the admin managed to detect his entry,
   Anthrax would only lose access to the phone company's system, not to
   System X. Alternatively, if he went in to the company through the
   gateway and System X, he risked alarms being raised at all three
   sites. However, his sniffer showed so much traffic running on this
   route, he might simply disappear in the flow. The established path was
   obviously there for a reason. One more person logging into the gateway
   through System X and then into the company's machine would not raise
   suspicions. He chose to go through System X.
   
   Anthrax logged into the company using a sniffed username and password.
   Trying the load-module bug again, he got root on the system and
   installed his own login patch. The company's system looked far more
   normal than System X. A few hundred users. Lots of email, far too much
   to read. He ran a few key word searches on all the email, trying to
   piece together a better picture of the project being developed on
   System X.
   
   The company did plenty of defence work, mostly in telecommunications.
   Different divisions of the company seemed to be working on different
   segments of the project. Anthrax searched through people's home
   directories, but nothing looked very interesting because he couldn't
   get a handle on the whole project. People were all developing
   different modules of the project and, without a centralised overview,
   the pieces didn't mean much.
   
   He did find a group of binary files--types of programs--but he had no
   idea what they were for. The only real way to find out what they did
   was to take them for a test drive. He ran a few binaries. They didn't
   appear to do anything. He ran a few more. Again, nothing. He kept
   running them, one after another. Still no results. All he received was
   error messages.
   
   The binaries seemed to need a monitor which could display graphics.
   They used XII, a graphical display common on Unix systems. Anthrax's
   inexpensive home computer didn't have that sort of graphical display
   operating system. He could still run the binaries by telling System X
   to run them on one of its local terminals, but he wouldn't be able to
   see the output on his home computer. More importantly, it was a risky
   course of action. What if someone happened to be sitting at the
   terminal where he chose to run the binary? The game would be up.
   
   He leaned away from his keyboard and stretched. Exhaustion was
   beginning to set in. He hadn't slept in almost 48 hours. Occasionally,
   he had left his computer terminal to eat, though he always brought the
   food back to the screen. His mother popped her head in the doorway
   once in a while and shook her head silently. When he noticed her
   there, he tried to ease her concerns. `But I'm learning lots of
   things,' he pleaded. She was not convinced.
   
   He also broke his long hacking session to pray. It was important for a
   devout Muslim to practice salat--to pray at least five times a day
   depending on the branch of Islam followed by the devotee. Islam allows
   followers to group some of their prayers, so Anthrax usually grouped
   two in the morning, prayed once at midday as normal, and grouped two
   more at night. An efficient way to meet religious obligations.
   
   Sometimes the time just slipped away, hacking all night. When the
   first hint of dawn snuck up on him, he was invariably in the middle of
   some exciting journey. But duty was duty, and it had to be done. So he
   pressed control S to freeze his screen, unfurled the prayer mat with
   its built-in compass, faced Mecca, knelt down and did two sets of
   prayers before sunrise. Ten minutes later he rolled the prayer mat up,
   slid back into his chair, typed control Q to release the pause on his
   computer and picked up where he left off.
   
   This company's computer system seemed to confirm what he had begun to
   suspect. System X was the first stage of a project, the rest of which
   was under development. He found a number of tables and reports in
   System X's files. The reports carried headers like `Traffic Analysis',
   `calls in' and `calls out', `failure rate'. It all began to make sense
   to Anthrax.
   
   System X called up each of the military telephone exchanges in that
   list. It logged in using the computer-generated name and password.
   Once inside, a program in System X polled the exchange for important
   statistics, such as the number of calls coming in and out of the base.
   This information was then stored on System X. Whenever someone wanted
   a report on something, for example, the military sites with the most
   incoming calls over the past 24 hours, he or she would simply ask
   System X to compile the information. All of this was done
   automatically.
   
   Anthrax had read some email suggesting that changes to an exchange,
   such as adding new telephone lines on the base, had been handled
   manually, but this job was soon to be done automatically by System X.
   It made sense. The maintenance time spent by humans would be cut
   dramatically.
   
   A machine which gathers statistics and services phone exchanges
   remotely doesn't sound very sexy on the face of it, until you begin to
   consider what you could do with something like that. You could sell it
   to a foreign power interested in the level of activity at a certain
   base at a particular time. And that is just the beginning.
   
   You could tap any unencrypted line going in or out of any of the 100
   or so exchanges and listen in to sensitive military discussions. Just
   a few commands makes you a fly on the wall of a general's conversation
   to the head of a base in the Philippines. Anti-government rebels in
   that country might pay a pretty penny for getting intelligence on the
   US forces.
   
   All of those options paled next to the most striking power wielded by
   a hacker who had unlimited access to System X and the 100 or so
   telephone exchanges. He could take down that US military voice
   communications system almost overnight, and he could do it
   automatically. The potential for havoc creation was breathtaking. It
   would be a small matter for a skilled programmer to alter the
   automated program used by System X. Instead of using its dozen or more
   modems to dial all the exchanges overnight and poll them for
   statistics, System X could be instructed to call them overnight and
   reprogram the exchanges.
   
   What if every time General Colin Powell picked up his phone, he was be
   automatically patched through to some Russian general's office? He
   wouldn't be able to dial any other number from his office phone. He'd
   pick up his phone to dial and there would be the Russian at the other
   end. And what if every time someone called into the general's number,
   they ended up talking to the stationery department? What if none of the
   phone numbers connected to their proper telephones?  No-one would be
   able to reach one another. An important part of the US military machine
   would be in utter disarray. Now, what if all this happened in the first
   few days of a war? People trying to contact each other with vital
   information wouldn't be able to use the telephone exchanges reprogrammed
   by System X.
   
   THAT was power.
   
   It wasn't like Anthrax screaming at his father until his voice turned
   to a whisper, all for nothing. He could make people sit up and take
   notice with this sort of power.
   
   Hacking a system gave him a sense of control. Getting root on a system
   always gave him an adrenalin rush for just that reason. It meant the
   system was his, he could do whatever he wanted, he could run whatever
   processes or programs he desired, he could remove other users he
   didn't want using his system. He thought, I own the system. The word
   `own' anchored the phrase which circled through his thoughts again and
   again when he successfully hacked a system.
   
   The sense of ownership was almost passionate, rippled with streaks of
   obsession and jealousy. At any given moment, Anthrax had a list of
   systems he owned and that had captured his interest for that moment.
   Anthrax hated seeing a system administrator logging onto one of those
   systems. It was an invasion. It was as though Anthrax had just got
   this woman he had been after for some time alone in a room with the
   door closed. Then, just as he was getting to know her, this other guy
   had barged in, sat down on the couch and started talking to her.
   
   It was never enough to look at a system from a distance and know he
   could hack it if he wanted to. Anthrax had to actually hack the
   system. He had to own it. He needed to see what was inside the system,
   to know exactly what it was he owned.
   
   The worst thing admins could do was to fiddle with system security.
   That made Anthrax burn with anger. If Anthrax was on-line, silently
   observing the admins' activities, he would feel a sudden urge to log
   them off. He wanted to punish them. Wanted them to know he was into
   their system. And yet, at the same time, he didn't want them to know.
   Logging them off would draw attention to himself, but the two desires
   pulled at him from opposite directions. What Anthrax really wanted was
   for the admins to know he controlled their system, but for them not to
   be able to do anything about it. He wanted them to be helpless.
   
   Anthrax decided to keep undercover. But he contemplated the power of
   having System X's list of telephone exchange dial-ups and their
   username-password combinations. Normally, it would take days for a
   single hacker with his lone modem to have much impact on the US
   military's communications network. Sure, he could take down a few
   exchanges before the military wised up and started protecting
   themselves. It was like hacking a military computer. You could take
   out a machine here, a system there. But the essence of the power of
   System X was being able to use its own resources to orchestrate
   widespread pandemonium quickly and quietly.
   
   Anthrax defines power as the potential for real world impact. At that
   moment of discovery and realisation, the real world impact of hacking
   System X looked good. The telecommunications company computer seemed
   like a good place to hang up a sniffer, so he plugged one into the
   machine and decided to return in a little while. Then he logged out
   and went to bed.
   
   When he revisited the sniffer a day or so later, Anthrax received a
   rude shock. Scrolling through the sniffer file, he did a double take
   on one of the entries. Someone had logged into the company's system
   using his special login patch password.
   
   He tried to stay calm. He thought hard. When was the last time he had
   logged into the system using that special password? Could his sniffer
   have logged himself on an earlier hacking session? It did happen
   occasionally. Hackers sometimes gave themselves quite a fright. In the
   seamless days and nights of hacking dozens of systems, it was easy to
   forget the last time you logged into a particular system using the
   special password. The more he thought, the more he was absolutely
   sure. He hadn't logged into the system again.
   
   Which left the obvious question. Who had?

				    [ ]
   
   Sometimes Anthrax pranked, sometimes he punished. Punishment could be
   severe or mild. Generally it was severe. And unlike pranking, it was
   not done randomly.
   
   Different things set him off. The librarian, for example. In early
   1993 Anthrax had enrolled in Asia-Pacific and Business Studies at a
   university in a nearby regional city. Ever since he showed up on the
   campus, he had been hassled by a student who worked part-time at the
   university library. On more than one occasion, Anthrax had been
   reading at a library table when a security guard came up and asked to
   search his bags. And when Anthrax looked over his shoulder to the
   check-out desk, that librarian was always there, the one with the bad
   attitude smeared across his face.
   
   The harassment became so noticeable, Anthrax's friends began
   commenting on it. His bag would be hand-searched when he left the
   library, while other students walked through the electronic security
   boom gate unbothered. When he returned a book one day late, the
   librarian--that librarian--insisted he pay all sorts of fines.
   Anthrax's pleas of being a poor student fell on deaf ears. By the time
   exam period rolled around at the end of term, Anthrax decided to
   punish the librarian by taking down the library's entire computer
   system.
   
   Logging in to the library computer via modem from home, Anthrax
   quickly gained root privileges. The system had security holes a mile
   wide. Then, with one simple command, he deleted every file in the
   computer. He knew the system would be backed up somewhere, but it
   would take a day or two to get the system up and running again. In the
   meantime, every loan or book search had to be conducted manually.
   
   During Anthrax's first year at university, even small incidents
   provoked punishment. Cutting him off while he was driving, or swearing
   at him on the road, fit the bill. Anthrax would memorise the licence
   plate of the offending driver, then social engineer the driver's
   personal details. Usually he called the police to report what appeared
   to be a stolen car and then provided the licence plate number. Shortly
   after, Anthrax tuned into to his police scanner, where he picked up
   the driver's name and address as it was read over the airways to the
   investigating police car. Anthrax wrote it all down.
   
   Then began the process of punishment. Posing as the driver, Anthrax rang
   the driver's electricity company to arrange a power disconnection. The
   next morning the driver might return home to find his electricity cut
   off. The day after, his gas might be disconnected.  Then his water. Then
   his phone.
   
   Some people warranted special punishment--people such as Bill. Anthrax
   came across Bill on the Swedish Party Line, an English-speaking
   telephone conference. For a time, Anthrax was a regular fixture on the
   line, having attempted to call it by phreaking more than 2000 times
   over just a few months. Of course, not all those attempts were
   successful, but he managed to get through at least half the time. It
   required quite an effort to keep a presence on the party line, since
   it automatically cut people off after only ten minutes. Anthrax made
   friends with the operators, who sometimes let him stay on-line a while
   longer.
   
   Bill, a Swedish Party Line junkie, had recently been released from
   prison, where he had served time for beating up a Vietnamese boy at a
   railway station. He had a bad attitude and he often greeted the party
   line by saying, `Are there any coons on the line today?' His attitude
   to women wasn't much better. He relentlessly hit on the women who
   frequented the line. One day, he made a mistake. He gave out his phone
   number to a girl he was trying to pick up. The operator copied it down
   and when her friend Anthrax came on later that day, she passed it on
   to him.
   
   Anthrax spent a few weeks social engineering various people, including
   utilities and relatives whose telephone numbers appeared on Bill's
   phone accounts, to piece together the details of his life. Bill was a
   rough old ex-con who owned a budgie and was dying of cancer. Anthrax
   phoned Bill in the hospital and proceeded to tell him all sorts of
   personal details about himself, the kind of details which upset a
   person.
   
   Not long after, Anthrax heard that Bill had died. The hacker felt as
   though he had perhaps gone a bit too far.
   
				    [ ]

   The tension at home had eased a little by the time Anthrax left to
   attend university. But when he returned home during holidays he found
   his father even more unbearable. More and more, Anthrax rebelled
   against his father's sniping comments and violence. Eventually, he
   vowed that the next time his father tried to break his arm he would
   fight back. And he did.
   
   One day Anthrax's father began making bitter fun of his younger son's
   stutter. Brimming with biting sarcasm, the father mimicked Anthrax's
   brother.
   
   `Why are you doing that?' Anthrax yelled. The bait had worked once
   again.
   
   It was as though he became possessed with a spirit not his own. He
   yelled at his father, and put a fist into the wall. His father grabbed
   a chair and thrust it forward to keep Anthrax at bay, then reached
   back for the phone. Said he was calling the police. Anthrax ripped the
   phone from the wall. He pursued his father through the house, smashing
   furniture. Amid the crashing violence of the fight, Anthrax suddenly
   felt a flash of fear for his mother's clock--a much loved, delicate
   family heirloom. He gently picked it up and placed it out of harm's
   way. Then he heaved the stereo into the air and threw it at his
   father. The stereo cabinet followed in its wake. Wardrobes toppled
   with a crash across the floor.
   
   When his father fled the house, Anthrax got a hold of himself and
   began to look around. The place was a disaster area. All those things
   so tenderly gathered and carefully treasured by his mother, the things
   she had used to build her life in a foreign land of white people
   speaking an alien tongue, lay in fragments scattered around the house.
   
   Anthrax felt wretched. His mother was distraught at the destruction
   and he was badly shaken by how much it upset her. He promised to try
   and control his temper from that moment on. It proved to be a constant
   battle. Mostly he would win, but not always. The battle still simmered
   below the surface.
   
   Sometimes it boiled over.

				    [ ]
   
   Anthrax considered the possibilities of who else would be using his
   login patch. It could be another hacker, perhaps someone who was
   running another sniffer that logged Anthrax's previous login. But it
   was more likely to be a security admin. Meaning he had been found out.
   Meaning that he might be being traced even as he leap-frogged through
   System X to the telecommunications company's computer.
   
   Anthrax made his way to the system admin's mailboxes. If the game was
   up, chances were something in the mailbox would give it away.
   
   There it was. The evidence. They were onto him all right, and they
   hadn't wasted any time. The admins had mailed CERT, the Computer
   Emergency Response Team at Carnegie Mellon University, reporting a
   security breach. CERT, the nemesis of every Internet hacker, was bound
   to complicate matters. Law enforcement would no doubt be called in
   now.
   
   It was time to get out of this system, but not before leaving in a
   blaze of glory. A prank left as a small present.
   
   CERT had written back to the admins acknowledging the incident and
   providing a case number. Posing as one of the admins, Anthrax drafted
   a letter to CERT. To make the thing look official, he added the case
   number `for reference'. The letter went something like this:
   
   `In regard to incident no. XXXXX, reported on this date, we have since
   carried out some additional investigations on the matter. We have
   discovered the security incident was caused by a disgruntled employee
   who was fired for alcoholism and decided to retaliate against the
   company in this manner.
   
   `We have long had a problem with alcohol and drug abuse due to the
   stressful nature of the company environment. No further investigation
   is necessary.'
   
   At his computer terminal, Anthrax smiled. How embarrassing was that
   going to be? Try scraping that mud off. He felt very pleased with
   himself.
   
   Anthrax then tidied up his things in the company's computer, deleted
   the sniffer and moved out.
   
   Things began to move quickly after that. He logged into System X later
   to check the sniffer records, only to find that someone had used his
   login patch password on that system as well. He became very nervous.
   It was one thing goofing around with a commercial site, and quite
   another being tracked from a military computer.
   
   A new process had been added to System X, which Anthrax recognised. It
   was called `-u'. He didn't know what it did, but he had seen it before
   on military systems. About 24 hours after it appeared, he found
   himself locked out of the system. He had tried killing off the -u
   process before. It disappeared for a split-second and reappeared. Once
   it was in place, there was no way to destroy it.
   
   Anthrax also unearthed some alarming email. The admin at a site
   upstream from both System X and the company's system had been sent a
   warning letter: `We think there has been a security incident at your
   site'. The circle was closing in on him. It was definitely time to get
   the hell out. He packed up his things in a hurry. Killed off the
   remaining sniffer. Moved his files. Removed the login patch. And
   departed with considerable alacrity.
   
   After he cut his connection, Anthrax sat wondering about the admins.
   If they knew he was into their systems, why did they leave the
   sniffers up and running? He could understand leaving the login patch.
   Maybe they wanted to track his movements, determine his motives, or
   trace his connection. Killing the patch would have simply locked him
   out of the only door the admins could watch. They wouldn't know if he
   had other backdoors into their system. But the sniffer? It didn't make
   any sense.
   
   It was possible that they simply hadn't seen the sniffer. Leaving it
   there had been an oversight. But it was almost too glaring an error to
   be a real possibility. If it was an error, it implied the admins
   weren't actually monitoring the connections in and out of their
   systems. If they had been watching the connections, they would
   probably have seen the sniffer. But if they weren't monitoring the
   connections, how on earth did they find out his special password for
   the login patch? Like all passwords on the system, that one was
   encrypted. There were only two ways to get that password. Monitor the
   connection and sniff it, or break the encryption with a brute-force
   attack.
   
   Breaking the encryption would probably have taken millions of dollars
   of computer time. He could pretty well rule that option out. That left
   sniffing it, which would have alerted them to his own sniffer. Surely
   they wouldn't have left his sniffer running on purpose. They must have
   known he would learn they were watching him through his sniffer. The
   whole thing was bizarre.
   
   Anthrax thought about the admins who were chasing him. Thought about
   their moves, their strategies. Wondered why. It was one of the
   unsolved mysteries a hacker often faced--an unpleasant side of
   hacking. Missing the answers to certain questions, the satisfaction of
   a certain curiosity. Never being able to look over the fence at the
   other side.

     _________________________________________________________________

		   Chapter 11 -- The Prisoner's Dilemma
     _________________________________________________________________

     Harrisburg Oh Harrisburg
     The plant is melting down
     The people out in Harrisbug
     Are getting out of town
     And when this stuff gets in
     You cannot get it out 
     
   -- from `Harrisburg', on Red Sails in the Sunset by Midnight Oil
   
   Anthrax thought he would never get caught. But in some strange way, he
   also wanted to get caught. When he thought about being busted, he
   found himself filled with a strange emotion--impatience. Bring on the
   impending doom and be done with it. Or perhaps it was frustration at
   how inept his opponents seemed to be. They kept losing his trail and
   he was impatient with their incompetence. It was more fun outwitting a
   worthy opponent.
   
   Perhaps he didn't really want to be caught so much as tracked. Anthrax
   liked the idea of the police tracking him, of the system
   administrators pursuing him. He liked to follow the trail of their
   investigations through other people's mail. He especially liked being
   on-line, watching them trying to figure out where he was coming from.
   He would cleverly take control of their computers in ways they
   couldn't see. He watched every character they typed, every spelling
   error, every mistyped command, each twist and turn taken in the vain
   hope of catching him.
   
   He hadn't been caught back in early 1991, when it seemed everyone was
   after him. In fact Anthrax nearly gave up hacking and phreaking
   completely in that year after what he later called `The Fear of God'
   speech.
   
   Late at night, on a university computer system, he bumped into another
   hacker. It wasn't an entirely uncommon experience. Once in a while,
   hackers recognised another of their kind. Strange connections to
   strange places in the middle of the night. Inconsistencies in process
   names and sizes. The clues were visible for those who knew how to find
   them.
   
   The two hackers danced around each other, trying to determine who the
   other was without giving away too much information. Finally the
   mystery hacker asked Anthrax, `Are you a disease which affects sheep?'
   
   Anthrax typed the simple answer back. `Yes.'
   
   The other hacker revealed himself as Prime Suspect, one of the
   International Subversives. Anthrax recognised the name. He had seen
   Prime Suspect around on the BBSes, had read his postings. Before
   Anthrax could get started on a friendly chat, the IS hacker jumped in
   with an urgent warning.
   
   He had unearthed emails showing the Feds were closing in on Anthrax.
   The mail, obtained from system admins at Miden Pacific, described the
   systems Anthrax had been visiting. It showed the phone connections he
   had been using to get to them, some of which Telecom had traced back
   to his phone. One of the admins had written, `We're on to him. I feel
   really bad. He's seventeen years old and they are going to bust him
   and ruin his life.' Anthrax felt a cold chill run down his spine.
   
   Prime Suspect continued with the story. When he first came across the
   email, he thought it referred to himself. The two hackers were the
   same age and had evidently been breaking into the same systems. Prime
   Suspect had freaked out over the mail. He took it back to the other
   two IS hackers, and they talked it through. Most of the description
   fitted, but a few of the details didn't seem to make sense. Prime
   Suspect wasn't calling from a country exchange. The more they worked
   it through, the clearer it became that the email must have been
   referring to someone else. They ran through the list of other options
   and Anthrax's name came up as a possibility. The IS hackers had all
   seen him around a few systems and BBSes. Trax had even spoken to him
   once on a conference call with another phreaker. They pieced together
   what they knew of him and the picture fitted. The AFP were onto
   Anthrax and they seemed to know a lot about him. They had traced his
   telephone connection back to his house. They knew his age, which
   implied they knew his name. The phone bills were in his parents'
   names, so there may have been some personal surveillance of him. The
   Feds were so close they were all but treading on his heels. The IS
   hackers had been keeping an eye out for him, to warn him, but this was
   the first time they had found him.
   
   Anthrax thanked Prime Suspect and got out of the system. He sat frozen
   in the night stillness. It was one thing to contemplate getting caught,
   to carry mixed emotions on the hypothetical situation. It was another to
   have the real prospect staring you in the face. In the morning, he
   gathered up all his hacking papers, notes, manuals--everything. Three
   trunks' worth of material. He carried it all to the back garden, lit a
   bonfire and watched it burn. He vowed to give up hacking forever.
   
   And he did give it up, for a time. But a few months later he somehow
   found himself back in front of his computer screen, with his modem
   purring. It was so tempting, so hard to let go. The police had never
   shown up. Months had come and gone, still nothing. Prime Suspect must
   have been wrong. Perhaps the AFP were after another hacker entirely.
   
   Then, in October 1991, the AFP busted Prime Suspect, Mendax and Trax.
   But Anthrax continued to hack, mostly on his own as usual, for another
   two years. He reminded himself that the IS hackers worked in a team.
   If the police hadn't nailed him when they busted the others, surely
   they would never find him now. Further, he had become more skilled as
   a hacker, better at covering his tracks, less likely to draw attention
   to himself. He had other rationalisations too. The town where he lived
   was so far away, the police would never bother travelling all the way
   into the bush. The elusive Anthrax would remain at large forever, the
   unvanquished Ned Kelly of the computer underground.

				    [ ]

   Mundane matters were on Anthrax's mind on the morning of 14 July 1994.
   The removalists were due to arrive to take things from the half-empty
   apartment he had shared with another student. His room-mate had
   already departed and the place was a clutter of boxes stuffed with
   clothes, tapes and books.
   
   Anthrax sat in bed half-asleep, half-watching the `Today' show when he
   heard the sound of a large vehicle pulling up outside. He looked out
   the window expecting to see the removalists. What he saw instead was
   at least four men in casual clothes running toward the house.
   
   They were a little too enthusiastic for removalists and they split up
   before getting to the door, with two men forking off toward opposite
   sides of the building. One headed for the car port. Another dove
   around the other side of the building. A third banged on the front
   door. Anthrax shook himself awake.
   
   The short, stocky guy at the front door was a worry. He had puffy,
   longish hair and was wearing a sweatshirt and acid-wash jeans so tight
   you could count the change in his back pocket. Bad ideas raced through
   Anthrax's head. It looked like a home invasion. Thugs were going to
   break into his home, tie him up and terrorise him before stealing all
   his valuables.
   
   `Open up. Open up,' the stocky one shouted, flashing a police badge.
   
   Stunned, and still uncomprehending, Anthrax opened the door. `Do you
   know who WE are?' the stocky one asked him.
   
   Anthrax looked confused. No. Not sure.
   
   `The Australian Federal Police.' The cop proceeded to read out the
   search warrant.
   
   What happened from this point forward is a matter of some debate. What
   is fact is that the events of the raid and what
   followed formed the basis of a formal complaint by Anthrax to the
   Office of the Ombudsman and an internal investigation within the AFP.
   The following is simply Anthrax's account of how it happened.
   
   The stocky one barked at Anthrax, `Where's your computer?'
   
   `What computer?' Anthrax looked blankly at the officer. He didn't have
   a computer at his apartment. He used the uni's machines or friend's
   computers.
   
   `Your computer. Where is it? Which one of your friends has it?'
   
   `No-one has it. I don't own one.'
   
   `Well, when you decide to tell us where it is, you let us know.'
   
   Yeah. Right. If Anthrax did have a hidden computer at uni, revealing
   its location wasn't top of the must-do list.
   
   The police pawed through his personal letters, quizzed Anthrax about
   them. Who wrote this letter? Is he in the computer underground? What's
   his address?
   
   Anthrax said `no comment' more times than he could count. He saw a few
   police moving into his bedroom and decided it was time to watch them
   closely, make sure nothing was planted. He stood up to follow them in
   and observe the search when one of the cops stopped him. Anthrax told
   them he wanted a lawyer. One of the police looked on with disapproval.
   
   `You must be guilty,' he told Anthrax. `Only guilty people ask for
   lawyers. And here I was feeling sorry for you.'
   
   Then one of the other officers dropped the bomb. `You know,' he began
   casually, `we're also raiding your parents' house ...'
   
   Anthrax freaked out. His mum would be hysterical. He asked to call his
   mother on his mobile, the only phone then working in the apartment.
   The police refused to let him touch his mobile. Then he asked to call
   her from the pay phone across the street. The police refused again.
   One of the officers, a tall, lanky cop, recognised a leverage point if
   ever he saw one. He spread the guilt on thick.
   
   `Your poor sick mum. How could you do this to your poor sick mum?
   We're going to have to take her to Melbourne for questioning, maybe
   even to charge her, arrest her, take her to jail. You make me sick. I
   feel sorry for a mother having a son like you who is going to cause
   her all this trouble.'
   
   From that moment on, the tall officer took every opportunity to talk
   about Anthrax's `poor sick mum'. He wouldn't let up. Not that he
   probably knew the first thing about scleroderma, the creeping fatal
   disease which affected her. Anthrax often thought about the pain his
   mother was in as the disease worked its way from her extremities to
   her internal organs. Scleroderma toughened the skin on the fingers and
   feet, but made them overly sensitive, particularly to changes in
   weather. It typically affected women native to hot climates who moved
   to colder environments.
   
   Anthrax's mobile rang. His mother. It had to be. The police wouldn't
   let him answer it.
   
   The tall officer picked up the call, then turned to the stocky cop and
   said in a mocking Indian accent, `It is some woman with an Indian
   accent'. Anthrax felt like jumping out of his chair and grabbing the
   phone. He felt like doing some other things too, things that would
   have undoubtedly landed him in prison then and there.
   
   The stocky cop nodded to the tall one, who handed the mobile to
   Anthrax.
   
   At first, he couldn't make sense of what his mother was saying. She
   was a terrified mess. Anthrax tried to calm her down. Then she tried
   to comfort him.
   
   `Don't worry. It will be all right,' she said it, over and over. No
   matter what Anthrax said, she repeated that phrase, like a chant. In
   trying to console him, she was actually calming herself. Anthrax
   listened to her trying to impose order on the chaos around her. He
   could hear noises in the background and he guessed it was the police
   rummaging through her home. Suddenly, she said she had to go and hung
   up.
   
   Anthrax handed the phone back to the police and sat with his head in
   his hands. What a wretched situation. He couldn't believe this was
   happening to him. How could the police seriously consider taking his
   mother to Melbourne for questioning? True, he phreaked from her home
   office phone, but she had no idea how to hack or phreak. As for
   charging his mother, that would just about kill her. In her mental and
   physical condition, she would simply collapse, maybe never to get up
   again.
   
   He didn't have many options. One of the cops was sealing up his mobile
   phone in a clear plastic bag and labelling it. It was physically
   impossible for him to call a lawyer, since the police wouldn't let him
   use the mobile or go to a pay phone. They harangued him about coming
   to Melbourne for a police interview.
   
   `It is your best interest to cooperate,' one of the cops told him. `It
   would be in your best interest to come with us now.'
   
   Anthrax pondered that line for a moment, considered how ludicrous it
   sounded coming from a cop. Such a bald-faced lie told so
   matter-of-factly. It would have been humorous if the situation with
   his mother hadn't been so awful. He agreed to an interview with the
   police, but it would have to be done on another day.
   
   The cops wanted to search his car. Anthrax didn't like it, but there
   was nothing incriminating in the car anyway. As he walked outside in
   the winter morning, one of the cops looked down at Anthrax's feet,
   which were bare in accordance with the Muslim custom of removing shoes
   in the house. The cop asked if he was cold.
   
   The other cop answered for Anthrax. `No. The fungus keeps them warm.'
   
   Anthrax swallowed his anger. He was used to racism, and plenty of it,
   especially from cops. But this was over the top.
   
   In the town where he attended uni, everyone thought he was Aboriginal.
   There were only two races in that country town--white and Aboriginal.
   Indian, Pakistani, Malay, Burmese, Sri Lankan--it didn't matter. They
   were all Aboriginal, and were treated accordingly.
   
   Once when he was talking on the pay phone across from his house, the
   police pulled up and asked him what he was doing there. Talking on the
   phone, he told them. It was pretty obvious. They asked for
   identification, made him empty his pockets, which contained his small
   mobile phone. They told him his mobile must be stolen, took it from
   him and ran a check on the serial number. Fifteen minutes and many
   more accusations later, they finally let him go with the flimsiest of
   apologies. `Well, you understand,' one cop said. `We don't see many of
   your type around here.'
   
   Yeah. Anthrax understood. It looked pretty suspicious, a dark-skinned
   boy using a public telephone. Very suss indeed.
   
   In fact, Anthrax had the last laugh. He had been on a phreaked call to
   Canada at the time and he hadn't bothered to hang up when the cops
   arrived. Just told the other phreakers to hang on. After the police
   left, he picked up the conversation where he left off.
   
   Incidents like that taught him that sometimes the better path was to
   toy with the cops. Let them play their little games. Pretend to be
   manipulated by them. Laugh at them silently and give them nothing. So
   he appeared to ignore the fungus comment and led the cops to his car.
   They found nothing.
   
   When the police finally packed up to leave, one of them handed Anthrax
   a business card with the AFP's phone number.
   
   `Call us to arrange an interview time,' he said.
   
   `Sure,' Anthrax replied as he shut the door.

				    [ ]
   
   Anthrax keep putting the police off. Every time they called hassling
   him for an interview, he said he was busy. But when they began ringing
   up his mum, he found himself in a quandary. They were threatening and
   yet reassuring to his mother all at the same time and spoke politely
   to her, even apologetically.
   
   `As bad as it sounds,' one of them said, `we're going to have to
   charge you with things Anthrax has done, hacking, phreaking, etc. if
   he doesn't cooperate with us. We know it sounds funny, but we're
   within our rights to do that. In fact that is what the law dictates
   because the phone is in your name.'
   
   He followed this with the well-worn `it's in your son's best interest
   to cooperate' line, delivered with cooing persuasion.
   
   Anthrax wondered why there was no mention of charging his father,
   whose name appeared on the house's main telephone number. That line
   also carried some illegal calls.
   
   His mother worried. She asked her son to cooperate with the police.
   Anthrax felt he had to protect his mother and finally agreed to a
   police interview after his uni exams. The only reason he did so was
   because of the police threat to charge his mother. He was sure that if
   they dragged his mother through court, her health would deteriorate
   and lead to an early death.
   
   Anthrax's father picked him up from uni on a fine November day and
   drove down to Melbourne. His mother had insisted that he attend the
   interview, since he knew all about the law and police. Anthrax didn't
   mind having him along: he figured a witness might prevent any use of
   police muscle.
   
   During the ride to the city, Anthrax talked about how he would handle
   the interview. The good news was that the AFP had said they wanted to
   interview him about his phreaking, not his hacking. He went to the
   interview understanding they would only be discussing his `recent
   stuff'--the phreaking. He had two possible approaches to the
   interview. He could come clean and admit everything, as his first
   lawyer had advised. Or he could pretend to cooperate and be evasive,
   which was what his instincts told him to do.
   
   His father jumped all over the second option. `You have to cooperate
   fully. They will know if you are lying. They are trained to pick out
   lies. Tell them everything and they will go easier on you.' Law and
   order all the way.
   
   `Who do they think they are anyway? The pigs.' Anthrax looked away,
   disgusted at the thought of police harassing people like his mother.
   
   `Don't call them pigs,' his father snapped. `They are police officers.
   If you are ever in trouble, they are the first people you are ever
   going to call.'
   
   `Oh yeah. What kind of trouble am I going to be in that the first
   people I call are the AFP?' Anthrax replied.
   
   Anthrax would put up with his father coming along so long as he kept
   his mouth shut during the interview. He certainly wasn't there for
   personal support. They had a distant relationship at best. When his
   father began working in the town where Anthrax now lived and studied,
   his mother had tried to patch things between them. She suggested his
   father take Anthrax out for dinner once a week, to smooth things over.
   Develop a relationship. They had dinner a handful of times and Anthrax
   listened to his father's lectures. Admit you were wrong. Cooperate
   with the police. Get your life together. Own up to it all. Grow up. Be
   responsible. Stop being so useless. Stop being so stupid.
   
   The lectures were a bit rich, Anthrax thought, considering that his
   father had benefited from Anthrax's hacking skills. When he discovered
   Anthrax had got into a huge news clipping database, he asked the boy
   to pull up every article containing the word `prison'. Then he had him
   search for articles on discipline. The searches should have cost a
   fortune, probably thousands of dollars. But his father didn't pay a
   cent, thanks to Anthrax. And he didn't spend much time lecturing
   Anthrax on the evils of hacking then.
   
   When they arrived at AFP headquarters, Anthrax made a point of putting
   his feet up on the leather couch in the reception area and opened a
   can of Coke he had brought along. His father got upset.
   
   `Get your feet off that seat. You shouldn't have brought that can of
   Coke. It doesn't look very professional.'
   
   `Hey, I'm not going for a job interview here,' Anthrax responded.
   
   Constable Andrew Sexton, a redhead sporting two earrings, came up to
   Anthrax and his father and took them upstairs for coffee. Detective
   Sergeant Ken Day, head of the Computer Crime Unit, was in a meeting,
   Sexton said, so the interview would be delayed a little.
   
   Anthrax's father and Sexton found they shared some interests in law
   enforcement. They discussed the problems associated with
   rehabilitation and prisoner discipline. Joked with each other.
   Laughed. Talked about `young Anthrax'. Young Anthrax did this. Young
   Anthrax did that.
   
   Young Anthrax felt sick. Watching his own father cosying up to the
   enemy, talking as if he wasn't even there.
   
   When Sexton went to check on whether Day had finished his meeting,
   Anthrax's father growled, `Wipe that look of contempt off your face,
   young man. You are going to get nowhere in this world if you show that
   kind of attitude, they are going to come down on you like a ton of
   bricks.'
   
   Anthrax didn't know what to say. Why should he treat these people with
   any respect after the way they threatened his mother?
   
   The interview room was small but very full. A dozen or more boxes, all
   filled with labelled print-outs.
   
   Sexton began the interview. `Taped record of interview conducted at
   Australian Federal Police Headquarters, 383 Latrobe Street Melbourne
   on 29 November 1994.' He reeled off the names of the people present
   and asked each to introduce himself for voice recognition.
   
   `As I have already stated, Detective Sergeant Day and I are making
   enquiries into your alleged involvement into the manipulation of
   private automated branch exchanges [PABXes] via Telecom 008 numbers in
   order to obtain free phone calls nationally and internationally. Do
   you clearly understand this allegation?'
   
   `Yes.'
   
   Sexton continued with the necessary, and important, preliminaries. Did
   Anthrax understand that he was not obliged to answer any questions?
   That he had the right to communicate with a lawyer? That he had
   attended the interview of his own free will? That he was free to leave
   at any time?
   
   Yes, Anthrax said in answer to each question.
   
   Sexton then ploughed through a few more standard procedures before he
   finally got to the meat of the issue--telephones. He fished around in
   one of the many boxes and pulled out a mobile phone. Anthrax confirmed
   that it was his phone.
   
   `Was that the phone that you used to call the 008 numbers and
   subsequent connections?' Sexton asked.
   
   `Yes.'
   
   `Contained in that phone is a number of pre-set numbers. Do you
   agree?'
   
   `Yes.'
   
   `I went to the trouble of extracting those records from it.' Sexton
   looked pleased with himself for hacking Anthrax's speed-dial numbers
   from the mobile. `Number 22 is of some interest to myself. It comes up
   as Aaron. Could that be the person you referred to before as Aaron in
   South Australia?'
   
   `Yes, but he is always moving house. He is a hard person to track
   down.'
   
   Sexton went through a few more numbers, most of which Anthrax hedged.
   He asked Anthrax questions about his manipulation of the phone system,
   particularly about the way he made free calls overseas using
   Australian companies' 008 numbers.
   
   When Anthrax had patiently explained how it all worked, Sexton went
   through some more speed-dial numbers.
   
   `Number 43. Do you recognise that one?'
   
   `That's the Swedish Party Line.'
   
   `What about these other numbers? Such as 78? And 30?'
   
   `I'm not sure. I couldn't say what any of these are. It's been so
   long,' Anthrax paused, sensing the pressure from the other side of the
   table. `These ones here, they are numbers in my town. But I don't know
   who. Very often, 'cause I don't have any pen and paper with me, I just
   plug a number into the phone.'
   
   Sexton looked unhappy. He decided to go in a little harder. `I'm going
   to be pretty blunt. So far you have admitted to the 008s but I think
   you are understating your knowledge and your experience when it comes
   to these sort of offences.' He caught himself. `Not offences. But your
   involvement in all of this ... I think you have got a little bit more
   ... I'm not saying you are lying, don't get me wrong, but you tend to
   be pulling yourself away from how far you were really into this. And
   how far everyone looked up to you.'
   
   There was the gauntlet, thrown down on the table. Anthrax picked it
   up.
   
   `They looked up to me? That was just a perception. To be honest, I
   don't know that much. I couldn't tell you anything about telephone
   exchanges or anything like that. In the past, I guess the reason they
   might look up to me in the sense of a leader is because I was doing
   this, as you are probably aware, quite a bit in the past, and
   subsequently built up a reputation. Since then I decided I wouldn't do
   it again.'
   
   `Since this?' Sexton was quick off the mark.
   
   `No. Before. I just said, "I don't want anything to do with this any
   more. It's just stupid". When I broke up with my girlfriend ... I just
   got dragged into it again. I'm not trying to say that I am any less
   responsible for any of this but I will say I didn't originate any of
   these 008s. They were all scanned by other people. But I made calls
   and admittedly I did a lot of stupid things.'
   
   But Sexton was like a dog with a bone.
   
   `I just felt that you were tending to ... I don't know if it's because
   your dad's here or ... I have read stuff that "Anthrax was a legend
   when it came to this, and he was a scanner, and he was the man to talk
   to about X.25, Tymnet, hacking, Unix. The whole kit and kaboodle".'
   
   Anthrax didn't take the bait. Cops always try that line. Play on a
   hacker's ego, get them to brag. It was so transparent.
   
   `It's not true,' he answered. `I know nothing about ... I can't
   program. I have an Amiga with one meg of memory. I have no formal
   background in computers whatsoever.'
   
   That part was definitely true. Everything was self-taught. Well,
   almost everything. He did take one programming class at uni, but he
   failed it. He went to the library to do extra research, used in his
   final project for the course. Most of his classmates wrote simple
   200-line programs with few functions; his ran to 500 lines and had
   lots of special functions. But the lecturer flunked him. She told him,
   `The functions in your program were not taught in this course'.
   
   Sexton asked Anthrax if he was into carding, which he denied
   emphatically. Then Sexton headed back into scanning. How much had
   Anthrax done? Had he given scanned numbers to other hackers? Anthrax
   was evasive, and both cops were getting impatient.
   
   `What I am trying to get at is that I believe that, through your
   scanning, you are helping other people break the law by promoting this
   sort of thing.' Sexton had shown his hand.
   
   `No more than a telephone directory would be assisting someone,
   because it's really just a list. I didn't actually break anything. I
   just looked at it.'
   
   `These voice mailbox systems obviously belong to people. What would
   you do when you found a VMB?'
   
   `Just play with it. Give it to someone and say, "Have a look at this.
   It is interesting," or whatever.'
   
   `When you say play with it you would break the code out to the VMB?'
   
   `No. Just have a look around. I'm not very good at breaking VMBs.'
   
   Sexton tried a different tack. `What are 1-900 numbers? On the back of
   that document there is a 1-900 number. What are they generally for?'
   
   Easy question. `In America they like cost $10 a minute. You can ring
   them up, I think, and get all sorts of information, party lines, etc.'
   
   `It's a conference type of call?'
   
   `Yes.'
   
   `Here is another document, contained in a clear plastic sleeve
   labelled AS/AB/S/1. Is this a scan? Do you recognise your
   handwriting?'
   
   `Yes, it's in my handwriting. Once again it's the same sort of scan.
   It's just dialling some commercial numbers and noting them.'
   
   `And once you found something, what would you do with it?'
   
   Anthrax had no intention of being painted as some sort of ringleader
   of a scanning gang. He was a sociable loner, not a part of a team.
   
   `I'd just look at it, like in the case of this one here--630. I just
   punched in a few numbers and it said that 113 diverts somewhere, 115
   says goodbye, etc. I'd just do that and I probably never came back to
   it again.'
   
   `And you believe that if I pick up the telephone book, I would get all
   this information?'
   
   `No. It's just a list of numbers in the same sense that a telephone
   book is.'
   
   `What about a 1-800 number?'
   
   `That is the same as a 0014.'
   
   `If you rang a 1-800 number, where would you go?'
   
   Anthrax wondered if the Computer Crimes Unit gained most of its
   technical knowledge from interviews with hackers.
   
   `You can either do 0014 or you can do 1-800. It's just the same.'
   
   `Is it Canada--0014?'
   
   `It's everywhere.' Oops. Don't sound too cocky. `Isn't it?'
   
   `No, I'm not familiar.' Which is just what Anthrax was thinking.
   
   Sexton moved on. `On the back of that document there is more type
   scans ...'
   
   `It's all just the same thing. Just take a note of what is there. In
   this case, box 544 belongs to this woman ...'
   
   `So, once again, you just release this type of information on the
   bridge?'
   
   `Not all of it. Most of it I would probably keep to myself and never
   look at it again. I was bored. Is it illegal to scan?'
   
   `I'm not saying it's illegal. I'm just trying to show that you were
   really into this. I'm building a picture and I am gradually getting to
   a point and I'm going to build a picture to show that for a while
   there ...' Sexton then interrupted himself and veered down a less
   confrontational course. `I'm not saying you are doing it now, but back
   then, when all these offences occurred, you were really into scanning
   telephone systems, be it voice mailboxes ... I'm not saying you found
   the 008s but you ... anything to bugger up Telecom. You were really
   getting into it and you were helping other people.'
   
   Anthrax took offence. `The motivation for me doing it wasn't to bugger
   up Telecom.'
   
   Sexton backpedalled. `Perhaps ... probably a poor choice of words.'
   
   He began pressing forward on the subject of hacking, something the
   police had not said they were going to be discussing. Anthrax felt a
   little unnerved, even rattled.
   
   Day asked if Anthrax wanted a break.
   
   `No,' he answered. `I just want to get it over and done with, if
   that's OK. I'm not going to lie. I'm not going to say "no comment".
   I'm going to admit to everything 'cause, based on what I have been
   told, it's in my best interest to do so.'
   
   The police paused. They didn't seem to like that last comment much.
   Day tried to clear things up.
   
   `Before we go any further, based on what you have been told, it is in
   your best interests to tell the truth. Was it any member of the AFP
   that told you this?'
   
   `Yes.'
   
   `Who?' Day threw the question out quickly.
   
   Anthrax couldn't remember their names. `The ones who came to my house.
   I think Andrew also said it to me,' he said, nodding in the direction
   of the red-headed constable.
   
   Why were the cops getting so uncomfortable all of a sudden? It was no
   secret that they had told both Anthrax and his mother repeatedly that
   it was in his best interest to agree to an interview.
   
   Day leaned forward, peered at Anthrax and asked, `What did you
   interpret that to mean?'
   
   `That if I don't tell the truth, if I say "no comment" and don't
   cooperate, that it is going to be ... it will mean that you will go
   after me with ...' Anthrax grasped for the right words, but he felt
   tongue-tied, `with ... more force, I guess.'
   
   Both officers stiffened visibly.
   
   Day came back again. `Do you feel that an unfair inducement has been
   placed on you as a result of that?'
   
   `In what sense?' The question was genuine.
   
   `You have made the comment and it has now been recorded and I have to
   clear it up. Do you feel like, that a deal has been offered to you at
   any stage?'
   
   A deal? Anthrax thought about it. It wasn't a deal as in `Talk to us
   now and we will make sure you don't go to jail'. Or `Talk now and we
   won't beat you with a rubber hose'.
   
   `No,' he answered.
   
   `Do you feel that as a result of that being said that you have been
   pressured to come forward today and tell the truth?'
   
   Ah, that sort of deal. Well, of course.
   
   `Yes, I have been pressured,' Anthrax answered. The two police
   officers looked stunned. Anthrax paused, concerned about the growing
   feeling of disapproval in the room. `Indirectly,' he added quickly,
   almost apologetically.
   
   For a brief moment, Anthrax just didn't care. About the police. About
   his father. About the pressure. He would tell the truth. He decided to
   explain the situation as he saw it.
   
   `Because since they came to my house, they emphasised the fact that if
   I didn't come for an interview, that they would then charge my mother
   and, as my mother is very sick, I am not prepared to put her through
   that.'
   
   The police looked at each other. The shock waves reverberated around
   the room. The AFP clearly hadn't bargained on this coming out in the
   interview tape. But what he said about his mother being threatened was
   the truth, so let it be on the record with everything else.
   
   Ken Day caught his breath, `So you are saying that you
   have now been ...' he cut himself off ... `that you are not here
   voluntarily?'
   
   Anthrax thought about it. What did `voluntarily' mean? The police
   didn't cuff him to a chair and tell him he couldn't leave until he
   talked. They didn't beat him around the head with a baton. They
   offered him a choice: talk or inflict the police on his ailing mother.
   Not a palatable choice, but a choice nonetheless. He chose to talk to
   protect his mother.
   
   `I am here voluntarily,' he answered.
   
   `That is not what you have said. What you have just said is
   that pressure has been placed on you and that you have had to come in
   here and answer the questions. Otherwise certain actions would take
   place. That does not mean you are here
   voluntarily.'
   
   The police must have realised they were on very thin ice and Anthrax
   felt pressure growing in the room. The cops pushed. His father did not
   looked pleased.
   
   `I was going to come anyway,' Anthrax answered, again almost
   apologetically. Walk the tightrope, he thought. Don't get them too mad
   or they will charge my mother. `You can talk to the people who carried
   out the warrant. All along, I said to them I would come in for an
   interview. Whatever my motivations are, I don't think should matter. I
   am going to tell you the truth.'
   
   `It does matter,' Day responded, `because at the beginning of the
   interview it was stated--do you agree--that you have come in here
   voluntarily?'
   
   `I have. No-one has forced me.'
   
   Anthrax felt exasperated. The room was getting stuffy. He wanted to
   finish this thing and get out of there. So much pressure.
   
   `And is anyone forcing you to make the answers you have given here
   today?' Day tried again.
   
   `No individuals are forcing me, no.' There. You have what you want.
   Now get on with it and let's get out of here.
   
   `You have to tell the truth. Is that what you are saying?' The police
   would not leave the issue be.
   
   `I want to tell the truth. As well.' The key words there were `as
   well'. Anthrax thought, I want to and I have to.
   
   `It's the circumstances that are forcing this upon you, not an
   individual?'
   
   `No.' Of course it was the circumstances. Never mind that the police
   created the circumstance.
   
   Anthrax felt as if the police were just toying with him. He knew and
   they knew they would go after his mother if this interview wasn't to
   their liking. Visions of his frail mother being hauled out of her
   house by the AFP flashed through his mind. Anthrax felt sweaty and
   hot. Just get on with it. Whatever makes them happy, just agree to it
   in order to get out of this crowded room.
   
   `So, would it be fair to summarise it, really, to say that perhaps ...
   of your activity before the police arrived at your premises, that is
   what is forcing you?'
   
   What was this cop talking about? His `activity' forcing him? Anthrax
   felt confused. The interview had already gone on some time. The cops
   had such obscure ways of asking things. The room was oppressively
   small.
   
   Day pressed on with the question, `The fact that you could see you had
   broken the law, and that is what is forcing you to come forward here
   today and tell the truth?'
   
   Yeah. Whatever you want. `OK,' Anthrax started to answer, `That is a
   fair assump--'
   
   Day cut him off. `I just wanted to clarify that because the
   interpretation I immediately got from that was that we, or members of
   the AFP, had unfairly and unjustly forced you to come in here today,
   and that is not the case?'
   
   Define `unfairly'. Define `unjustly'. Anthrax thought it was unfair
   the cops might charge his mother. But they told her it was perfectly
   legal to do so. Anthrax felt light-headed. All these thoughts whirring
   around inside his head.
   
   `No, that is not the case. I'm sorry for ...' Be humble. Get out of
   that room faster.
   
   `No, that is OK. If that is what you believe, say it. I have no
   problems with that. I just like to have it clarified. Remember, other
   people might listen to this tape and they will draw inferences and
   opinions from it. At any point where I think there is an ambiguity, I
   will ask for clarification. Do you understand that?'
   
   `Yes. I understand.' Anthrax couldn't really focus on what Day was
   saying. He was feeling very distressed and just wanted to finish the
   interview.
   
   The cops finally moved on, but the new topic was almost as unpleasant.
   Day began probing about Anthrax's earlier hacking career--the one he
   had no intention of talking about. Anthrax began to feel a bit better.
   He agreed to talk to the police about recent phreaking activities, not
   hacking matters. Indeed, he had repeatedly told them that topic was
   not on his agenda. He felt like he was standing on firmer ground.
   
   After being politely stonewalled, Day circled around and tried again.
   `OK. I will give you another allegation; that you have unlawfully
   accessed computer systems in Australia and the United States. In the
   US, you specifically targeted military computer systems. Do you
   understand that allegation?'
   
   `I understand that. I wouldn't like to comment on it.' No, sir. No
   way.
   
   Day tried a new tack. `I will further allege that you did work with a
   person known as Mendax.'
   
   What on earth was Day talking about? Anthrax had heard of Mendax, but
   they had never worked together. He thought the cops must not have very
   good informants.
   
   `No. That is not true. I know no-one of that name.' Not strictly true,
   but true enough.
   
   `Well, if he was to turn around to me and say that you were doing all
   this hacking, he would be lying, would he?'
   
   Oh wonderful. Some other hacker was crapping on to the cops with lies
   about how he and Anthrax had worked together. That was exactly why
   Anthrax didn't work in a group. He had plenty of real allegations to
   fend off. He didn't need imaginary ones too.
   
   `Most certainly would. Unless he goes by some other name, I know
   no-one by that name, Mendax.' Kill that off quick.
   
   In fact Mendax had not ratted on Anthrax at all. That was just a
   technique the police used.
   
   `You don't wish to comment on the fact that you have hacked into other
   computer systems and military systems?' If there
   was one thing Anthrax could say for Day, it was that he was
   persistent.
   
   `No. I would prefer not to comment on any of that. This is the advice
   I have received: not to comment on anything unrelated to the topic
   that I was told I would be talking about when I came down here.'
   
   `All right, well are you going to answer any questions in relation to
   unlawfully accessing any computer systems?'
   
   `Based upon the legal advice that I received, I choose not to.'
   
   Day pursed his lips. `All right. If that is your attitude and you
   don't wish to answer any of those questions, we won't pursue the
   matter. However, I will inform you now that the matter may be reported
   and you may receive a summons to answer the questions or face charges
   in relation to those allegations, and, at any time that you so choose,
   you can come forward and tell us the truth.'
   
   Woah. Anthrax took a deep breath. Could the cops make him come answer
   questions with a summons? They were changing the game midway through.
   Anthrax felt as though the carpet had been pulled out from beneath his
   feet. He needed a few minutes to clear his head.
   
   `Is it something I can think over and discuss?' Anthrax asked.
   
   `Yes. Do you want to have a pause and a talk with your father? The
   constable and I can step out of the room, or offer you another room.
   You may wish to have a break and think about it if you like. I think
   it might be a good idea. I think we might have a ten-minute break and
   put you in another room and let you two have a chat about it. There is
   no pressure.'
   
   Day and the Sexton stopped the interview and guided father and son
   into another room. Once they were alone, Anthrax looked to his father
   for support. This voice inside him still cried out to keep away from
   his earlier hacking journeys. He needed someone to tell him the same
   thing.
   
   His father was definitely not that someone. He railed against Anthrax
   with considerable vehemence. Stop holding back. You have to tell
   everything. How could you be so stupid? You can't fool the police.
   They know. Confess it all before it's too late. At the end of the
   ten-minute tirade, Anthrax felt worse than he had at the beginning.
   
   When the two returned to the interview room, Anthrax's father turned
   to the police and said suddenly, `He has decided to confess'.
   
   That was not true. Anthrax hadn't decided anything of the sort. His
   father was full of surprises. It seemed every time he opened his
   mouth, an ugly surprise came out.
   
   Ken Day and Andrew Sexton warmed up a shaky Anthrax by showing him
   various documents, pieces of paper with Anthrax's scribbles seized
   during the raid, telephone taps. At one stage, Day pointed to some
   handwritten notes which read `KDAY'. He looked at Anthrax.
   
   `What's that? That's me.'
   
   Anthrax smiled for the first time in a long while. It was something to
   be happy about. The head of the AFP's Computer Crime Unit in Melbourne
   sat there, so sure he was onto something big. There was his name, bold
   as day, in the hacker's handwriting on a bit of paper seized in a
   raid. Day seemed to be expecting something good.
   
   Anthrax said, `If you ring that up you will find it is a radio
   station.' An American radio station. Written on the same bit of paper
   were the names of an American clothing store, another US-based radio
   station, and a few records he wanted to order.
   
   `There you go,' Day laughed at his own hasty conclusions. `I've got a
   radio station named after me.'
   
   Day asked Anthrax why he wrote down all sorts of things, directory
   paths, codes, error messages.
   
   `Just part of the record-keeping. I think I wrote this down when I had
   first been given this dial-up and I was just feeling my way around,
   taking notes of what different things did.'
   
   `What were your intentions at the time with these computer networks?'
   
   `At this stage, I was just having a look, just a matter of curiosity.'
   
   `Was it a matter of curiosity--"Gee, this is interesting" or was it
   more like "I would like to get into them" at this stage?'
   
   `I couldn't say what was going through my mind at the time. But
   initially once I got into the first system--I'm sure you have heard
   this a lot--but once you get into the first system, it's like you get
   into the next one and the next one and the next one, after a while it
   doesn't ...' Anthrax couldn't find the right words to finish the
   explanation.
   
   `Once you have tasted the forbidden fruit?'
   
   `Exactly. It's a good analogy.'
   
   Day pressed on with questions about Anthrax's hacking. He successfully
   elicited admissions from the hacker. Anthrax gave Day more than the
   police officer had before, but probably not as much as he would have
   liked.
   
   It was, however, enough. Enough to keep the police from charging
   Anthrax's mother. And enough for them to charge him.

				    [ ]
   
   Anthrax didn't see his final list of charges until the day he appeared
   in court on 28 August 1995. The whole case seemed to be a bit
   disorganised. His Legal Aid lawyer had little knowledge of computers,
   let alone computer crime. He told Anthrax he could ask for an
   adjournment because he hadn't seen the final charges until so late,
   but Anthrax wanted to get the thing over and done with. They had
   agreed that Anthrax would plead guilty to the charges and hope for a
   reasonable magistrate.
   
   Anthrax looked through the hand-up brief provided by the prosecution,
   which included a heavily edited transcript of his interview with the
   police. It was labelled as a `summary', but it certainly didn't
   summarise everything important in that interview. Either the
   prosecution or the police had cut out all references to the fact that
   the police had threatened to charge Anthrax's mother if he didn't
   agree to be interviewed.
   
   Anthrax pondered the matter. Wasn't everything relevant to his case
   supposed to be covered in a hand-up brief? This seemed very relevant
   to his case, yet there wasn't a mention of it anywhere in the
   document. He began to wonder if the police had edited down the
   transcript just so they could cut out that portion of the interview.
   Perhaps the judge wouldn't be too happy about it. He thought that
   maybe the police didn't want to be held accountable for how they had
   dealt with his mother.
   
   The rest of the hand-up brief wasn't much better. The only statement
   by an actual `witness' to Anthrax's hacking was from his former
   room-mate, who claimed that he had watched Anthrax break into a NASA
   computer and access an `area of the computer system which showed the
   latitude/longitude of ships'.
   
   Did space ships even have longitudes and latitudes? Anthrax didn't
   know. And he had certainly never broken into a NASA computer in front
   of the room-mate. It was absurd. This guy is lying, Anthrax thought,
   and five minutes under cross-examination by a reasonable lawyer would
   illustrate as much. Anthrax's instincts told him the prosecution had a
   flimsy case for some of the charges, but he felt overwhelmed by
   pressure from all sides--his family, the bustle in the courtroom, even
   the officiousness of his own lawyer quickly rustling through his
   papers.
   
   Anthrax looked around the room. His eyes fell on his father, who sat
   waiting on the public benches. Anthrax's lawyer wanted him there to
   give evidence during sentencing. He thought it would look good to show
   there was a family presence. Anthrax gave the suggestion a cool
   reception. But he didn't understand how courts worked, so he followed
   his lawyer's advice.
   
   Anthrax's mother was back at his apartment, waiting for news. She had
   been on night duty and was supposed to be sleeping. That was the
   ostensible reason she didn't attend. Anthrax thought perhaps that the
   tension was too much for her. Whatever the reason, she didn't sleep
   all that day. She tidied the place, washed the dishes, did the
   laundry, and kept herself as busy as the tiny apartment would allow
   her.
   
   Anthrax's girlfriend, a pretty, moon-faced Turkish girl, also came to
   court. She had never been into the hacking scene. A group of school
   children, mostly girls, chatted in the rows behind her.
   
   Anthrax read through the four-page summary of facts provided by the
   prosecution. When he reached the final page, his heart stopped. The
   final paragraph said:
   
   31. Penalty
   
   s85ZF (a)--12 months, $6000 or both
   
   s76E(a)--2 years, $12000 or both
   
   Pointing to the last paragraph, Anthrax asked his lawyer what that was
   all about. His lawyer told him that he would probably get prison but,
   well, it wouldn't be that bad and he would just have `to take it on
   the chin'. He would, after all, be out in a year or two.
   
   Rapists sometimes got off with less than that. Anthrax couldn't
   believe the prosecution was asking for prison. After he cooperated,
   suffering through that miserable interview. He had no prior
   convictions. But the snowball had been set in motion. The magistrate
   appeared and opened the court.
   
   Anthrax felt he couldn't back out now and he pleaded guilty to 21
   counts, including one charge of inserting data and twenty charges of
   defrauding or attempting to defraud a carrier.
   
   His lawyer put the case for a lenient sentence. He called Anthrax's
   father up on the stand and asked him questions about his son. His
   father probably did more harm than good. When asked if he thought his
   son would offend again, his father replied, `I don't know'.
   
   Anthrax was livid. It was further unconscionable behaviour. Not long
   before the trial, Anthrax had discovered that his father had planned
   to sneak out of the country two days before the court case. He was
   going overseas, he told his wife, but not until after the court case.
   It was only by chance that she discovered his surreptitious plans to
   leave early. Presumably he would find his son's trial humiliating.
   Anthrax's mother insisted he stayed and he begrudgingly delayed the
   trip.
   
   His father sat down, a bit away from Anthrax and his lawyer. The
   lawyer provided a colourful alternative to the prosecutor. He perched
   one leg up on his bench, rested an elbow on the knee and stroked his
   long, red beard. It was an impressive beard, more than a foot long and
   thick with reddish brown curls. Somehow it fitted with his two-tone
   chocolate brown suit and his tie, a breathtakingly wide creation with
   wild patterns in gold. The suit was one size too small. He launched
   into the usual courtroom flourish--lots of words saying nothing. Then
   he got to the punch line.
   
   `Your worship, this young man has been in all sorts of places. NASA,
   military sites, you wouldn't believe some of the places he has been.'
   
   `I don't think I want to know where he has been,' the magistrate
   answered wryly.
   
   The strategy was Anthrax's. He thought he could turn a
   liability into an asset by showing that he had been in many
   systems--many sensitive systems--but had done no malicious damage in
   any of them.
   
   The strategy worked and the magistrate announced there was no way he
   was sending the young hacker to jail.
   
   The prosecutor looked genuinely disappointed and launched a counter
   proposal--1500 hours of community service. Anthrax caught his breath.
   That was absurd. It would take almost nine months, full time. Painting
   buildings, cleaning toilets. Forget about his university studies. It was
   almost as bad as prison.
   
   Anthrax's lawyer protested. `Your Worship, that penalty is something
   out of cyberspace.' Anthrax winced at how corny that sounded, but the
   lawyer looked very pleased with himself.
   
   The magistrate refused to have a bar of the prosecutor's counter
   proposal. Anthrax's girlfriend was impressed with the magistrate. She
   didn't know much about the law or the court system, but he seemed a
   fair man, a just man. He didn't appear to want to give a harsh
   punishment to Anthrax at all. But he told the court he had to send a
   message to Anthrax, to the class of school children in the public
   benches and to the general community that hacking was wrong in the
   eyes of the law. Anthrax glanced back at the students. They looked
   like they were aged thirteen or fourteen, about the age he got into
   hacking and phreaking.
   
   The magistrate announced his sentence. Two hundred hours of community
   service and $6116.90 of restitution to be paid to two telephone
   companies--Telecom and Teleglobe in Canada. It wasn't prison, but it was
   a staggering amount of money for a student to rake up. He had a year to
   pay it off, and it would definitely take that long. At least he was
   free.
   
   Anthrax's girlfriend thought how unlucky it was to have landed those
   giggling school children in the courtroom on that day. They laughed
   and pointed and half-whispered. Court was a game. They didn't seem to
   take the magistrate's warning seriously. Perhaps they were gossiping
   about the next party. Perhaps they were chatting about a new pair of
   sneakers or a new CD.
   
   And maybe one or two murmured quietly how cool it would be to break
   into NASA.

    

     _________________________________________________________________

				 AFTERWORD
     _________________________________________________________________

   It was billed as the `largest annual gathering of those in, related
   to, or wishing to know more about the computer underground', so I
   thought I had better go.
   
   HoHoCon in Austin, Texas, was without a doubt one of the strangest
   conferences I have attended. During the weekend leading up to New Year's
   Day 1995, the Ramada Inn South was overrun by hackers, phreakers,
   ex-hackers, underground sympathisers, journalists, computer company
   employees and American law enforcement agents. Some people had come from
   as far away as Germany and Canada.
   
   The hackers and phreakers slept four or six to a room--if they slept
   at all. The feds slept two to a room. I could be wrong; maybe they
   weren't feds at all. But they seemed far too well dressed and well
   pressed to be anything else. No one else at HoHoCon ironed their
   T-shirts.
   
   I left the main conference hall and wandered into Room 518--the
   computer room--sat down on one of the two hotel beds which had been
   shoved into a corner to make room for all the computer gear, and
   watched. The conference organisers had moved enough equipment in there
   to open a store, and then connected it all to the Internet. For nearly
   three days, the room was almost continuously full. Boys in their late
   teens or early twenties lounged on the floor talking, playing with
   their cell phones and scanners or tapping away at one of the six or
   seven terminals. Empty bags of chips, Coke cans and pizza boxes
   littered the room. The place felt like one giant college dorm floor
   party, except that the people didn't talk to each other so much as to
   their computers.
   
   These weren't the only interesting people at the con. I met up with an
   older group of nonconformists in the computer industry, a sort of
   Austin intelligentsia. By older, I mean above the age of 26. They were
   interested in many of the same issues as the young group of
   hackers--privacy, encryption, the future of a digital world--and they
   all had technical backgrounds.
   
   This loose group of blue-jean clad thinkers, people like Doug Barnes,
   Jeremy Porter and Jim McCoy, like to meet over enchiladas and
   margueritas at university-style cafes. They always seemed to have
   three or four projects on the run. Digital cash was the flavour of the
   month when I met them. They were unconventional, perhaps even a little
   weird, but they were also bright, very creative and highly innovative.
   They were just the sort of people who might marry creative ideas with
   maturity and business sense, eventually making widespread digital cash
   a reality.
   
   I began to wonder how many of the young men in Room 518 might follow
   the same path. And I asked myself: where are these people in
   Australia?
   
   Largely invisible or perhaps even non-existent, it seems. Except maybe
   in the computer underground. The underground appears to be one of the
   few places in Australia where madness, creativity, obsession,
   addiction and rebellion collide like atoms in a cyclotron.

				    [ ]
   
   After the raids, the arrests and the court cases on three continents,
   what became of the hackers described in this book?
   
   Most of them went on to do interesting and constructive things with
   their lives. Those who were interviewed for this work say they have
   given up hacking for good. After what many of them had been through, I
   would be surprised if any of them continued hacking.
   
   Most of them, however, are not sorry for their hacking activities.
   Some are sorry they upset people. They feel badly that they caused
   system admins stress and unhappiness by hacking their systems. But
   most do not feel hacking is wrong--and few, if any, feel that
   `look-see hacking', as prosecuting barrister Geoff Chettle termed
   non-malicious hacking, should be a crime.
   
   For the most part, their punishments have only hardened their views on
   the subject. They know that in many cases the authorities have sought
   to make examples of them, for the benefit of rest of the computer
   underground. The state has largely failed in this objective. In the
   eyes of many in the computer underground, these prosecuted hackers are
   heroes.
   
   PAR
   
   When I met Par in Tucson, Arizona, he had travelled from a tiny,
   snow-laden Mid-Western town where he was living with his grandparents.
   He was looking for work, but hadn't been able to find anything.
   
   As I drove around the outskirts of Tucson, a little jetlagged and
   disoriented, I was often distracted from the road by the beauty of the
   winter sun on the Sonoran desert cacti. Sitting in the front passenger
   seat, Par said calmly, `I always wondered what it would be like to
   drive on the wrong side of the road'.
   
   I swerved back to the right side of the road.
   
   Par is still like that. Easy-going, rolling with the punches, taking
   what life hands him. He is also on the road again.
   
   He moved back to the west coast for a while, but will likely pack up
   and go somewhere else before long. He picks up temporary work where he
   can, often just basic, dull data-entry stuff. It isn't easy. He can't
   just explain away a four-year gap in his resumé with `Successfully
   completed a telecommuting course for fugitives. Trained by the US
   Secret Service'. He thought he might like to work at a local college
   computer lab, helping out the students and generally keeping the
   equipment running. Without any professional qualifications, that
   seemed an unlikely option these days.
   
   Although he is no longer a fugitive, Par's life hasn't changed that
   much. He speaks to his mother very occasionally, though they don't
   have much in common. Escaping his computer crimes charges proved
   easier than overcoming the effects of being a fugitive for so long on
   his personality and lifestyle. Now and again, the paranoia sets in
   again. It seems to come in waves. There aren't many support mechanisms
   in the US for an unemployed young man who doesn't have health
   insurance.

PRIME SUSPECT
   
   Prime Suspect has no regrets about his choices. He believed that he
   and Mendax were headed in different directions in life. The friendship
   would have ended anyway, so he decided that he was not willing to go
   to prison for Mendax.
   
   He completed a TAFE course in computer programming and found a job in
   the burgeoning Internet industry. He likes his job. His employer, who
   knows about his hacking convictions, recently gave him a pay rise. In
   mid-1994, he gave up drugs for good. In 1995 he moved into a shared
   house with some friends, and in August 1996 he stopped smoking
   cigarettes.
   
   Without hacking, there seems to be time in his life to do new things.
   He took up sky-diving. A single jump gives him a high which lasts for
   days, sometimes up to a week. Girls have captured his interest. He's
   had a few girlfriends and thinks he would like to settle into a
   serious relationship when he finds the right person.
   
   Recently, Prime Suspect has been studying martial arts. He tries to
   attend at least four classes a week, sometimes more, and says he has a
   special interest in the spiritual and philosophical sides of martial
   arts. Most days, he rises at 5 a.m., either to jog or to meditate.

MENDAX
   
   In 1992 Mendax and Trax teamed up with a wealthy Italian real-estate
   investor, purchased La Trobe University's mainframe computer
   (ironically, a machine they had been accused of hacking) and started a
   computer security company. The company eventually dissolved when the
   investor disappeared following actions by his creditors.
   
   After a public confrontation in 1993 with Victorian Premier Jeff
   Kennett, Mendax and two others formed a civil rights organisation to
   fight corruption and lack of accountability in a Victorian government
   department. As part of this ongoing effort, Mendax acted as a conduit
   for leaked documents and became involved in a number of court cases
   against the department during 1993-94. Eventually, he gave evidence in
   camera to a state parliamentary committee examining the issues, and
   his organisation later facilitated the appearance of more than 40
   witnesses at an investigation by the Auditor-General.
   
   Mendax volunteers his time and computer expertise for several other
   non-profit community organisations. He believes strongly in the
   importance of the non-profit sector, and spends much of his free time
   as an activist on different community projects. Mendax has provided
   information or assistance to law-enforcement bodies, but not against
   hackers. He said, `I couldn't ethically justify that. But as for
   others, such as people who prey on children or corporate spies, I am
   not concerned about using my skills there.'
   
   Still passionate about coding, Mendax donates his time to various
   international programming efforts and releases some of his programs
   for free on the Internet. His philosophy is that most of the lasting
   social advances in the history of man have been a direct result of new
   technology.
   
   NorTel and a number of other organisations he was accused of hacking
   use his cryptography software--a fact he finds rather ironic.

ANTHRAX
   
   Anthrax moved to Melbourne, where he is completing a university course
   and working on freelance assignments in the computer networking area
   of a major corporation.
   
   His father and mother are divorcing. Anthrax doesn't talk to his
   father at all these days.
   
   Anthrax's mother's health has stabilised somewhat since the completion
   of the court case, though her condition still gives her chronic pain.
   Despite some skin discolouration caused by the disease, she looks
   well. As a result of her years of work in the local community, she has
   a loyal group of friends who support her through bad bouts of the
   illness. She tries to live without bitterness and continues to have a
   good relationship with both her sons.
   
   Anthrax is no longer involved in the Nation of Islam, but he is still
   a devout Muslim. An acquaintance of his, an Albanian who ran a local
   fish and chips shop, introduced him to a different kind of Islam. Not
   long after, Anthrax became a Sunni Muslim. He doesn't drink alcohol or
   gamble, and he attends a local mosque for Friday evening prayers. He
   tries to read from the Qu'raan every day and to practise the tenets of
   his religion faithfully.
   
   With his computer and business skills now sought after by industry, he
   is exploring the possibility of moving to a Muslim country in Asia or
   the Middle East. He tries to promote the interests of Islam worldwide.
   
   Most of his pranking needs are now met by commercial CDs--recordings
   of other people's pranking sold through underground magazines and
   American mail order catalogues. Once in a long while, he still rings
   Mr McKenny in search of the missing shovel.
   
   Anthrax felt aggrieved at the outcome of his written complaint to the
   Office of the Ombudsman. In the complaint, Anthrax gave an account of
   how he believed the AFP had behaved inappropriately throughout his
   case. Specifically, he alleged that the AFP had pressured his mother
   with threats and had harassed him, taken photographs of him without
   his permission, given information to his university about his case
   prior to the issue of a summons and the resolution of his case, and
   made racist comments toward him during the raid.
   
   In 1995-96, a total of 1157 complaints were filed against the AFP, 683
   of which were investigated by the Commonwealth Ombudsman. Of the
   complaint investigations completed and reviewed, only 6 per cent were
   substantiated. Another 9 per cent were deemed to be `incapable of
   determination', about 34 per cent were `unsubstantiated', and in more
   than a quarter of all cases the Ombudsman either chose not to
   investigate or not to continue to investigate a complaint.
   
   The Office of the Ombudsman referred Anthrax's matter to the AFP's
   Internal Investigations office. Although Anthrax and his mother both
   gave statements to the investigating officers, there was no other
   proof of Anthrax's allegations. In the end, it came down to Anthrax
   and his mother's words against those of the police.
   
   The AFP's internal investigation concluded that Anthrax's complaints
   could either not be substantiated or not be determined, in part due to
   the fact that almost two years had passed since the original raid. For
   the most part, the Ombudsman backed the AFP's finding. No
   recommendation was made for the disciplining of any officers.
   
   Anthrax's only consolation was a concern voiced by the Ombudsman's
   Office. Although the investigating officer agreed with the AFP
   investigators that the complaint could not be substantiated, she
   wrote, `I am concerned that your mother felt she was compelled to
   pressure you into attending an interview based on a fear that she
   would be charged because her phone was used to perpetrate the
   offences'.
   
   Anthrax remains angry and sceptical about his experience with the
   police. He believes a lot of things need to be changed about the way
   the police operate. Most of all, he believes that justice will never
   be assured in a system where the police are allowed to investigate
   themselves.

PAD AND GANDALF
   
   After Pad and Gandalf were released from prison, they started up a
   free security advisory service on the Internet. One reason they began
   releasing 8lgm advisories, as they were known, was to help admins
   secure their own systems. The other reason was to thumb their noses at
   the conservatives in the security industry.
   
   Many on the Internet considered the 8lgm advisories to be the best
   available at the time--far better than anything CERT had ever
   produced. Pad and Gandalf were sending their own message back to the
   establishment. The message, though never openly stated, was something
   like this: `You busted us. You sent us to prison. But it didn't
   matter. You can't keep information like this secret. Further, we are
   still better than you ever were and, to prove it, we are going to beat
   you at your own game.'
   
   Believing that the best way to keep a hacker out of your system is to
   secure it properly in the first place, the two British hackers
   rejected security gurus who refused to tell the world about new
   security holes. Their 8lgm advisories began marginalising the
   traditional industry security reports, and helped to push the industry
   toward its current, more open attitude.
   
   Pad and Gandalf now both work, doing computer programming jobs on
   contract, sometimes for financial institutions. Their clients like
   them and value their work. Both have steady girlfriends.
   
   Pad doesn't hack any more. The reason isn't the risk of getting caught
   or the threat of prison. He has stopped hacking because he has
   realised what a headache it is for a system administrator to clean up
   his or her computer after an attack. Searching through logs. Looking
   for backdoors the hacker might have left behind. The hours, the
   hassle, the pressure--he thinks it is wrong to put anyone through
   that. Pad understands far better now how much strain a hacker
   intrusion can cause another human being.
   
   There is another reason Pad has given up hacking: he has simply
   outgrown the desire. He says that he has better things to do with his
   time. Computers are a way for him to earn a living, not a way to spend
   his leisure time. After a trip overseas he decided that real
   travel--not its electronic cousin--was more interesting than hacking.
   He has also learned to play the guitar, something he believes he would
   have done years ago if he hadn't spent so much time hacking.
   
   Gandalf shares Pad's interest in travelling. One reason they like
   contract work is because it lets them work hard for six months, save
   some money, and then take a few months off. The aim of both ex-hackers
   for now is simply to sling backpacks over their shoulders and bounce
   around the globe.
   
   Pad still thinks that Britain takes hacking far too seriously and he
   is considering moving overseas permanently. The 8lgm court case made
   him wonder about the people in power in Britain--the politicians, the
   judges, the law enforcement officers. He often thinks: what kind of
   people are running this show?

STUART GILL
   
   In 1993, the Victorian Ombudsman1 and the Victoria Police2 both
   investigated the leaking of confidential police information in
   association with Operation Iceberg--a police investigation into
   allegations of corruption against Assistant Commissioner of Police
   Frank Green. Stuart Gill figured prominently in both reports.
   
   The Victoria Police report concluded that `Gill was able to infiltrate
   the policing environment by skilfully manipulating himself and
   information to the unsuspecting'. The Ombudsman concluded that a
   `large quantity of confidential police information, mainly from the
   ISU database, was given to ... Gill by [Victoria Police officer]
   Cosgriff'.
   
   The police report stated that Inspector Chris Cosgriff had
   deliberately leaked confidential police information to Gill, and
   reported that he was `besotted with Gill'. Superintendent Tony Warren,
   ex-Deputy Commissioner John Frame and ex-Assistant Commissioner
   Bernice Masterston were also criticised in the report.
   
   The Ombudsman concluded that Warren and Cosgriff's relationship with
   Gill was `primarily responsible for the release of confidential
   information'. Interestingly, however, the Ombudsman also stated,
   `Whilst Mr Gill may have had his own agenda and taken advantage of his
   relationship with police, [the] police have equally used and in some
   cases misused Mr Gill for their own purposes'.
   
   The Ombudsman's report further concluded that there was no evidence of
   criminal conduct by Frank Green, and that the `allegations made over
   the years against Mr Green should have been properly and fully
   investigated at the time they were made'.

PHOENIX
   
   As his court case played in the media, Phoenix was speeding on his
   motorcycle through an inner-city Melbourne street one rainy night when
   he hit a car. The car's driver leapt from the front seat and found a
   disturbing scene. Phoenix was sprawled across the road. His helmet had
   a huge crack on the side, where his head had hit the car's petrol
   tank, and petrol had spilled over the motorcycle and its rider.
   
   Miraculously, Phoenix was unhurt, though very dazed. Some bystanders
   helped him and the distraught driver to a nearby halfway house. They
   called an ambulance, and then made the two traumatised young men some
   tea in the kitchen. Phoenix's mother arrived, called by a bystander at
   Phoenix's request. The ambulance workers confirmed that Phoenix had
   not broken any bones but they recommended he go to hospital to check
   for possible concussion.
   
   Still both badly shaken, Phoenix and the driver exchanged names and
   phone numbers. Phoenix told the driver he did technical work for a
   0055 telephone service, then said, `You might recognise me. I'm
   Phoenix. There's this big computer hacking case going on in
   court--that's my case'.
   
   The driver looked at him blankly.
   
   Phoenix said, `You might have seen me on the TV news.'
   
   No, the driver said, somewhat amazed at the strange things which go
   through the dazed mind of a young man who has so narrowly escaped
   death.
   
   Some time after Phoenix's close brush with death, the former hacker
   left his info-line technician's job and began working in the
   information technology division of a large Melbourne-based
   corporation. Well paid in his new job, Phoenix is seen, once again, as
   the golden-haired boy. He helped to write a software program which
   reduces waste in one of the production lines and reportedly saved the
   company thousands of dollars. Now he travels abroad regularly, to
   Japan and elsewhere.
   
   He had a steady girlfriend for a time, but eventually she broke the
   relationship off to see other people. Heartbroken, he avoided dating
   for months. Instead, he filled his time with his ever-increasing
   corporate responsibilities.
   
   His new interest is music. He plays electric guitar in an amateur
   band.

ELECTRON
   
   A few weeks after his sentencing, Electron had another psychotic
   episode, triggered by a dose of speed. He was admitted to hospital
   again, this time at Larundel. After a short stay, he was released and
   underwent further psychiatric care.
   
   Some months later, he did speed again, and suffered another bout of
   psychosis. He kept reading medical papers on the Internet about his
   condition and his psychiatrists worried that his detailed research
   might interfere with their ability to treat him.
   
   He moved into special accommodation for people recovering from mental
   instabilities. Slowly, he struggled to overcome his illness. When
   people came up to him and said things like, `What a nice day it is!'
   Electron willed himself to take their words at face value, to accept
   that they really were just commenting on the weather, nothing more.
   During this time, he quit drugs, alcohol and his much-hated accounting
   course. Eventually he was able to come off his psychiatric medicines
   completely. He hasn't taken drugs or had alcohol since December 1994.
   His only chemical vice in 1996 was cigarettes. By the beginning of
   1997 he had also given up tobacco.
   
   Electron hasn't talked to either Phoenix or Nom since 1992.
   
   In early 1996, Electron moved into his own flat with his steady
   girlfriend, who studies dance and who also successfully overcame
   mental illness after a long, hard struggle. Electron began another
   university course in a philosophy-related field. This time university
   life agreed with him, and his first semester transcript showed honours
   grades in every class. He is considering moving to Sydney for further
   studies.
   
   Electron worked off his 300 hours of community service by painting walls
   and doing minor handyman work at a local primary school. Among the small
   projects the school asked him to complete was the construction of a
   retaining wall. He designed and dug, measured and fortified. As he
   finished off the last of his court-ordered community service hours on
   the wall, he discovered that he was rather proud of his creation. Even
   now, once in a while, he drives past the school and looks at the wall.
   
   It is still standing.

				    [ ]
   
   There are still hacking cases in Australia. About the same time as
   Mendax's case was being heard in Victoria, The Crawler pleaded guilty
   to 23 indictable offences and thirteen summary offences--all hacking
   related charges--in Brisbane District Court. On 20 December 1996, the
   21-year-old Queenslander was given a three-year suspended prison
   sentence, ordered to pay $5000 in reparations to various
   organisations, and made to forfeit his modem and two computers. The
   first few waves of hackers may have come and gone, but hacking is far
   from dead. It is merely less visible.
   
   Law enforcement agencies and the judiciaries of several countries have
   tried to send a message to the next generation of would-be hackers.
   The message is this: Don't hack.
   
   But the next generation of elite hackers and phreakers have heard a
   very different message, a message which says: Don't get caught.
   
   The principle of deterrence has not worked with hackers at this level.
   I'm not talking here about the codes-kids--the teeny-bopper, carding,
   wanna-be nappies who hang out on IRC (Internet relay chat). I'm
   talking about the elite hackers. If anything, law enforcement
   crackdowns have not only pushed them further underground, they have
   encouraged hackers to become more sophisticated than ever before in
   the way they protect themselves. Adversity is the mother of invention.
   
   When police officers march through the front door of a hacker's home
   today, they may be better prepared than their predecessors, but they
   will also be facing bigger hurdles.  Today, top hackers encrypt
   everything sensitive. The data on their hard drives, their live data
   connections, even their voice conversations.
   
   So, if hackers are still hacking, who are their targets?
   
   It is a broad field. Any type of network provider--X.25, cellular
   phone or large Internet provider. Computer vendors--the manufacturers
   of software and hardware, routers, gateways, firewalls or phone
   switches. Military institutions, governments and banks seem to be a
   little less fashionable these days, though there are still plenty of
   attacks on these sorts of sites.
   
   Attacks on security experts are still common, but a new trend is the
   increase in attacks on other hackers' systems. One Australian hacker
   joked, `What are the other hackers going to do? Call the Feds? Tell
   the AFP, "Yes, officer, that's right, some computer criminal broke
   into my machine and stole 20000 passwords and all my exploitation code
   for bypassing firewalls".'
   
   For the most part, elite hackers seem to work alone, because of the
   well-advertised risks of getting caught. There are still some
   underground hacking communities frequented by top hackers, most notably
   UPT in Canada and a few groups like the l0pht in the US, but such groups
   are far less common, and more fragmented than they used to be.
   
   These hackers have reached a new level of sophistication, not just in
   the technical nature of their attacks, but in their strategies and
   objectives. Once, top hackers such as Electron and Phoenix were happy
   to get copies of Zardoz, which listed security holes found by industry
   experts. Now top hackers find those holes themselves--by reading line
   by line through the proprietary source code from places like DEC, HP,
   CISCO, Sun and Microsoft.
   
   Industrial espionage does not seem to be on the agenda, at least with
   anyone I interviewed. I have yet to meet a hacker who has given
   proprietary source code to a vendor's competitor. I have, however, met
   a hacker who found one company's proprietary source code inside the
   computer of its competitor. Was that a legal copy of the source code?
   Who knows? The hacker didn't think so, but he kept his mouth shut
   about it, for obvious reasons.
   
   Most of the time, these hackers want to keep their original bugs as
   quiet as possible, so vendors won't release patches.
   
   The second popular target is source code development machines. The top
   hackers have a clear objective in this area: to install their own
   backdoors before the product is released. They call it `backdooring' a
   program or an operating system. The word `backdoor' is now used as
   both a noun and a verb in the underground. Hackers are very nervous
   discussing this subject, in part because they don't want to see a
   computer company's stock dive and people lose their jobs.
   
   What kind of programs do these hackers want to backdoor? Targets
   mentioned include at least one major Internet browser, a popular game,
   an Internet packet filter and a database product used by law
   enforcement agencies.
   
   A good backdoor is a very powerful device, creating a covert channel
   through even the most sturdy of firewalls into the heart of an
   otherwise secure network. In a net browser, a backdoor would in theory
   allow a hacker to connect directly into someone's home computer every
   time he or she wandered around the World Wide Web. However, don't
   expect hackers to invade your suburban home just yet. Most elite
   hackers couldn't care less about the average person's home computer.
   
   Perhaps you are wondering who might be behind this sort of attack.
   What sort of person would do this? There are no easy answers to that
   question. Some hackers are good people, some are bad, just like any
   group of people. The next generation of elite hackers are a diverse
   bunch, and relaying their stories would take another book entirely.
   However, I would like to introduce you to just one, to give you a
   window into the future.

SKiMo.
   
   A European living outside Australia, SKiMo has been hacking for at
   least four years, although he probably only joined the ranks of
   world-class hackers in 1995 or 1996. Never busted. Young--between the
   age of 18 and 25--and male. From a less than picture-perfect family.
   Fluent in English as a second language. Left-leaning in his
   politics--heading toward environmentally green parties and anarchy
   rather than traditional labour parties. Smokes a little dope and
   drinks alcohol, but doesn't touch the hard stuff.
   
   His musical tastes include early Pink Floyd, Sullen, Dog Eat Dog,
   Biohazard, old Ice-T, Therapy, Alanis Morissette, Rage Against the
   Machine, Fear Factory, Life of Agony and Napalm Death. He reads
   Stephen King, Stephen Hawking, Tom Clancy and Aldous Huxley. And any
   good books about physics, chemistry or mathematics.
   
   Shy in person, he doesn't like organised team sports and is not very
   confident around girls. He has only had one serious girlfriend, but
   the relationship finished. Now that he hacks and codes about four to
   five hours per day on average, but sometimes up to 36 hours straight,
   he doesn't have time for girls.
   
   `Besides,' he says, `I am rather picky when it comes to girls. Maybe
   if the girl shared the same interests ... but those ones are hard to
   find.' He adds, by way of further explanation, `Girls are different
   from hacking. You can't just brute force them if all else fails.'
   
   SKiMo has never intentionally damaged a computer system, nor would he.
   Indeed, when I asked him, he was almost offended by the question.
   However, he has accidentally done damage on a few occasions. In at
   least one case, he returned to the system and fixed the problem
   himself.
   
   Bored out of his mind for most of his school career, SKiMo spent a
   great deal of time reading books in class--openly. He wanted to send
   the teacher a message without actually jacking up in class.
   
   He got into hacking after reading a magazine article about people who
   hacked answering machines and VMBs. At that time, he had no idea what
   a VMB was, but he learned fast. One Sunday evening, he sat down with
   his phone and began scanning. Soon he was into phreaking, and visiting
   English-speaking party lines. Somehow, he always felt more comfortable
   speaking in English, to native English-speakers, perhaps because he
   felt a little like an outsider in his own culture.
   
   `I have always had the thought to leave my country as soon as I can,'
   he said.
   
   From the phreaking, it was a short jump into hacking.
   
   What made him want to hack or phreak in the first place? Maybe it was
   the desire to screw over the universally hated phone company, or
   `possibly the sheer lust for power' or then again, maybe he was simply
   answering his desire `to explore an intricate piece of technology'.
   Today, however, he is a little clearer on why he continues to hack.
   `My first and foremost motivation is to learn,' he said.
   
   When asked why he doesn't visit his local university or library to
   satisfy that desire, he answered, `in books, you only learn theory. It
   is not that I dislike the theory but computer security in real life is
   much different from theory'. Libraries also have trouble keeping pace
   with the rate of technological change, SKiMo said. `Possibly, it is
   also just the satisfaction of knowing that what I learn is
   proprietary--is "inside knowledge",' he added. There could, he said,
   be some truth in the statement that he likes learning in an
   adrenalin-inducing environment.
   
   Is he addicted to computers? SKiMo says no, but the indications are
   there. By his own estimate, he has hacked between 3000 and 10000
   computers in total. His parents--who have no idea what their son was
   up to day and night on his computer--worry about his behaviour. They
   pulled the plug on his machine many times. In SKiMo's own words, `they
   tried everything to keep me away from it'.
   
   Not surprisingly, they failed. SKiMo became a master at hiding his
   equipment so they couldn't sneak in and take it away. Finally, when he
   got sick of battling them over it and he was old enough, he put his
   foot down. `I basically told them, "Diz is ma fuckin' life and none o'
   yer business, Nemo"--but not in those words.'
   
   SKiMo says he hasn't suffered from any mental illnesses or
   instabilities--except perhaps paranoia. But he says that paranoia is
   justified in his case. In two separate incidents in 1996, he believed
   he was being followed. Try as he might, he couldn't shake the tails
   for quite some time. Perhaps it was just a coincidence, but he can
   never really be sure.
   
   He described one hacking attack to me to illustrate his current
   interests. He managed to get inside the internal network of a German
   mobile phone network provider, DeTeMobil (Deutsche Telekom). A former
   state-owned enterprise which was transformed into a publicly listed
   corporation in January 1995, Deutsche Telekom is the largest
   telecommunications company in Europe and ranks number three in the
   world as a network operator. It employs almost a quarter of a million
   people. By revenue, which totalled about $A37 billion in 1995, it is
   one of the five largest companies in Germany.
   
   After carefully researching and probing a site, SKiMo unearthed a
   method of capturing the encryption keys generated for DeTeMobil's
   mobile phone conversations.
   
   He explained: `The keys are not fixed, in the sense that they are
   generated once and then stored in some database. Rather, a key is
   generated for each phone conversation by the company's AUC
   [authentication centre], using the "Ki" and a random value generated
   by the AUC. The Ki is the secret key that is securely stored on the
   smart card [inside the cellphone], and a copy is also stored in the
   AUC. When the AUC "tells" the cellphone the key for that particular
   conversation, the information passes through the company's MSC [mobile
   switching centre].
   
   `It is possible to eavesdrop on a certain cellphone if one actively
   monitors either the handovers or the connection set-up messages from
   the OMC [operations and maintenance centre] or if one knows the Ki in
   the smart card.
   
   `Both options are entirely possible. The first option, which relies on
   knowing the A5 encryption key, requires the right equipment. The
   second option, using the Ki, means you have to know the A3/A8
   algorithms as well or the Ki is useless. These algorithms can be
   obtained by hacking the switch manufacturer, i.e. Siemens, Alcatel,
   Motorola ...
   
   `As a call is made from the target cellphone, you need to feed the A5
   key into a cellphone which has been modified to let it eavesdrop on
   the channel used by the cellphone. Normally, this eavesdropping will
   only produce static--since the conversation is encrypted. However,
   with the keys and equipment, you can decode the conversation.'
   
   This is one of the handover messages, logged with a CCITT7 link
   monitor, that he saw:
   
   13:54:46"3 4Rx< SCCP 12-2-09-1 12-2-04-0 13 CR
   
   BSSM HOREQ
   
   BSSMAP GSM 08.08 Rev 3.9.2 (BSSM) HaNDover REQuest (HOREQ)
   
   -------0 Discrimination bit D BSSMAP
   
   0000000- Filler
   
   00101011 Message Length 43
   
   00010000 Message Type 0x10
   
   Channel Type
   
   00001011 IE Name Channel type
   
   00000011 IE Length 3
   
   00000001 Speech/Data Indicator Speech
   
   00001000 Channel Rate/Type Full rate TCH channel Bm
   
   00000001 Speech Encoding Algorithm GSM speech algorithm Ver 1
   
   Encryption Information
   
   00001010 IE Name Encryption information
   
   00001001 IE Length 9
   
   00000010 Algorithm ID GSM user data encryption V. 1
   
   ******** Encryption Key C9 7F 45 7E 29 8E 08 00
   
   Classmark Information Type 2
   
   00010010 IE Name Classmark information type 2
   
   00000010 IE Length 2
   
   -----001 RF power capability Class 2, portable
   
   ---00--- Encryption algorithm Algorithm A5
   
   000----- Revision level
   
   -----000 Frequency capability Band number 0
   
   ----1--- SM capability present
   
   -000---- Spare
   
   0------- Extension
   
   Cell Identifier
   
   00000101 IE Name Cell identifier
   
   00000101 IE Length 5
   
   00000001 Cell ID discriminator LAC/CI used to ident cell
   
   ******** LAC 4611
   
   ******** CI 3000
   
   PRIority
   
   00000110 IE Name Priority
   
   00000001 IE Length 1
   
   -------0 Preemption allowed ind not allowed
   
   ------0- Queueing allowed ind not allowed
   
   --0011-- Priority level 3
   
   00------ Spare
   
   Circuit Identity Code
   
   00000001 IE Name Circuit identity code
   
   00000000 PCM Multiplex a-h 0
   
   ---11110 Timeslot in use 30
   
   101----- PCM Multiplex i-k 5
   
   Downlink DTX flag
   
   00011001 IE Name Downlink DTX flag
   
   -------1 DTX in downlink direction disabled
   
   0000000- Spare
   
   Cell Identifier
   
   00000101 IE Name Cell identifier
   
   00000101 IE Length 5
   
   00000001 Cell ID discriminator LAC/CI used to ident cell
   
   ******** LAC 4868
   
   ******** CI 3200
   
   The beauty of a digital mobile phone, as opposed to the analogue
   mobile phones still used by some people in Australia, is that a
   conversation is reasonably secure from eavesdroppers. If I call you on
   my digital mobile, our conversation will be encrypted with the A5
   encryption algorithm between the mobile phone and the exchange. The
   carrier has copies of the Kis and, in some countries, the government
   can access these copies. They are, however, closely guarded secrets.
   
   SKiMo had access to the database of the encrypted Kis and access to
   some of the unencrypted Kis themselves. At the time, he never went to
   the trouble of gathering enough information about the A3 and A8
   algorithms to decrypt the full database, though it would have been
   easy to do so. However, he has now obtained that information.
   
   To SKiMo, access to the keys generated for each of thousands of German
   mobile phone conversations was simply a curiosity--and a trophy. He
   didn't have the expensive equipment required to eavesdrop. To an
   intelligence agency, however, access could be very valuable,
   particularly if some of those phones belonged to people such as
   politicians. Even more valuable would be ongoing access to the OMC, or
   better still, the MSC. SkiMo said he would not provide this to any
   intelligence agency.
   
   While inside DeTeMobil, SKiMo also learned how to interpret some of
   the mapping and signal-strength data. The result? If one of the
   company's customers has his mobile turned on, SKiMo says he can
   pinpoint the customer's geographic location to within one kilometre.
   The customer doesn't even have to be talking on the mobile. All he has
   to do is have the phone turned on, waiting to receive calls.
   
   SKiMo tracked one customer for an afternoon, as the man travelled
   across Germany, then called the customer up. It turned out they spoke
   the same European language.
   
   `Why are you driving from Hamburg to Bremen with your phone on
   stand-by mode?' SKiMo asked.
   
   The customer freaked out. How did this stranger at the end of the
   phone know where he had been travelling?
   
   SKiMo said he was from Greenpeace. `Don't drive around so much. It
   creates pollution,' he told the bewildered mobile customer. Then he
   told the customer about the importance of conserving energy and how
   prolonged used of mobile phones affected certain parts of one's brain.
   
   Originally, SKiMo broke into the mobile phone carriers' network
   because he wanted `to go completely cellular'--a transition which he
   hoped would make him both mobile and much harder to trace. Being able
   to eavesdrop on other people's calls-- including those of the
   police--was going to be a bonus.
   
   However, as he pursued this project, he discovered that the code from
   a mobile phone manufacturer which he needed to study was `a
   multi-lingual project'. `I don't know whether you have ever seen a
   multi-lingual project,' SKiMo says, `where nobody defines a common
   language that all programmers must use for their comments and function
   names? They look horrible. They are no fun to read.' Part of this one
   was in Finnish.
   
   SKiMo says he has hacked a number of major vendors and, in several
   cases, has had access to their products' source codes.
   
   Has he had the access to install backdoors in primary source code for
   major vendors? Yes. Has he done it? He says no. On other hand, I asked
   him who he would tell if he did do it. `No-one,' he said, `because
   there is more risk if two people know than if one does.'
   
   SKiMo is mostly a loner these days. He shares a limited amount of
   information about hacking exploits with two people, but the
   conversations are usually carefully worded or vague. He substitutes a
   different vendor's names for the real one, or he discusses technical
   computer security issues in an in-depth but theoretical manner, so he
   doesn't have to name any particular system.
   
   He doesn't talk about anything to do with hacking on the telephone.
   Mostly, when he manages to capture a particularly juicy prize, he
   keeps news of his latest conquest to himself.
   
   It wasn't always that way. `When I started hacking and phreaking, I
   had the need to learn very much and to establish contacts which I
   could ask for certain things--such as technical advice,' SKiMo said.
   `Now I find it much easier to get that info myself than asking anyone
   for it. I look at the source code, then experiment and discover new
   bugs myself.'
   
   Asked if the ever-increasing complexity of computer technology hasn't
   forced hackers to work in groups of specialists instead of going solo,
   he said in some cases yes, but in most cases, no. `That is only true
   for people who don't want to learn everything.'
   
   SKiMo can't see himself giving up hacking any time in the near future.

   Who is on the other side these days?
   
   In Australia, it is still the Australian Federal Police, although the
   agency has come a long way since the early days of the Computer Crimes
   Unit. When AFP officers burst in on Phoenix, Nom and Electron, they
   were like the Keystone Cops. The police were no match for the
   Australian hackers in the subsequent interviews. The hackers were so
   far out in front in technical knowledge it was laughable.
   
   The AFP has been closing that gap with considerable alacrity. Under
   the guidance of officers like Ken Day, they now run a more technically
   skilled group of law enforcement officers. In 1995-96, the AFP had
   about 2800 employees, although some 800 of these worked in `community
   policing'--serving as the local police in places like the ACT and
   Norfolk Island. The AFP's annual expenditure was about $270 million in
   that year.
   
   As an institution, the AFP has recently gone through a major
   reorganisation, designed to make it less of a command-and-control
   military structure and more of an innovative, service oriented
   organisation.
   
   Some of these changes are cosmetic. AFP officers are now no longer
   called `constable' or `detective sergeant'--they are all just `federal
   agents'. The AFP now has a `vision' which is `to fight crime and
   win'.3 Its organisational chart had been transformed from a
   traditional, hierarchical pyramid of square boxes into a collection of
   little circles linked to bigger circles--all in a circle shape. No
   phallo-centric structures here. You can tell the politically correct
   management consultants have been visiting the AFP.
   
   The AFP has, however, also changed in more substantive ways. There are
   now `teams' with different expertise, and AFP investigators can draw
   on them on an as-needed basis. In terms of increased efficiency, this
   fluidity is probably a good thing.
   
   There are about five permanent officers in the Melbourne computer
   crimes area. Although the AFP doesn't release detailed budget
   breakdowns, my back-of-the-envelope analysis suggested that the AFP
   spends less than $1 million per year on the Melbourne computer crimes
   area in total. Sydney also has a Computer Crimes Unit.
   
   Catching hackers and phreakers is only one part of the unit's job.
   Another important task is to provide technical computer expertise for
   other investigations.
   
   Day still runs the show in Melbourne. He doesn't think or act like a
   street cop. He is a psychological player, and therefore well suited to
   his opponents. According to a reliable source outside the underground,
   he is also a clean cop, a competent officer, and `a nice guy'.
   
   However, being the head of the Computer Crimes Unit for so many years
   makes Day an easy target in the underground. In particular, hackers
   often make fun of how seriously he seems to take both himself and his
   job. When Day appeared on the former ABC show `Attitude', sternly
   warning the audience off hacking, he told the viewers, `It's not a
   game. It's a criminal act'.
   
   To hackers watching the show, this was a matter of opinion. Not long
   after the episode went to air, a few members of Neuro-cactus, an
   Australian group of hackers and phreakers which had its roots in
   Western Australia, decided to take the mickey out of Day. Two members,
   Pick and Minnow, clipped Day's now famous soundbite. Before long, Day
   appeared to be saying, `It's not a criminal act. It's a game'--to the
   musical theme of `The Bill'. The Neuro-cactus crowd quickly spread
   their lampoon across the underground via an illicit VMB connected to
   its own toll-free 008 number.
   
   Although Day does perhaps take himself somewhat seriously, it can't be
   much fun for him to deal with this monkey business week in and week
   out. More than one hacker has told me with great excitement, `I know
   someone who is working on getting Day's home number'. The word is that
   a few members of the underground already have the information and have
   used it. Some people think it would be hilarious to call up Day at
   home and prank him. Frankly, I feel a bit sorry for the guy. You can
   bet the folks in traffic operations don't have to put up with this
   stuff.
   
   But that doesn't mean I think these pranksters should be locked up
   either.
   
   If we, as a society, choose not to lock hackers up, then what should
   we do with them?
   
   Perhaps a better question is, do we really need to do anything with
   them?
   
   One answer is to simply ignore look-see hacking. Society could decide
   that it makes more sense to use valuable police resources to catch
   dangerous criminals--forgers, embezzlers, white-collar swindlers,
   corporate spies and malicious hackers--than to chase look-see hackers.
   
   The law must still maintain the capacity to punish hard where someone
   has strayed into what society deems serious crime. However, almost any
   serious crime committed by a hacker could be committed by a non-hacker
   and prosecuted under other legislation. Fraud, wilful damage and
   dealing in stolen property are crimes regardless of the medium--and
   should be punished appropriately.
   
   Does it make sense to view most look-see hackers--and by that I mean
   hackers who do not do malicious damage or commit fraud--as criminals?
   Probably not. They are primarily just a nuisance and should be treated
   as such. This would not be difficult to do. The law-makers could
   simply declare look-see hacking to be a minor legal infringement. In
   the worst-case scenario, a repeat offender might have to do a little
   community service. But such community service needs to be managed
   properly. In one Australian case, a corrections officer assigned a
   hacker to dig ditches with a convicted rapist and murderer.
   
   Many hackers have never had a job--in part because of the high youth
   unemployment in some areas--and so their community service might be
   their first `position'. The right community service placement must
   involve hackers using their computer skills to give something back to
   society, preferably in some sort of autonomous, creative project. A
   hacker's enthusiasm, curiosity and willingness to experiment can be
   directed toward a positive outcome if managed properly.
   
   In cases where hacking or phreaking has been an addiction, the problem
   should be treated, not criminalised. Most importantly, these hackers
   should not have convictions recorded against them, particularly if
   they're young. As Paul Galbally said to the court at Mendax's
   sentencing, `All the accused are intelligent--but their intelligence
   outstretched their maturity'.  Chances are, most will be able to
   overcome or outgrow their addiction.
   
   In practice, most Australia's judges have been reasonably fair in
   their sentencing, certainly compared to judges overseas. None of the
   Australian hackers detailed in this work received a prison sentence.
   Part of this is due to happenstance, but part is also due to the sound
   judgments of people like Judge Lewis and Judge Kimm. It must be very
   tempting, sitting on the bench every day, to shoot from the hip
   interpreting new laws.
   
   As I sat in court listening to each judge, it quickly became clear
   that these judges had done their homework. With psychologist Tim
   Watson-Munro on the stand, Judge Lewis rapidly zeroed in on the
   subject of `free will'--as applied to addiction--regarding Prime
   Suspect. In Trax's case, Judge Kimm asked pointed questions which he
   could only have formulated after serious study of the extensive legal
   brief. Their well-informed judgments suggested a deeper understanding
   both of hacking as a crime, and of the intent of the largely untested
   computer crime legislation.
   
   However, a great deal of time and money has been wasted in the pursuit
   of look-see hackers, largely because this sort of hacking is treated
   as a major crime. Consider the following absurd situation created by
   Australia's federal computer criminal legislation.
   
   A spy breaks into a computer at the Liberal Party's headquarters and
   reads the party's top-secret election strategy, which he may want to
   pass on to the Labor Party. He doesn't insert or delete any data in
   the process, or view any commercial information. The penalty under
   this legislation? A maximum of six months in prison.
   
   That same spy decides he wants to get rich quick. Using the local
   telephone system, he hacks into a bank's computer with the intention
   of defrauding the financial institution. He doesn't view any
   commercial or personal information, or delete or insert any files. Yet
   the information he reviews--about the layout of a bank building, or
   how to set off its fire alarm or sprinkler system--proves vital in his
   plan to defraud the bank. His penalty: a maximum of two years prison.
   
   Our spy now moves onto bigger and better things. He penetrates a
   Department of Defence computer with the intention of obtaining
   information about Australia's military strategies and passing it on to
   the Malaysians. Again, he doesn't delete or insert any data--he just
   reads every sensitive planning document he can find. Under the federal
   anti-hacking laws, the maximum penalty he would receive would also be
   two years prison.
   
   Meanwhile, a look-see hacker breaks into a university computer without
   doing any damage. He doesn't delete any files. He FTPs a public-domain
   file from another system and quietly tucks it away in a hidden, unused
   corner of the university machine. Maybe he writes a message to someone
   else on-line. If caught, the law, as interpreted by the AFP and the
   DPP, says he faces up to ten years in prison. The reason? He has
   inserted or deleted data.
   
   Although the spy hacker might also face other charges--such as
   treason--this exercise illustrates some of the problems with the
   current computer crime legislation.
   
   The letter of the law says that our look-see hacker might face a
   prison term five times greater than the bank fraud criminal or the
   military spy, and twenty times greater than the anti-Liberal Party
   subversive, if he inserts or deletes any data. The law, as interpreted
   by the AFP, says that the look-see hacking described above should have
   the same maximum ten-year prison penalty as judicial corruption. It's
   a weird mental image--the corrupt judge and the look-see hacker
   sharing a prison cell.
   
   Although the law-makers may not have fully understood the
   technological aspects of hacking when they introduced the computer
   crimes legislation, their intent seems clear. They were trying to
   differentiate between a malicious hacker and a look-see hacker, but
   they could have worded it better.
   
   As it's worded, the legislation puts malicious, destructive hacking on
   a par with look-see hacking by saying that anyone who destroys,
   erases, alters or inserts data via a carrier faces a prison term,
   regardless of the person's intent. There is no gradation in the law
   between mere deletion of data and `aggravated deletion'--the maximum
   penalty is ten years for both. The AFP has taken advantage of this
   lack of distinction, and the result has been a steady stream of
   look-see hackers being charged with the most serious computer crime
   offences.
   
   Parliament makes the laws. Government institutions such as the AFP,
   the DPP and the courts interpret and apply those laws. The AFP and to
   some extent the DPP have applied the strict letter of the law
   correctly in most of the hacking cases described in this book. They
   have, however, missed the intention of the law. Change the law and
   they may behave differently. Make look-see hacking a minor offence and
   the institutions will stop going after the soft targets and hopefully
   spend more time on the real criminals.
   
   I have seen some of these hackers up close, studied them for two years
   and learned a bit about what makes them tick. In many ways, they are
   quintessentially Australian, always questioning authority and
   rebelling against `the establishment'. They're smart--in some cases
   very smart. A few might even be classified as technical geniuses.
   They're mischievous, but also very enterprising. They're rebels,
   public nuisances and dreamers.
   
   Most of all, they know how to think outside the box.
   
   This is not a flaw. Often, it is a very valuable trait--and one which
   pushes society forward into new frontiers. The question shouldn't be
   whether we want to crush it but how we should steer it in a different
   direction.

   If you would like to comment on this book, please write to
   feedback@underground-book.com. All comments are passed onto
   Dreyfus & Assange.

     _________________________________________________________________

		 Underground -- Glossary and Abbreviations
     _________________________________________________________________

   AARNET Australian Academic Research Network
   
   ACARB Australian Computer Abuse Research Bureau, once called CITCARB
   
   AFP Australian Federal Police
   
   Altos West German chat system and hacker hang-out, connected to X.25
   network and run by Altos Computer Systems, Hamburg
   
   ANU Australian National University
   
   ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
   
   Backdoor A program or modification providing secret access to a
   computer system, installed by a hacker to bypass normal security. Also
   used as a verb
   
   BBS Bulletin Board System
   
   BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
   
   BRL Ballistics Research Laboratory (US)
   
   BT British Telecom
   
   CCITT Committee Consultatif Internationale Telegraph et Telephonie:
   Swiss telecommunications standards body (now defunct; see ITU)
   
   CCS Computer Crime Squad
   
   CCU Computer Crimes Unit (Australian Federal Police)
   
   CERT Computer Emergency Response Team
   
   CIAC Computer Incident Advisory Capability: DOE's computer security
   team
   
   CITCARB Chisholm Institute of Technology Computer Abuse Research
   Bureau (now defunct. See ACARB)
   
   COBE Cosmic Background Explorer project: a NASA research project
   
   DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (US)
   
   DCL Digital Command Language, a computer programming language used on
   VMS computers
   
   DDN Defense Data Network
   
   DEC Digital Equipment Corporation
   
   DECNET A network protocol used to convey information between
   (primarily) VAX/VMS machines
   
   DEFCON (a) Defense Readiness Conditions, a system of progressive alert
   postures in the US; (b) the name of Force's computer program which
   automatically mapped out computer networks and scanned for accounts
   
   DES Data Encryption Standard, an encryption algorithm developed by
   IBM, NSA and NIST
   
   Deszip Fast DES Unix password-cracking system developed by Matthew
   Bishop
   
   Dial-up Modem access point into a computer or computer network
   
   DMS-100 Computerised telephone switch (exchange) made by NorTel
   
   DOD Department of Defense (US)
   
   DOE Department of Energy (US)
   
   DPP Director of Public Prosecutions
   
   DST Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire-- French secret service
   agency
   
   EASYNET Digital Equipment Corporation's internal communication network
   (DECNET)
   
   GTN Global Telecommunications Network: Citibank's international data
   network
   
   HEPNET High Energy Physics Network: DECNET-based network, primarily
   controlled by DOE, connected to NASA's SPAN
   
   IID Internal Investigations Division. Both the Victoria Police and the
   AFP have an IID
   
   IP Internet Protocol (RFC791): a data communications protocol, used to
   transmit packets of data between computers on the Internet
   
   IS International Subversive (electronic magazine)
   
   ISU Internal Security Unit: anti-corruption unit of the Victoria
   Police
   
   ITU International Telecommunications Union, the international
   telecommunications standards body
   
   JANET Joint Academic Network (UK), a network of computers
   
   JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory--a California-based NASA research centre
   affiliated with CalTech
   
   LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US)
   
   LOD Legion of Doom
   
   Lutzifer West German computer, connected to the X.25 network, which
   had a chat facility
   
   MFC Multi Frequency Code (Group III): inter-exchange
   telecommunications system used by Telstra (Telecom)
   
   MILNET Military Network: TCP/IP unclassified US DOD computer network
   
   MOD Masters of Deception (or Destruction)
   
   Modem Modulator De-modulator: a device used to transmit computer data
   over a regular telephone line
   
   NCA National Crime Authority
   
   Netlink A Primos/Dialcom command used to initiate a connection over an
   X.25 network
   
   NIST National Institute of Standards (US)
   
   NIC Network Information Center (US), run by DOD: a computer which
   assigned domain names for the Internet.
   
   NRL Naval Research Laboratory (US)
   
   NSA National Security Agency (US)
   
   NUA Network User Address: the `telephone' number of a computer on an
   X.25 network
   
   NUI Network User Identifier (or Identification): combined
   username/password used on X.25 networks for billing purposes
   
   NorTel Northern Telecom, Canadian manufacturer of telecommunications
   equipment
   
   PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange
   
   PAD Packet Assembler Disassembler--ASCII gateway to X.25 networks
   
   PAR `PAR?'--command on PAD to display PAD
   parameters
   
   RMIT Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
   
   RTG Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator, space probe Galileo's
   plutonium-based power system
   
   RTM Robert Tappan Morris (Jr), the Cornell University student who
   wrote the Internet worm, also known as the RTM worm
   
   Scanner A program which scans and compiles information, such as a list
   of NUAs
   
   SPAN Space Physics Analysis Network: global DECNET- based network,
   primarily controlled by NASA
   
   Sprint US telecommunications company, an X.25 network provider
   
   Sprinter Word used by some Australian and English hackers to denote
   scanner. Derived from scanning attacks on Sprint communications
   
   Sprintnet X.25 network controlled by Sprint communications
   
   Sun Sun Microsystems--a major producer of Unix workstations
   
   TCP Transmission Control Protocol (RFC793): a standard for data
   connection between two computers on the Internet
   
   TELENET An X.25 network, DNIC 3110
   
   Telnet A method of connection between two computers on the Internet or
   other TCP/IP networks
   
   Trojan A program installed by hackers to secretly gather information,
   such as passwords. Can also be a backdoor
   
   Tymnet An X.25 network controlled by MCI, DNIC 3106
   
   Unix Multi-user computer operating system developed by AT&T and
   Berkeley CSRG
   
   VAX Virtual Address Extension: series of mini/mainframe computer
   systems produced by DEC
   
   VMS Virtual Memory System: computer operating system produced by DEC
   and used on its VAX machines
   
   WANK Worms Against Nuclear Killers: the title of DECNET/VMS-based worm
   released into SPAN/DEC/HEPNET in 1989
   
   X.25 International data communications network, using the X.25
   communications protocol. Network is run primarily by major
   telecommunications companies. Based on CCITT standard # X.25
   
   Zardoz A restricted computer security mailing list

     _________________________________________________________________

				   NOTES
     _________________________________________________________________

   Chapter 1
   
   1. Words And Music by Rob Hirst/Martin Rotsey/James Moginie/Peter
   Garrett/Peter Gifford. (c) Copyright 1982 Sprint Music. Administered
   for the World--Warner/ Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd. Used By
   Permission.
   
   2. I have relied on numerous wire service reports, particularly those
   of UPI Science Reporter William Harwood, for many of my descriptions
   of Galileo and the launch.
   
   3. William Harwood, `NASA Awaits Court Ruling on Shuttle Launch
   Plans', UPI, 10 October 1989.
   
   4. William Harwood, `Atlantis "Go" for Tuesday Launch', UPI, 16
   October 1989.
   
   5. Ibid.
   
   6. From NASA's World Wide Web site.
   
   7. Thomas A. Longstaff and E. Eugene Schulz, `Analysis of the WANK and
   OILZ Worms', Computer and Security, vol. 12, no. 1, February 1993, p.
   64.
   
   8. Katie Haffner and John Markoff, Cyberpunk, Corgi, London 1994, p.
   363.
   
   9. The Age, 22 April 1996, reprinted from The New York Times.
   
   10. DEC, Annual Report, 1989, listed in `SEC Online'.
   
   11. GEMTOP was corrected to GEMPAK in a later advisory by CIAC.
   
   12. `Officially' was spelled incorrectly in the original banner.
   
   13. This advisory is printed with the permission of CIAC and Kevin
   Oberman. CIAC requires the publication of the following disclaimer:
   
   This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an
   agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
   Government, nor the University of California, nor any of their
   employees makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
   liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
   usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
   disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
   owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial products,
   process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
   otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
   recommendation or favouring by the United States Government or the
   University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed
   herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
   Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for
   advertising or product endorsement purposes.
   
   14. Michael Alexander and Maryfran Johnson, `Worm Eats Holes in NASA's
   Decnet', Computer World, 23 October 1989, p. 4.
   
   15. Ibid.
   
   16. William Harwood, `Shuttle Launch Rained Out', UPI, 17 October
   1989.
   
   17. Vincent Del Guidice, `Atlantis Set for Another Launch Try', UPI,
   18 October 1989.
   
   18. William Harwood, `Astronauts Fire Galileo on Flight to Jupiter',
   UPI, 18 October 1989.
   
   Chapter 2
   
   1. Words And Music by Rob Hirst/James Moginie. (c) Copyright 1985
   Sprint Music. Administered for the World--Warner/Chappell Music
   Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.
   
   2. FIRST was initially called CERT System. It was an international
   version of CERT, the Computer Emergency Response Team, funded by the
   US Department of Defense and run out of Carnegie Mellon University.
   
   3. OTC was later merged with Telecom to become Telstra.
   
   4. Stuart Gill is described in some detail in Operation Iceberg;
   Investigation of Leaked Confidential Police Information and Related
   Matters, Ordered to be printed by the Legislative Assembly of
   Victoria, October 1993.
   
   Chapter 3
   
   1. Words And Music by Peter Garrett/James Moginie.
   (c) Copyright 1982 Sprint Music. Administered for the
   World--Warner/Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.
   
   Chapter 4
   
   1. Words And Music by Peter Garrett/James Moginie/Martin Rotsey. (c)
   Copyright 1980 Sprint Music. Administered for the
   World--Warner/Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.
   
   Chapter 5
   
   1. Words And Music by Rob Hirst/James Moginie. (c) Copyright 1989
   Sprint Music. Administered for the World--Warner/ Chappell Music
   Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.
   
   2. The full text of the articles, used by permission News Ltd and
   Helen Meredith, is:
   
   3. From Operation Iceberg; Investigations and Recommendations into
   Allegations of Leaked Confidential Police Information, included as
   Appendix 1 in the report of the Deputy Ombudsman, Operation Iceberg;
   Investigation of Leaked Confidential Police Information and Related
   Matters.
   
   4. Ibid., pp. 26-7.
   
   5. Michael Alexander, `International Hacker "Dave" Arrested', Computer
   World, 9 April 1990, p. 8.
   
   6. Matthew May, `Hacker Tip-Off', The Times, 5 April 1990; Lou
   Dolinar, `Australia Arrests Three in Computer Break-Ins', Newsday, 3
   April 1990.
   
   Chapter 6
   
   1. Words And Music by Rob Hirst/James Moginie/Peter Garrett. (c)
   Copyright 1978 Sprint Music. Administered for the
   World--Warner/Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.
   
   Chapter 7
   
   1. Words And Music by Peter Garrett/James Moginie/Rob Hirst. (c)
   Copyright 1988 Sprint Music. Administered for the
   World--Warner/Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.
   
   2. Rupert Battcock, `The Computer Misuse Act Five years on--the Record
   since 1990', paper, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK.
   
   3. For the British material in this chapter, I have relied on personal
   interviews, media reports (particularly for the Wandii case), journal
   articles, academic papers and commission reports.
   
   4. Colin Randall, `Teenage Computer Hacker "Caused Worldwide Chaos"',
   Daily Telegraph, 23 February 1993.
   
   5. The local phone company agreed to reduce the bill to
   [sterling]3000, EORTIC information systems manager Vincent Piedboeuf
   told the court.
   
   6. Susan Watts, `Trial Haunted by Images of Life in the Twilight
   Zone', The Independent, 18 March 1993.
   
   7. Toby Wolpe, `Hacker Worked on Barclay's Software', Computer Weekly,
   4 March 1993.
   
   8. David Millward, `Computer Hackers Will be Pursued, Vow Police',
   Daily Telegraph, 19 March 1993.
   
   9. Chester Stern, `Hackers' Threat to Gulf War Triumph', Mail on
   Sunday, 21 March 1993.
   
   10. `Crimes of the Intellect--Computer Hacking', editorial, The Times,
   20 March 1993.
   
   11. `Owners Must Act to Put End to Computer Hacker "Insanity"', South
   China Morning Post, 30 March 1993.
   
   12. Nick Nuttall, `Hackers Stay Silent on Court Acquittal', The Times,
   19 March 1993.
   
   13. Melvyn Howe, Press Association Newsfile, Home News section, 21 May
   1993.
   
   Chapter 8
   
   1. Words And Music by James Moginie/Peter Garrett. (c) Copyright 1982
   Sprint Music. Administered for the World--Warner/Chappell Music
   Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.
   
   2. This is an edited version.
   
   Chapter 9
   
   1. Words And Music by Rob Hirst. (c) Copyright 1993 Sprint Music.
   Administered for the World--Warner/Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd.
   Used By Permission.
   
   Chapter 10
   
   1. Words And Music by Rob Hirst/James Moginie/Martin Rotsey/Andrew
   James. (c) Copyright 1978 Sprint Music. Administered for the
   World--Warner/Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd and Andrew James. Used
   By Permission.
   
   Chapter 11
   
   1. Words And Music by James Moginie (lyrics adapted from the book The
   Great Prawn War And Other Stories by Dennis Kevans). (c) Copyright
   1984 Sprint Music. Administered for the World--Warner/Chappell Music
   Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.
   
   Afterword
   
   1. Victorian Ombudsman, Operation Iceberg; Investigation of Leaked
   Confidential Police Information and Related Matters.
   
   2. The police report was printed as an appendix in the Ombudsman's
   report. See Chapter 5, note 1, above.
   
   3. Australian Federal Police, Annual Report, 1995-1996, p. 7.

     _________________________________________________________________

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     _________________________________________________________________

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   American Bar Association Journal
   
   Associated Press
   
   Attorney General's Information Service (Australia)
   
   Australian Accountant
   
   Australian Computer Commentary
   
   Aviation Week and Space Technology (USA)
   
   Banking Technology
   
   Business Week
   
   Cable News Network (CNN)
   
   Card News (USA)
   
   CERT Advisories (The Computer Emergency Response Team at Carnegie
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   Chicago Daily Law Bulletin
   
   CommunicationsWeek
   
   CommunicationsWeek International
   
   Computer Incident Advisory Capability (CIAC)
   
   Computer Law and Practice (Australia)
   
   Computer Law and Security Report (Australia)
   
   Computer Weekly
   
   Computergram
   
   Computerworld
   
   Computing
   
   Corporate EFT Report (USA)
   
   Daily Mail (UK)
   
   Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
   
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   Data Communications
   
   Datalink
   
   Evening Standard (UK)
   
   Export Control News (USA)
   
   FinTech Electronic Office (The Financial Times)
   
   Gannett News Service
   
   Government Computer News (USA)
   
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   Intellectual Property Journal (Australia)
   
   Intelligence Newsletter (Indigo Publications)
   
   Journal of Commerce (The New York Times)
   
   Journal of the Law Society of Scotland
   
   Korea Economic Daily
   
   Law Institute Journal (Melbourne)
   
   Law Society's Gazette (UK)
   
   Law Society's Guardian Gazette (UK)
   
   Legal Times (USA)
   
   Lexis-Nexis (Reed Elsevier)
   
   Lloyds List
   
   Mail on Sunday (UK)
   
   Media Week
   
   MIS Week
   
   Mortgage Finance Gazette
   
   Network World
   
   New Law Journal (UK)
   
   New York Law Journal
   
   Newsday
   
   PC Week (USA)
   
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   Reuter
   
   Reuter News Service--United Kingdom Science
   
   South China Morning Post
   
   St Louis Post-Dispatch
   
   St Petersburg Times
   
   Sunday Telegraph (Sydney)
   
   Sunday Telegraph (UK)
   
   Sunday Times (UK)
   
   Telecommunications (Horizon House Publications Inc.)
   
   The Age
   
   The Australian
   
   The Australian Financial Review
   
   The Bulletin
   
   The Computer Lawyer (USA)
   
   The Connecticut Law Tribune
   
   The Daily Record (USA)
   
   The Engineer (UK)
   
   The Gazette (Montreal)
   
   The Guardian
   
   The Herald (Glasgow)
   
   The Herald (Melbourne)
   
   The Herald Sun (Melbourne)
   
   The Independent
   
   The Irish Times
   
   The Legal Intelligencer (USA)
   
   The Los Angeles Times
   
   The Nation
   
   The National Law Journal (USA)
   
   The New York Times
   
   The Recorder (USA)
   
   The Reuter European Community Report
   
   The Reuter Library Report
   
   The Scotsman
   
   The Sun (Melbourne)
   
   The Sunday Age
   
   The Sydney Morning Herald
   
   The Times
   
   The Washington Post
   
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   Transcripts:
   
   Hearing of the Transportation, Aviation and Materials Subcommittee of
   the House Science, Space and Technology Committee transcript: witness
   Clifford Stoll, 10 July 1990
   
   `Larry King Live' transcript, interview with Clifford Stoll, 23 March
   1990
   
   The World Uranium Hearing, Salzburg 1992, witness transcripts
   
   US Government Accounting Office Hearing (computer security) witness
   transcripts, 1996
   
   Judgments:
   
   Chris Goggans, Robert Cupps and Scott Chasin, Appellants v. Boyd &
   Fraser Publishing Co., a Division of South-Western Publishing Co.,
   Appellee No. 01-95-00331-Cv 1995 Tex. App.
   
   Gerald Gold v. Australian Federal Police, no. V93/1140
   
   Gerald Gold v. National Crime Authority, no. V93/1141 AAT No. 9940
   Freedom of Information (1994) 37 ALD 168
   
   Henry John Tasman Rook v. Lucas Richard Maynard (no. 2) no. LCA
   52/1994 ; judgment no. A64/1994
   
   Pedro Juan Cubillo v. Commonwealth Of Australia, no. NG 571 of 1991
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   All ER 186, [1988] 2 WLR 984, 87 Cr App Rep 257, 152 JP 445, [1988]
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   CA 346 Ss 816 F. Supp. 432; 1993 U.S. Dist.
   
   United States of America v. Julio Fernandez, et al. 92 Cr. 563 (RO)
   
   United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Robert J. Riggs, also known as
   Robert Johnson, also known as Prophet, and Craig Neidorf, also known
   as Knight Lightning, Defendants No. 90 CR 0070 743 F. Supp. 556; 1990
   U.S. Dist.
   
   United States of America, Appellee, v. Robert Tappan Morris,
   Defendant-Appellant No. 90-1336 928 F.2d 504; 1991 U.S. App.
   
   Wesley Thomas Dingwall v. Commonwealth of Australia no. NG575 of 1991
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   William Thomas Bartlett v. Claire Patricia Weir, Henry J T Rook, Noel
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   345/94
   
   Additional court records:
   
   (Court documents of most cases described in this book)
   
   Memos and reports to/from: 
   
   Bureau of Criminal Intelligence, Victoria Police
   
   Internal Security Unit, Victoria Police
   
   The NASA SPAN office relating to the WANK worm
   
   Office of the District Attorney, Monterey, California
   
   Overseas Telecommunications Commission (Australia)
   
   Police Department, City of Del Rey Oaks, California
   
   Police Department, City of Salinas, California
   
   Stuart Gill
   
   The United States Secret Service
   
   US Attorney's Office, New York
   
   Numerous Internet sites, including those of NASA, Sydney University,
   Greenpeace, the Australian Legal Information Institute, and the Legal
   Aspects of Computer Crime Archives.

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